Browsing by Author "Rahul Kumar"

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Boron availability in soils and its nutrition of crops under long-term fertility experiments in India
(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Ruma Das; Biswapati Mandal; Dibyendu Sarkar; Amit Kumar Pradhan; Ashim Datta; Dhaneshwar Padhan; Anindita Seth; Rahul Kumar; Nirmal De; V.N. Mishra; K.B. Polara; Sanjay Sharma; N.P. Thakur; Dileep Kachroo; M. Ray; Anil Sharma; K.P. Patel; Lalit Mohan Garnayak; W.N. Narkhede
Using 12 long-term (of 15 to 42 years duration)experiments with different cropping systems under various soils and agro-climatic conditions, we studied how different (inorganic and integrated)nutrient management practices influenced boron (B)availability in soils, and its nutrition of nine crops. To this end, four nutrient management practices viz., NPK (recommended dose of N, P and K), NPK + FYM (farmyard manure), control and fallow, which were common in all the experiments, were selected and their effects on B availability in soils were tested using four commonly used methods viz., hot-CaCl2 (HCC), KH2PO4 (PDP), mannitol-CaCl2 (MCC)and hydrochloric acid (HCl)in relation to B nutrition of wheat, rice, cowpea, sorghum, sesame, mustard, groundnut, soybean and lentil. Amounts of B extracted by the four different methods followed the order HCC = HCl > MCC > PDP across the tested soils. Averaged over the extractants, long-term nutrient management practices with NPK + FYM resulted in 15% increases in available B in soil over the control, which produced 20% increase in plant tissue B concentration. Such increases with integrated (NPK + FYM)nutrient management practices maintained available B in soils and plant tissues above its critical limits that supplied adequate amounts of B for nutrition of all the tested crops grown intensively for so many years. A B balance study in six experimental sites showed a net B accumulation over time as irrigation water contained and supplied (130–296 g B ha−1 year−1)more B than removed by harvested crops. Of the four methods used, HCC was the best for assessment of availability of B in soils under long-term cultivation. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
Breeding strategies for improved multistress-resilient crops
(Springer Nature, 2025) B. M. Lokeshkumar; Sanchika Snehi; Krishanu; S. Dasaratha Kumar; Kuram Tirumala Ravikiran; Rahul Kumar; Mukesh Choudhary; Suneetha Kota; Arvind Kumar; Anita Mann; Satish Kumar Sanwal; Nitish Ranjan Prakash
Multiple stresses including abiotic and biotic, affecting crop plants are more common nowadays in the era of climate change. These stresses include several abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, cold, heat, mineral deficiency, mineral toxicity, and waterlogging and biotic stresses such as diseases, pests, insects, and weeds. Breeding suitable cultivars with the capacity to endure multiple stresses are need of the hour. The approaches in the past were conventional pedigree-based selection, backcross-assisted introgression and transfer, and recombination breeding. However, in the recent past, the marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) approach has been used successfully to transfer multiple abiotic and biotic stress-tolerant oligogenic/major QTLs from donor genotypes into elite lines. Presently, with the advent of robust and cheaper genotyping costs, the capability to analyze big data, high computational efficiency, and the use of rapid generation techniques (Speed Breeding), genomic selection has emerged as a major player in breeding. Genomic selection breeding pipelines are very robust in predicting the performance of genotypes. The present chapter summarizes a thorough understanding of conventional and molecular breeding approaches to develop multistress-tolerant crop varieties. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. All rights reserved.
Climate smart agriculture: A roadmap to sustainable agriculture
(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2023) Amrita Kumari; Priyanka Soni; Fahami Zaya; Rahul Kumar; Nidhi Singh; Riya Gupta; Nandita Ghoshal
Agriculture systems globally are predicted to be altered drastically because of future climate change, resulting in not only posing challenges to food security, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but also increasing uncertainty and vulnerability to various livelihoods. Agricultural systems have become very important not only for their role in achieving food security but also in mitigation of the climate change. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has been advocated as a strategy to address the challenges of climate change and food security by sustainably increasing productivity, strengthening resilience, and reducing GHG emissions, thereby achieving national food security and sustainable development goals. CSA has three major objectives viz. adaptation, mitigation, and productivity, which can be achieved by a combination of strategies that have traditionally been applied in the areas of conservation, climate change, environmental studies, ecology and agricultural farms along with financial assistance. Some of the important approaches to achieving the goals of CSA are effective resource management, advancing integrated renewable energy technology in agricultural systems, technical knowledge of farmers, promoting the role of institutions in CSA improvement, crop genetic modification investment, improving land use management, changing crop season, crop relocation, effective pest control, creating a forecasting system, and or using crop modeling techniques. The major challenge of CSA in the present scenario is to bridge the science-policy gap by creating an appropriate combination of strategies that can maximize synergies among the CSA components as well as avoid conflicting policies and negative trade-offs, especially with limited resources and competing food security priorities. Cross-disciplinary and multi-objective approaches in CSA are needed to strengthen the interface of the ecological, social, management, and economic dimensions thereby supporting maximum participation by various stakeholder groups around the world. © 2023 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Design of a Photonic Crystal Fiber for Dispersion Compensation and Sensing Applications Using Modified Air Holes of the Cladding
(Springer New York LLC, 2019) Yogendra Kumar Prajapati; Rahul Kumar; V. Singh
High birefringence and high negative dispersion with minimum confinement loss of an octagonal photonic crystal fiber is proposed using modified air holes of the cladding. This analysis indicates that the proposed photonic crystal fiber design near to square air holes provides higher 0.245 birefringence and higher − 722.48 ps/(nm × km) negative dispersion with confinement loss of 0.117 dB/km at 1.55-μm wavelength. The obtained results like birefringence and negative dispersion are high in proposed octagonal photonic crystal fiber in comparison with circular air hole–based octagonal photonic crystal fiber. Further, the proposed photonic crystal fiber is utilized for ethanol sensing, and it is observed that relative sensitivity and confinement loss are 16.97% and 4.97 × 10−3 dB/km, respectively. Hence, the proposed fiber is best suitable for application in dispersion compensation, polarization-maintaining, and sensing. Such fiber structure can easily be designed by slightly changing the structural parameter during fiber drawing. © 2019, Sociedade Brasileira de Física.
Earthworms for Eco-friendly Resource Efficient Agriculture
(Springer Singapore, 2020) Rahul Kumar; Pankaj Sharma; R.K. Gupta; Sandeep Kumar; Mayur Mukut Murlidhar Sharma; Sonia Singh; Gourisankar Pradhan
Waste production became the main concern in the era of the increasing world population. Millions of tons of waste are being generated everyday worldwide, and now, it is a big challenge for managing the financial and ecological expense of these wastes. An additional significant problem is arising from the disposal of municipal solid wastes, which cause emission of greenhouse gases. For sustainable development, a chief part of municipal wastes has biological garbage which can be converted into eco-friendly material like vermicompost (VCM) by using earthworm. Earthworm's activities increase the soil fertility by improving soil formation, soil porosity, water infiltration, decomposition of organic material, humus formation, suppression of soil-borne diseases & pests, and by promoting nutrient cycles which ultimately help in plant growth. Due to their beneficial activities, they cause the main change in soil properties; therefore, they are known as “Ecological engineer.” Earthworms also act as a bioindicator. Earthworm forms a significant portion of soil invertebrate's biomass about 40-90% in different soil condition. The earthworm species have great diversity across the globe, which is the deciding factor to earthworm's potent towards soil improvement. Indian earthworms are dominant by indigenous species that contribute approximately 89% of total earthworm diversity and are represented by nine families, 67-69 genera, and 418-509 species of earthworms out of them, approximately 51 are exotic species. The present chapter highlights in depth the role of earthworm in efficient and sustainable agriculture. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
Emergence of field-induced memory effect in spin ices
(Institute of Physics, 2023) Pramod K Yadav; Rajnikant Upadhyay; Rahul Kumar; Pavan Nukala; Chandan Upadhyay
Out-of-equilibrium investigation of strongly correlated materials deciphers the hidden equilibrium properties. Herein, we have investigated the out-of-equilibrium magnetic properties of polycrystalline Dy2Ti2O7 and Ho2Ti2O7 spin ices. Our experimental findings reveal the emergence of magnetic field-induced anomalous hysteresis observed solely in temperature-and magnetic field-dependent AC susceptibility measurements. The observed memory effect (anomalous thermomagnetic hysteresis) exhibits a strong dependence on both thermal and non-thermal driving variables. Owing to the non-collinear spin structure, the applied DC bias magnetic field produces quenched disorder sites in the cooperative Ising spin matrix and suppresses the spin-phonon coupling. These quench disorders create a dynamic spin correlation, having slow spin relaxation and quick decay time, which additionally contribute to AC susceptibility. The initial conditions and measurement protocol decide the magnitude and sign of this dynamical term contributing to AC susceptibility. It is being suggested that such out-of-equilibrium properties arise from the combined influences of geometric frustration, disorder, and the cooperative nature of spin dynamics exhibited by these materials. © 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Energy-efficient Approach to Multicomponent Reaction for the Synthesis of Therapeutically Relevant Heterocycles
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2023) Ritwik Roy; Rahul Kumar; Md. Nurul Ansari; Gauri S. Deshmukh; Animesh Kumar Rai; Garima Tripathi; Abhijeet Kumar
Multi-component reactions have been used as an important synthetic strategy for the synthesis of diverse varieties of therapeutically useful heterocyclic scaffolds. High atom economy, one-pot reaction, and involvement of synthetically simple steps are some of the interesting features that make MCRs greener compared to conventional methods. The development of environmentally benign and eco-friendly synthetic methods has been a very demanding area of research in the past few decades. In particular, the development of energyefficient methods has attracted the attention of the research community due to heavy dependence on non-renewable energy resources, which is depleting fast. Therefore, the present review has highlighted the multi-component reactions developed under the energy efficient protocol, which mainly include the reactions developed under the microwave, ultra-sonication, mechanochemical, and photochemical reaction conditions for the synthesis of therapeutically relevant heterocycles. © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.
Enzymatic response of mungbean (Vigna radiata) genotypes against Cercospora leaf spot disease
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2017) Mamta Bharti; Ramesh Chandra; Ajay Kumar; Rahul Kumar; Vikas Yadav; Prakash Yadav
Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most valuable pulse crops grown in India. Mungbean suffers from several diseases with substantial losses in yields. Among the diseases, mungbean leaf spot disease is the most destructive which is caused by Cercospora canacens and cause heavy loss (0-61%) in yield in Indian subcontinent and adjacent areas of South-East Asia. An experiment was conducted to fnd out the enzymatic response of various genotypes of mungbean against Cercospora leaf spot. The level of antioxidant enzyme SOD, peroxidase and catalase increase in both susceptible and resistance cultivar, but in resistance cultivar the level these enzymes increases very rapidly as compare to susceptible cultivar. Based on the various observations, it can be interprets that in resistant cultivar, the higher level of ROS produced after inoculation is minimized up to optimum level by the action of these enzymes SOD, peroxidase and catalase, but not in susceptible cultivar. Plants show resistance or susceptibility for disease is due to the activity of SOD, peroxidase, and catalase. In F2 generation plants show segregation pattern in the ratio of 1:2:1 which depicts that the gene governing the enzyme activities are partial dominant in nature.
Establishment of safe and efficient infertile goat model using cyclophosphamide and its implications at the cellular and molecular level
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Dayanidhi Jena; Suresh Dinkar Kharche; Shiva Pratap Singh; Kumaresan Gururaj; Sonam Rani; Juhi Pathak; Chetna Gangwar; Rahul Kumar; Mahesh Shivanand Dige; Sabita Behera; Sanjay Kumar Singh
Background: Although several cell- and organoid culture-based systems have been developed to investigate the adverse effects of antineoplastic drugs, they have potential limitations, such as the loss of cellular structure and functions while in vitro culturing or genetic and phenotypic differences from their in vivo counterparts. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for cancer and fertility research. The development of a practicable workflow for generating infertile goat models represents a promising application for the future. Method: For this, 12 healthy female goats were divided randomly into two equal groups (test and control). The test group (n = 6) received cyclophosphamide (CTX) intravenously at 30 mg/kg body weight in a single dose, and no treatment was given to the control group (n = 6). Blood samples were taken at different time points, i.e., 0-h, 6-h, 12-h, 18-h, 24-h, 36-h, 48-h, 72-h, 168-h, and 240-h post-CTX injection. The FSH receptor staining was done by the immunohistochemistry technique on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. The samples chosen for IHC were based on the microscopic lesions observed in histopathology. Results: The hemoglobin concentration (%) and total erythrocyte count (million/µl) were markedly reduced from 9.58 ± 0.37 (0 h) to 7.25 ± 0.28 (240 h, p < 0.05) and 24.28 ± 1.05 to 14.34 ± 0.99 (p < 0.001), respectively. However, TLC was the least affected among all the hematological parameters, and in DLC, neutrophil percentage was significantly (p < 0.001) increased at 6 h, and lymphocyte percentage was significantly decreased (p < 0.001). The serum urea and creatinine levels were increased post-CTX treatment, and serum estrogen (pg/ml) and progesterone (ng/ml) concentrations declined from 115.43 ± 19.10 (0 h) to 63.49 ± 8.98 (240 h) and 0.55 ± 0.07 (0 h) to 0.24 ± 0.03 (240 h), respectively. The histological analysis revealed a marked reduction in follicle numbers, suggesting POF post-CTX treatment. Furthermore, the expression analysis of glutathione peroxidase and CuZnSOD was down-regulated. The CuZnSOD expression was down-regulated from 674.64 at 0 h to 0.27 at 18-h post-treatment. However, the expression level of CuZnSOD was significantly (p < 0.001) up-regulated at 36 h of sampling. The expression of glutathione peroxidase was down-regulated from 0 to 24 h (p < 0.05). At the same time, that of Interferon γ and Interleukin 1β were down-regulated initially but up-regulated after 36 h with a 2.90-fold change at 168-h posttreatment for Interferon γ and a 9.96-fold change for Interleukin 1β. Conclusion: CTX induces POF by diminishing follicle numbers, hormonal synthesis, and damage at cellular and molecular levels. In conclusion, we were successfully able to establish a safe and efficient infertile goat model, which will be useful to understand the fundamentals and development of efficient antineoplastic and infertility treatments. © The Author(s) 2025.
Ethylene in Abiotic Stress
(CRC Press, 2024) Rohit Kumar Mahto; Shikha Tripathi; Devendra Pratap Singh; Kishori Lal; Deepesh Kumar; Rahul Kumar; Ayyagari Ramlal; Shubham Kumar Singh; Shiv Shankar Sharma
Plants, being sessile organisms, confront various environmental stressors that profoundly impact their growth and development, ultimately affecting agricultural productivity. To thrive in adverse conditions, plants have evolved intricate mechanisms to sense and adapt to environmental changes. Plant hormones play a crucial role in mediating responses to these stresses, with ethylene emerging as a multifunctional phytohormone with pivotal roles in both growth and stress tolerance. Ethylene controls many aspects of the plant life cycle, including seed germination, root formation, flower growth, fruit ripening, senescence and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Ethylene exerts profound control over various facets of the plant life cycle, encompassing seed germination, root formation, flower development, fruit ripening, senescence and responses to both biotic and abiotic stressors. This multifaceted hormone plays a pivotal role in orchestrating plant responses to environmental cues, thereby influencing the resilience and reproductive success of plants. Understanding the processes is crucial for harnessing the potential of ethylene in optimizing crop production and ensuring the resilience of plants in response to environmental challenges. The chapter describes roles of ethylene in different stresses and emphasizes their roles for crop improvement programs. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Dhandapani Raju, R Ambika Rajendran, Ayyagari Ramlal and Virendra Pal Singh; individual chapters, the contributors.
Evaluation of certain newer insecticides against pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa) and pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) on long duration pigeonpea
(Gaurav Publications, 2016) Ram Keval; Amit Yadav; C.P. Srivastava; Rahul Kumar
The investigations on efficacy of different newer insecticides action (Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 20 g a. i./ha, spinosad 45% SC @ 73 g a. i./ha, rynaxypyr 18.5 SC 30 g a. i/ha, dimethoate 30 EC @ 600 g a. i./ha, profenophos+DDVP 20 ml+0.5 ml/l, acephate 75 SP @ 750 g a. i./ha) against pod fly (Melanogromyza obtusa Malloch) and pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) on long duration pigeonpea variety "Bahar" were carried out at Agricultural Research Farm of Banaras Hindu University during the kharif seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14. Among the insecticides tested, the lowest pod and grain damage by H. armigera was recorded in the plot treated with rynaxypyr 18.5 SC @ 30 g a. i./ha (1.66 &2.67% and 0.53 &2.05%, respectively) which was at par with spinosad 45% SC @ 73 g a. i./ha (2.00 &3.33% and 0.57 &2.51%, respectively). While in case of pod fly, the lowest pod and grain damage was recorded in the plot treated with spinosad 45% SC @ 73 g a. i./ha (22.66 &23.00% and 11.55 &7.74%, respectively) which was at par with acetamiprid 20 SP @ 20 g a. i./ha (26.66 &24.33 and 11.78 &8.68%, respectively).
Field screening and evaluation of long duration pigeonpea genotypes against the infestation of pod bug
(Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2015) Rahul Kumar; Ram Keval; Amit Yadav; C.P. Srivastava
Eighteen promising long duration pigeonpea genotypes were screened for their reaction against pod bug at Agriculture Research farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during kharif 2013-14 and 2014-15. The first incidence of pod bug, Clavigralla gibbosa was observed in 4th standard week during both the year in all genotype. The peak of population of pod bug was recorded from 12th to 13th standard week in different genotypes. The results revealed that the incidence of pod bug was significantly highest in IPA 7-10 i.e. (4.68 bug/plant) followed by MA-6 (4.44 bug/ plant), NDA 13-1 (3.98 bug/plant), and lowest in genotype i.e. KA 12-2 (1.96 bug/plant), followed by KA 12-2 (2.06 bug/plant), BAHAR (2.17 bug/plant) during 2013-14 and during 2014-15, the mean population of Pod bug was recorded highest in IPA 7-10 i.e. (4.45 bug/ plant) followed by NDA 13-1 (4.06 bug/plant), MA-6 (4.04 bug/plant), and lowest in genotype i.e. KA 12-2 (1.82 bug/plant), followed by KA 12-2 (1.95 bug/plant), BAHAR (2.06 bug/plant). The per cent pod damage caused by Pod bug on different genotypes observed significantly during both the year. During 2013-14, the highest pod damage by pod bug were seen in IPA 7-10 i.e. (39.67%) followed by MA 6 (37.33%), NDA 13-1 (36.67%) and lowest pod damage observed in KA 12-2 (19.67%) followed by KA 12-3 (22%), BAHAR (24.33%) and during 2014-15 the highest pod damage by pod bug were seen in IPA 7-10 i.e. (35%) followed by MA 6 (34%), NDA 13-1 (32.67%) and lowest pod damage observed in KA 12-2 (16.33%) followed by KA 12-3 (18%), BAHAR (18.33%). The per cent grain damage caused by Pod bug on different genotypes observed significantly during both the year. During 2013-14 the highest grain damage by pod bug were seen in IPA 7-10 i.e. (22.13%) followed by MA 6 (15.95%), NDA 13-1 (15.38%) and lowest grain damage observed in KA 12-2 (10.13%) followed by KA 12-3 (10.58%), BAHAR (19.20%) and during 2014-15 the highest grain damage by pod bug were seen in IPA 7-10 i.e. (20.63%) followed by MA 6 (14.45%), NDA 13-1 (13.43%) and lowest grain damage observed in KA 12-2 (6.98%) followed by KA 12-3 (6.98%), BAHAR (7.91%). The grain yield of different genotype differed significantly during both the year and ranged from 1027 kg/ha in the genotype IPA 7-10 to 1960 kg/ha in KA 12-2 during 2013-14 and 819 kg/ha in the genotype IPA 7-10 to 1785 kg/ha in the genotype KA 12-2 during 2014-15. © 2015, Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Genome-wide association study for powdery mildew resistance in CIMMYT's spring wheat germplasm
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Deepa Bhadana; Prabhjot Kaur; Ramandeep P. Kaur; Vikas Kumar Ravat; Ashutosh; Rahul Kumar; Neeraj Kumar Vasistha
Powdery mildew (PM), caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) that adversely affects both grain yield and quality. Growing resistant cultivars offers an effective and environmentally sustainable solution to managing PM. However, relying on the same genetic source of resistance can lead to resistance breakdown as Bgt isolates rapidly evolve. To mitigate this, identifying novel resistance sources is crucial. In this study, 225 diverse wheat genotypes were evaluated at adult plant stage in disease nurseries over the three crop seasons (2018/2019, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021). Using disease and genotyping data from 12,160 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify novel resistance loci. We identified 22 marker loci significantly (at p < 0.005) associated with PM resistance, distributed across 14 wheat chromosomes (1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5D, 6A, 7A and 7B). Of these, seven loci overlap with previously identified regions, while the remaining 15 loci represent novel regions reported for the first time in this study. The identified SNP markers have significant potential for wheat breeding programmes, as they can accelerate the development of PM-resistant cultivars through marker-assisted selection. © 2024 British Society for Plant Pathology.
Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Austin E. Schumacher; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Amirali Aali; Cristiana Abbafati; Jaffar Abbas; Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh; Madineh Akram Abbasi; Mohammadreza Abbasian; Samar Abd ElHafeez; Michael Abdelmasseh; Sherief Abd-Elsalam; Ahmed Abdelwahab; Mohammad Abdollahi; Meriem Abdoun; Auwal Abdullahi; Ame Mehadi Abdurehman; Mesfin Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Armita Abedi; Tadesse M. Abegaz; Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga; E.S. Abhilash; Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Mohamed Abouzid; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Woldu Aberhe Abrha; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Dariush Abtahi; Samir Abu Rumeileh; Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; Salahdein Aburuz; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Juan Manuel Acuna; Tim Adair; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Oyelola A. Adegboye; Victor Adekanmbi; Bashir Aden; Abiola Victor Adepoju; Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji; Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa; Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye; Rishan Adha; Amin Adibi; Wirawan Adikusuma; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saryia Adra; Abel Afework; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi; Ali Afraz; Shadi Afyouni; Saira Afzal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Shahin Aghamiri; Antonella Agodi; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Danish Ahmad; Firdos Ahmad; Muayyad M. Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade; Mohadese Ahmadzade; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Luai A. Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Syed Anees Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Budi Aji; Olufemi Ajumobi; Gizachew Taddesse Akalu; Essona Matatom Akara; Karolina Akinosoglou; Sreelatha Akkala; Samuel Akyirem; Hanadi Al Hamad; Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan; Ammar Al Homsi; Mohammad Al Qadire; Moein Ala; Timothy Olukunle Aladelusi; Tareq Mohammed Ali Al-Ahdal; Samer O. Alalalmeh; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Manjurul Alam; Zufishan Alam; Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Mohammed Albashtawy; Mohammad T. AlBataineh; Robert W. Aldridge; Sharifullah Alemi; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Khalid F. Alhabib; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi; Abid Ali; Akhtar Ali; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Hassam Ali; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Zahid Ali; Shohreh Alian Samakkhah; Gianfranco Alicandro; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Mohammad Aligol; Rasoul Alimi; Ahmednur Adem Aliyi; Adel Al-Jumaily; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Wael Almahmeed; Sabah Al-Marwani; Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri; Joseph Uy Almazan; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Omar Almidani; Mahmoud A. Alomari; Nivaldo Alonso; Jaber S. Alqahtani; Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi; Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah; Awais Altaf; Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Farrukh Jawad Alvi; Hassan Alwafi; Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi; Hany Aly; Karem H. Alzoubi; Azmeraw T. Amare; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Abebe Feyissa Amhare; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Alireza Amindarolzarbi; Javad Aminian Dehkordi; Sohrab Amiri; Hubert Amu; Dickson A. Amugsi; Jimoh Amzat; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Pedro Prata Andrade; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Dhanalakshmi Angappan; Abhishek Anil; Afifa Anjum; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Muhammad Aqeel; Jalal Arabloo; Razman Arabzadeh Bahri; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Mosab Arafat; Ana Margarida Araújo; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Abdulfatai Aremu; Hany Ariffin; Timur Aripov; Benedetta Armocida; Mahwish Arooj; Anton A. Artamonov; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Judie Arulappan; Idowu Thomas Aruleba; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba; Ashokan Arumugam; Malke Asaad; Saeed Asgary; Mubarek Yesse Ashemo; Muhammad Ashraf; Marvellous O. Asika; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Alok Atreya; Sameh Attia; Avinash Aujayeb; Abolfazl Avan; Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Getnet Melaku Ayele; Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos; Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh; Sina Azadnajafabad; Gulrez Shah Azhar; Shahkaar Aziz; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Mina Babashahi; Abraham Samuel Babu; Muhammad Badar; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Soroush Baghdadi; Nasser Bagheri; Sara Bagherieh; Sulaiman Bah; Saeed Bahadorikhalili; Jianjun Bai; Ruhai Bai; Jennifer L. Baker; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Saliu A. Balogun; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; Kiran Bam; Maciej Banach; Soham Bandyopadhyay; Biswajit Banik; Palash Chandra Banik; Hansi Bansal; Shirin Barati; Martina Barchitta; Mainak Bardhan; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Ronald D. Barr; Lope H. Barrero; Zarrin Basharat; Asma'u I.J. Bashir; Hameed Akande Bashiru; Pritish Baskaran; Buddha Basnyat; Quique Bassat; João Diogo Basso; Saurav Basu; Kavita Batra; Ravi Batra; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Thomas Beaney; Neeraj Bedi; Tahmina Begum; Emad Behboudi; Amir Hossein Behnoush; Maryam Beiranvand; Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Michelle L. Bell; Aminu K. Bello; Muhammad Bashir Bello; Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello; Luis Belo; Apostolos Beloukas; Salaheddine Bendak; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Habib Benzian; Zombor Berezvai; Adam E. Berman; Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez; Paulo J.G. Bettencourt; Habtamu B. Beyene; Kebede A. Beyene; Devidas S. Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Dinesh Bhandari; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Prarthna V. Bhardwaj; Ashish Bhargava; Sonu Bhaskar; Vivek Bhat; Gurjit Kaur Bhatti; Jasvinder Singh Bhatti; Manpreet S. Bhatti; Rajbir Bhatti; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Boris Bikbov; Nada Binmadi; Bagas Suryo Bintoro; Antonio Biondi; Catherine Bisignano; Francesca Bisulli; Atanu Biswas; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Saeid Bitaraf; Tone Bjørge; Archie Bleyer; Mary Sefa Boampong; Virginia Bodolica; Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin; Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa; Milad Bonakdar Hashemi; Aime Bonny; Kaustubh Bora; Berrak Bora Basara; Safiya Bala Borodo; Rohan Borschmann; Alejandro Botero Carvajal; Souad Bouaoud; Sofiane Boudalia; Edward J. Boyko; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Hermann Brenner; Gabrielle Britton; Annie J. Browne; Andre R. Brunoni; Norma B. Bulamu; Lemma N. Bulto; Danilo Buonsenso; Katrin Burkart; Richard A. Burns; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Yasser Bustanji; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Tianji Cai; Daniela Calina; Luis Alberto Cámera; Luciana Aparecida Campos; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Chao Cao; Carlos Alberto Cardenas; Rosario Cárdenas; Sinclair Carr; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Andrea Carugno; Felix Carvalho; Márcia Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ferrán Catalá-López; Alberico L. Catapano; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Arthur Caye; Christopher R. Cederroth; Francieli Cembranel; Muthia Cenderadewi; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Muge Cevik; Pamela R. Chacón-Uscamaita; Yaacoub Chahine; Chiranjib Chakraborty; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Chin-Kuo Chang; Periklis Charalampous; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou; Malizgani Paul Chavula; Huzaifa Ahmad Cheema; An-Tian Chen; Haowei Chen; Lingxiao Chen; Meng Xuan Chen; Simiao Chen; Nicolas Cherbuin; Derek S. Chew; Gerald Chi; Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres; Abdulaal Chitheer; So Mi Jemma Cho; William C.S. Cho; Bryan Chong; Hitesh Chopra; Rahul Choudhary; Rajiv Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Eric Chung; Eunice Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Karly I. Cini; Cain C.T. Clark; Kaleb Coberly; Alyssa Columbus; Haley Comfort; Joao Conde; Sara Conti; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Richard G. Cowden; Michael H. Criqui; Natália Cruz-Martins; Garland T. Culbreth; Patricia Cullen; Matthew Cunningham; Daniel da Silva E Silva; Sriharsha Dadana; Omid Dadras; Zhaoli Dai; Koustuv Dalal; Lachlan L. Dalli; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Sara Daneshvar; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Jai K. Das; Saswati Das; Nihar Ranjan Dash; Mohsen Dashti; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Nicole Davis Weaver; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Aklilu Tamire Debele; Louisa Degenhardt; Reza Dehbandi; Lee Deitesfeld; Ivan Delgado-Enciso; Laura Delgado-Ortiz; Daniel Demant; Berecha Hundessa Demessa; Andreas K. Demetriades; Xinlei Deng; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C. Des Jarlais; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Rupak Desai; Keshab Deuba; Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu; Sourav Dey; Arkadeep Dhali; Kuldeep Dhama; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Meghnath Dhimal; Sameer Dhingra; Diana Dias Da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Adriana Dima; Delaney D. Ding; M. Ashworth Dirac; Abhinav Dixit; Shilpi Gupta Dixit; Thanh Chi Do; Thao Huynh Phuong Do; Camila Bruneli Do Prado; Masoud Dodangeh; Klara Georgieva Dokova; Christiane Dolecek; E Ray Dorsey; Wendel Mombaque dos Santos; Rajkumar Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Abdel Douiri; Robert Kokou Dowou; Tim Robert Driscoll; Haneil Larson Dsouza; John Dube; Samuel C. Dumith; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Senbagam Duraisamy; Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye; Sulagna Dutta; Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach; Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic; Oluwakemi Ebenezer; Ejemai Eboreime; Alireza Ebrahimi; Chidiebere Peter Echieh; Abdelaziz Ed-Dra; Hisham Atan Edinur; David Edvardsson; Kristina Edvardsson; Defi Efendi; Ferry Efendi; Shayan Eghdami; Terje Andreas Eikemo; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Emmanuel Ekpor; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Rabie Adel El Arab; Doaa Abdel Wahab El Morsi; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Noha Mousaad Elemam; Frank J. Elgar; Islam Y. Elgendy; Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy; Mohammed Elshaer; Ibrahim Elsohaby; Amir Emami Zeydi; Mehdi Emamverdi; Theophilus I. Emeto; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Tesfahun C. Eshetie; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Juan Espinosa-Montero; Kara Estep; Farshid Etaee; Ugochukwu Anthony Eze; Natalia Fabin; Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Saman Fahimi; Luca Falzone; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris; Mohsen Farjoud Kouhanjani; Andre Faro; Hossein Farrokhpour; Ali Fatehizadeh; Hamed Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Pooria Fazeli; Valery L. Feigin; Ginenus Fekadu; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Daniela Ferrante; Pietro Ferrara; Nuno Ferreira; Getahun Fetensa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Joanne Flavel; Abraham D. Flaxman; Luisa S. Flor; Bobirca Teodor Florin; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Kristen Marie Foley; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Lisa M. Force; Carla Fornari; Behzad Foroutan; Matteo Foschi; Kate Louise Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Alberto Freitas; Joseph Friedman; Sara D. Friedman; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E. Fuller; Peter Andras Gaal; Muktar A. Gadanya; Santosh Gaihre; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Emmanuela Gakidou; Yaseen Galali; Nasrin Galehdar; Silvano Gallus; Quan Gan; Aravind P. Gandhi; Balasankar Ganesan; Jalaj Garg; Shuo-Yan Gau; Prem Gautam; Rupesh K. Gautam; Federica Gazzelloni; Miglas W. Gebregergis; Mesfin Gebrehiwot; Tesfay Brhane Gebremariam; Urge Gerema; Motuma Erena Getachew; Tamirat Getachew; Peter W. Gething; Mansour Ghafourifard; Sulmaz Ghahramani; Khalid Yaser Ghailan; Alireza Ghajar; Mohammad Javad Ghanbarnia; MohammadReza Ghasemi; Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh; Fariba Ghassemi; Ramy Mohamed Ghazy; Sailaja Ghimire; Asadollah Gholamian; Ali Gholamrezanezhad; Pooyan Ghorbani Vajargah; Ghozali Ghozali; Sherief Ghozy; Arun Digambarrao Ghuge; Alessandro Gialluisi; Ruth Margaret Gibson; Artyom Urievich Gil; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Themba G. Ginindza; Alem Girmay; James C. Glasbey; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Laszlo Göbölös; Amit Goel; Mohamad Goldust; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Arefeh Golestanfar; Davide Golinelli; Philimon N. Gona; Houman Goudarzi; Amir Hossein Goudarzian; Anmol Goyal; Scott Greenhalgh; Michal Grivna; Giovanni Guarducci; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Mesay Dechasa Gudeta; Avirup Guha; Stefano Guicciardi; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Sasidhar Gunturu; Cui Guo; Anish Kumar Gupta; Bhawna Gupta; Indarchand Ratanlal Gupta; Rajat Das Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vijai Kumar Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Farrokh Habibzadeh; Parham Habibzadeh; Vladimir Hachinski; Mohammad Haddadi; Rasool Haddadi; Nils Haep; Adel Hajj Ali; Esam S. Halboub; Sobia Ahsan Halim; Brian J. Hall; Sebastian Haller; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah; Samer Hamidi; Mohammad Hamiduzzaman; Ahmad Hammoud; Nasrin Hanifi; Graeme J. Hankey; Md Abdul Hannan; Md Nuruzzaman Haque; Harapan Harapan; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Faizul Hasan; Ikramul Hasan; M Tasdik Hasan; Hamidreza Hasani; Mohammad Hasanian; Ali Hasanpour-Dehkordi; Abbas M. Hassan; Amr Hassan; Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam; Soheil Hassanipour; Johannes Haubold; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Youssef Hbid; Jeffrey J. Hebert; Omar E. Hegazi; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Bartosz Helfer; Claudiu Herteliu; Hamed Hesami; Dineshani Hettiarachchi; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Yuta Hiraike; Howard J. Hoffman; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Md Belal Hossain; Md Mahbub Hossain; Sahadat Hossain; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Hassan Hosseinzadeh; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mohamed Hsairi; Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh; Chengxi Hu; Junjie Huang; Md Nazmul Huda; Fernando N. Hugo; Michael Hultström; Javid Hussain; Salman Hussain; Nawfal R. Hussein; Le Duc Huy; Hong-Han Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Oluwatope Olaniyi Idowu; Desta Ijo; Kevin S. Ikuta; Mehran Ilaghi; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Arnaud Iradukunda; Farideh Iravanpour; Kenneth Chukwuemeka Iregbu; Md Rabiul Islam; Mohammad Mainul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Gaetano Isola; Masao Iwagami; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja; Mahalaxmi Iyer; Linda Merin; Jalil Jaafari; Louis Jacob; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Morteza Jafarinia; Khushleen Jaggi; Kasra Jahankhani; Nader Jahanmehr; Haitham Jahrami; Akhil Jain; Nityanand Jain; Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh; Elham Jamshidi; Chinmay T. Jani; Mark M. Janko; Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Jayakumar Jeganathan; Alelign Tasew Jema; Digisie Mequanint Jemere; Wonjeong Jeong; Anil K. Jha; Ravi Prakash Jha; John S. 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Kinzel; Girmay Tsegay Kiross; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Juniper Boroka Kiss; Mika Kivimäki; Desmond Klu; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Farzad Kompani; Gerbrand Koren; Soewarta Kosen; Karel Kostev; Ashwin Laxmikant Kotnis; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A. Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Hare Krishna; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; Kris J. Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Connor M. Kubeisy; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Md Abdul Kuddus; Mohammed Kuddus; Ilari Kuitunen; Omar Kujan; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Vishnutheertha Kulkarni; Ashish Kumar; Harish Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Rahul Kumar; Shiv Kumar; Madhulata Kumari; Almagul Kurmanova; Om P. Kurmi; Asep Kusnali; Dian Kusuma; Tezer Kutluk; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Evans F. 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Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks, 1990-2022
(Elsevier Inc., 2023) George A. Mensah; Valentin Fuster; Christopher J.L. Murray; Gregory A. Roth; George A. Mensah; Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate; Mohammadreza Abbasian; Foad Abd-Allah; Ashkan Abdollahi; Mohammad Abdollahi; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Auwal Abdullahi; Ayele Mamo Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Armita Abedi; Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; Salahdein Aburuz; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Tigist Demssew Adane; Nicola J. Adderley; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Bashir Aden; Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa; Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Fatemeh Afrashteh; Shadi Afyouni; Saira Afzal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Antonella Agodi; Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Arriagada; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Danish Ahmad; Firdos Ahmad; Muayyad M. Ahmad; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Syed Anees Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Karolina Akinosoglou; Moein Ala; Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal; Samer O. Alalalmeh; Ziyad Al-Aly; Nazmul Alam; Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer; Alaa Alashi; Mohammed Albashtawy; Mohammad T. AlBataineh; Haileselasie Berhane Alema; Sharifullah Alemi; Yihun Mulugeta Alemu; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Khalid F. Alhabib; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Reyhaneh Alikhani; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Wael Almahmeed; Sabah Al-Marwani; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Farrukh Jawad Alvi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Hassan Alwafi; Hany Aly; Prince M. Amegbor; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Alireza Amindarolzarbi; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Sohrab Amiri; Enrico Ammirati; Tanu Anand; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Abhishek Anil; Golnoosh Ansari; Philip Emeka Anyanwu; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Geminn Louis Carace Apostol; Jalal Arabloo; Mosab Arafat; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Olatunde Aremu; Benedetta Armocida; Johan Ärnlöv; Oluwaseyi Olalekan Arowosegbe; Anton A. Artamonov; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Judie Arulappan; Idowu Thomas Aruleba; Ashokan Arumugam; Zahra Aryan; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Thomas Astell-Burt; Mahshid Ataei; Mohammad Athar; Alok Atreya; Avinash Aujayeb; Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe; Amdehiwot A. Aynalem; Zahra Azizi; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Abraham Samuel Babu; Muhammad Badar; Feras Bader; Ashish D. Badiye; Arvind Bagga; Sara Bagherieh; Farshad Bahrami Asl; Ruhai Bai; Jennifer L. Baker; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Ravleen Kaur Bakshi; Saliu A. Balogun; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; Kiran Bam; MacIej Banach; Soham Bandyopadhyay; Biswajit Banik; Palash Chandra Banik; Kannu Bansal; Hamid Reza Baradaran; Franca Barbic; Martina Barchitta; Mainak Bardhan; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Sandra Barteit; Lingkan Barua; Azadeh Bashiri; Mohsen Bayati; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Emad Behboudi; Amir Hossein Behnoush; Yannick Béjot; Sefealem Assefa Belay; Melaku Ashagrie Belete; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Michelle L. Bell; Luis Belo; Salaheddine Bendak; Bright Benfor; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Catherine P. Benziger; Azizullah Beran; Adam E. Berman; Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Habtamu B. Beyene; Kebede A. Beyene; Akshaya Srikanth Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Prarthna V. Bhardwaj; Vivek Bhat; Gurjit Kaur Bhatti; Jasvinder Singh Bhatti; Boris Bikbov; Andras Bikov; Marina G. Birck; Bijit Biswas; Saeid Bitaraf; Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin; Eyob Ketema Bogale; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Archith Boloor; Milad Bonakdar Hashemi; Hamed Borhany; Edward J. Boyko; Dejana Braithwaite; Luisa C. Brant; Michael Brauer; Susanne Breitner; Andrey Briko; Lemma N. Bulto; Yasser Bustanji; Zahid A. Butt; Daniela Calina; Fan Cao; Rosario Cárdenas; Sinclair Carr; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Márcia Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Luca Cegolon; Ester Cerin; Yaacoub Chahine; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Mei Yen Chan; Raymond N.C. Chan; Periklis Charalampous; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; An-Tian Chen; Catherine S. Chen; Haowei Chen; Suma Sri Chennapragada; Derek S. Chew; Gerald Chi; Patrick R. Ching; Abdulaal Chitheer; So Mi Jemma Cho; William C.S. Cho; Bryan Chong; Hitesh Chopra; Rahul Choudhary; Enayet Karim Chowdhury; Rajiv Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero; Zinhle Cindi; Iolanda Cioffi; Kaleb Coberly; Sean Coffey; Alyssa Columbus; Joao Conde; Sara Conti; Barbara Corso; Sandra Cortés; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Rosa A.S. Couto; Emma Johnson Cowart; Michael H. Criqui; Jessica A. Cruz; Sriharsha Dadana; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Zhaoli Dai; Maxwell Ayindenaba Dalaba; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Saswati Das; Subasish Das; Mohsen Dashti; Mohammad Dashtkoohi; Maedeh Dastmardi; Kairat Davletov; Aklilu Tamire Debele; Shayom Debopadhaya; Nicole K. DeCleene; Ivan Delgado-Enciso; Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit; Berecha Hundessa Demessa; Andreas K. 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Katoto; Neda Kaydi; Foad Kazemi; Sina Kazemian; Sara Kazeminia; Jessica A. Kerr; Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot; Mohammad Keykhaei; Mohamad Mehdi Khadembashiri; Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Himanshu Khajuria; Amirmohammad Khalaji; Nauman Khalid; Alireza Khalilian; Rovshan Khalilov; Asaduzzaman Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Junaid Khan; M. Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Mohammad Jobair Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Yusra H. Khan; Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb; Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi; Khaled Khatab; Sorour Khateri; Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani; Khalid A. Kheirallah; Feriha Fatima Khidri; Saeid Kian; Zemene Demelash Kifle; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Farzad Kompani; Gerbrand Koren; Ashwin Laxmikant Kotnis; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Hare Krishna; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; Md Abdul Kuddus; Mohammed Kuddus; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Vishnutheertha Kulkarni; Akshay Kumar; Ashish Kumar; Naveen Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Rahul Kumar; Netsanet Bogale Kumsa; Kunle Rotimi Kunle; Dian Kusuma; Ilias Kyriopoulos; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Muhammad Awwal Ladan; Lucie Laflamme; Chandrakant Lahariya; Arista Lahiri; Daphne Teck Ching Lai; Tea Lallukka; Qing Lan; Iván Landires; Francesco Lanfranchi; Bagher Larijani; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Kamaluddin Latief; Kaveh Latifinaibin; Jerrald Lau; Paolo Lauriola; Khuong Le; Long Khanh Dao Le; Nhi Huu Hanh Le; Thao Thi Thu Le; Trang Diep Thanh Le; Trang Thi Bich Le; Caterina Ledda; Munjae Lee; Paul H. Lee; Seung Won Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yo Han Lee; Kate E. LeGrand; Mall Leinsalu; Matilde Leonardi; Temesgen L. Lerango; An Li; Ming-Chieh Li; Wei Li; Xiaopan Li; Yichong Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S. 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[No abstract available]
Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes for seed shape and 100-seed weight in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023) Rahul Kumar; Manisha Saini; Meniari Taku; Pulak Debbarma; Rohit Kumar Mahto; Ayyagari Ramlal; Deepshikha Sharma; Ambika Rajendran; Renu Pandey; Kishor Gaikwad; S.K. Lal; Akshay Talukdar
Seed size and shape are important traits determining yield and quality in soybean. Seed size and shape are also desirable for specialty soy foods like tofu, natto, miso, and edamame. In order to find stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes for seed shape and 100-seed weight, the current study used vegetable type and seed soybean-derived F2 and F2:3 mapping populations. A total of 42 QTLs were mapped, which were dispersed across 13 chromosomes. Of these, seven were determined to be stable QTLs and five of them were major QTLs, namely qSL-10-1, qSW-4-1, qSV-4-1, qSLW-10-1, and qSLH-10-1. Thirteen of the 42 QTLs detected in the current study were found at known loci, while the remaining 29 were discovered for the first time. Out of these 29 novel QTLs, 17 were major QTLs. Based on Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER), gene annotation information, and literature search, 66 genes within seven stable QTLs were predicted to be possible candidate genes that might regulate seed shape and seed weight in soybean. The current study identified the key candidate genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling soybean seed shape and weight, and these results will be very helpful in marker-assisted breeding for developing soybean varieties with improved seed weight and desired seed shape. Copyright © 2023 Kumar, Saini, Taku, Debbarma, Mahto, Ramlal, Sharma, Rajendran, Pandey, Gaikwad, Lal and Talukdar.
Importance of litter dynamics of economically important trees for sustainable land management in dry tropics
(Cambridge University Press, 2025) Fahami Zaya; Priyanka Soni; Amrita Kumari; Rahul Kumar; Riya Gupta; Nidhi Singh; Nandita Ghoshal
This study elucidates the litter dynamics including decomposition rate both in-situ and ex-situ, the initial acquisition traits (LATs), morphological traits (LMTs) and production rate of leaf litter of four economically important tree species viz. Terminalia arjuna (TA), Tectona grandis (TG), Eucalyptus citriodora (EC) and Psidium guajava (PG) with the major objective of restoration of degraded urban ecosystems in dry tropics. Annual litterfall production rates were observed as: TG > TA > EC > PG. LMTs, that is, specific leaf area followed the trend: TG > TA > PG > EC, whereas leaf mass per area followed the reverse trend. In TA, LATs involving carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and cellulose were highest but C/N and lignin/N ratios were lowest, whereas lignin, polyphenol, C/N and lignin/N ratios were highest in PG. In the leaf litter bag experiment, the decomposition rate followed the trend: TA > TG > EC > PG. In-situ and ex-situ rates of decomposition of all the four leaf litters were found to be similar. LATs especially lignin/N, N and C/N ratios rather than LMTs were found to be a better predictor of the litter decomposition rate. TA plantation having a higher litter decomposition rate, may be recommended for inclusion in the restoration strategies of degraded urban land. © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press.
Influence of local defects in the generation of memory effect in Dy2Ti2O7 compound: Fe-doped study
(Institute of Physics, 2024) Pramod K. Yadav; Rajnikant Upadhyay; Rahul Kumar; Pavan Nukala; Chandan Upadhyay
The study of defect-induced effects in functional materials is high-priority research for the miniaturization of smart devices. To elucidate the influence of local defects stemming from intrinsic or extrinsic factors on the enigmatic behavior of cooperative spin dynamics, we investigated the Dy2-xFexTi2O7 compound within a narrow Fe substitution range (x = 0-0.15). Our experimental findings unequivocally demonstrate that the dynamic response of cooperative spins and the emergence of anomalous memory effect are intricately linked to local defects. Depending on the nature and dynamics of these defects, the dynamic response of cooperative spins undergoes alteration. Notably, observed anomalous effect becomes more pronounced in scenarios characterized by slower defect dynamics and when cooperative spins are further from equilibrium. The emergence and sensitivity of thermomagnetic hysteresis (memory effect) to cooperative spin dynamics and external stimuli underscore the richness of Dy2Ti2O7 as a material for captivating physics investigations. © 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Insight into an Effective Development of Biocontrol Agent Formulation for Commercial Production
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2025) Swarnmala Samal; Rahul Kumar; Divya Gunsola; Apaarna; Debasis Mitra; Madhu Thapliyal; Subhankar Mondal; Bahman Khoshru; Magdalena M. Knezevic; R. D. Dodiya
Sustainable agriculture relies heavily on effective biocontrol agents (BCAs), which provide a greener substitute for conventional pesticides. The key elements in the creation and formulation of BCAs for commercial production were examined in this study. Important factors to consider include the choice of strong microbial strains or natural enemies, growth condition optimization, formulation techniques to improve stability and efficacy, and regulatory needs for commercial viability. The analysis of case studies and latest developments in BCA formulation technologies aims to emphasize the effective strategies and obstacles encountered while transitioning from lab prototypes to large-scale manufacturing. This study offers a thorough framework for developing BCA formulations for sustainable agricultural practices by combining knowledge from microbiology, agriculture, and biotechnology. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Ligand conjugated lipid-based nanocarriers for cancer theranostics
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022) Rahul Kumar; Daphika S. Dkhar; Rohini Kumari; Divya; Supratim Mahapatra; Ananya Srivastava; Vikash Kumar Dubey; Pranjal Chandra
Cancer is one of the major health-related issues affecting the population worldwide and subsequently accounts for the second-largest death. Genetic and epigenetic modifications in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes affect the regulatory systems that lead to the initiation and progression of cancer. Conventional methods, including chemotherapy/radiotherapy/appropriate combinational therapy and surgery, are being widely used for theranostics of cancer patients. Surgery is useful in treating localized tumors, but it is ineffective in treating metastatic tumors, which spread to other organs and result in a high recurrence rate and death. Also, the therapeutic application of free drugs is related to substantial issues such as poor absorption, solubility, bioavailability, high degradation rate, short shelf-life, and low therapeutic index. Therefore, these issues can be sorted out using nano lipid-based carriers (NLBCs) as promising drug delivery carriers. Still, at most, they fail to achieve site-targeted drug delivery and detection. This can be achieved by selecting a specific ligand/antibody for its cognate receptor molecule expressed on the surface of the cancer cells. In this review, we have mainly discussed the various types of ligands used to decorate NLBCs. A list of the ligands used to design nanocarriers to target malignant cells has been extensively undertaken. The approved ligand-decorated lipid-based nanomedicines with their clinical status have been explained in tabulated form to provide a wider scope to the readers regarding ligand-coupled NLBCs. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.