Browsing by Author "Raj N. Kumar"

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Case Studies and Patient Stories
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2025) Devinder Kumar; Brijesh Pawan Kumar; Raj N. Kumar; Pratistha Singh
Pharmacological metabolism issues put patient safety at risk by raising the possibility of side effects and inadequate treatment results. This summary attempts to explain the challenges associated with drug metabolism, particularly long-term polypharmacy with metabolites -when an unintended change has direct and clinically meaningful effects. This is done through a series of cases and patient stories. Metabolism typically consists of a series of enzymatic reactions that occur primarily in the liver and result in drugs being converted into water-soluble forms for excretion. Nevertheless, it is a factor that can be disrupted by genetic polymorphisms, liver diseases affecting its expression or function, drug interactions, and age-related changes in physiological mechanisms. Metabolites can lead to bioaccumulation of a drug, poor therapeutic effects, or adverse events if metabolism is incomplete. A patient with a CYP2D6 enzyme deficiency may convert codeine to morphine more slowly, resulting in inadequate pain relief. Another example is a distant psychiatric patient with underlying liver disease who experiences significant inadequacy of benzodiazepine metabolism, leading to prolonged sedation and respiratory depression. There is also an example of polypharmacy, in which a patient taking multiple medications, including a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, receives a toxic amount of a normally safe dose because the metabolic clearance rate is reduced. They are important examples of incomplete drug metabolism and underscore the imperative incorporation of precise, personalized medicine techniques, including genetic testing, close monitoring of liver function tests (which would account for gender differences in response), and thorough consideration of possible interactions between pharmaceutical agents that contribute to individual variability. This, in turn, allows healthcare professionals to provide more personalized treatment, minimize the risk of side effects, and improve patient outcomes. © 2025, Bentham Books imprint.
Evaluation of anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic activity of methanolic leaves extract of Chinese native shrub, Premna latifolia Roxb. in rodents
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Raj N. Kumar; Ashutosh Kumar; Brijesh Pawan Kumar; Manish Kumar Singh; Chandra Shekhar Azad
Premna latifolia Roxb. is used in a variety of traditional medicinal usages by the local community people of China and Southeast Asian regions to treat allergy and inflammatory diseases due to its great biodiversity. The anti-allergic efficacy of a methanolic extract of Premna latifolia Roxb. leaves was investigated in this study. The effect of Premna latifolia Roxb. extract at different doses (100, 200, And 300 mg/kg, p. o.) was evaluated on Animal models of asthma And allergy, such as milk-induced eosinophilia and leukocytosis, compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation, and active and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The impact of Premna latifolia Roxb. extract on sensitized guinea pig ileum and tracheal chain preparations was also studied. At various concentrations, treatment with Premna latifolia Roxb. extract significantly reduced (p value < 0.001) milk-induced eosinophilia, while stabilizing the compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation and lowering passive cutaneous and active anaphylactic reactions. Furthermore, Premna latifolia Roxb. extract prevented acetylcholine and histamine-induced tracheal chain contraction, as well as egg albumin-induced ileum contraction in sensitized guinea pigs (Shultz-Dale inhibition test). The anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic effect of Premna latifolia Roxb. extract could be attributed to the stability of mast cells. Premna latifolia Roxb. showed anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic properties at various doses, indicating that it is an effective phytomedicine for treating such illnesses. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2025.
Historical advancements in targeted nanoscale drug delivery systems
(Elsevier, 2025) Snigdha Singh; Pankaj Kalia; Raj N. Kumar; Swati Pundir; Vivek K. Chaturvedi; Anurag Kumar Singh; Rajendra Awasthı; Santosh Kumar Singh; Amit Kumar Singh
This inclusive examination of the evolution of nanoscale drug delivery systems (DDSs) elucidates the profound impact these technologies have exerted on modern medicine. From the seminal development of liposomal encapsulation in the 1960s to contemporary advancements in polymeric micelles, dendrimer-based carriers, and CRISPR–Cas9 delivery vectors, the progression of nanotechnology has markedly enhanced therapeutic precision and efficacy. Notable innovations, particularly in oncological applications, include the deployment of polyethylene glycol conjugation and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, which have substantially improved the stability, pharmacokinetic profiles, and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Nonetheless, several challenges persist, including the scale-up of manufacturing processes, batch-to-batch reproducibility, and biocompatibility and toxicity concerns. The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into nanoparticle design and optimization offers a promising avenue for overcoming these obstacles. AI and ML methodologies have the potential to expedite the discovery of novel nanocarriers formulations, predict biological interactions with high accuracy, and streamline the development pipeline. As these technologies evolve, they may facilitate ground breaking advancements in the treatment of complex diseases such as malignancies, genetic disorders, and chronic conditions. The future landscape of nanomedicine is poised to offer increasingly personalized, efficacious, and safe therapeutic options, with emerging innovations such as nanorobots and biodegradable nanomaterials anticipated to revolutionize therapeutic paradigms. Continued research into the biodegradability and biocompatibility of nanomaterials is expected to address current limitations, ensuring that these advanced DDSs are both effective and safe for clinical applications. The advent of “smart” nanocarriers capable of real-time monitoring and adaptive responses to physiological fluctuations could further enhance therapeutic precision and patient outcomes. The ongoing evolution of nanoscale DDSs is poised to drive significant advancements in precision medicine, transforming disease management strategies and heralding a new era of therapeutic possibilities. © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Porous silicon nanocarriers for the management of neurodegenerative disorders
(Elsevier, 2025) Devinder Kumar; Raj N. Kumar; Sunil Dutt; Pankaj Kalia; Snigdha Singh; Anand Prakash Maurya; Anurag Kumar Singh; Rajendra Awasthı; Santosh Kumar Singh
Porous silicon (PSi) nanocarriers are gaining a lot of attention in nanomedicine for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Aside from their complicated pathophysiology, NDs, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, present unique challenges due to the difficulty for therapeutic agents to cross the blood–brain barrier. Since PSi nanocarriers have tunable porosity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, they enable the effective loading and controlled release of a variety of therapeutic agents. Due to its porous structure and large surface area, peptides, nucleic acids, and small molecules are encapsulated in PSi, improving the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of the drugs. As recent findings show, it is now possible to make pSi nanoparticles to deliver neuroprotective agents directly to targeted neuronal cells, improving treatment outcomes. Delivery of therapeutics to specific brain regions can be enabled by functionalizing PSi with specific ligands or antibodies, improving its targeting capabilities. In addition, since conventional treatments often require high dosages and frequent administration, the ability of PSi nanocarriers to support sustained drug release can significantly reduce side effects. With PSi's controlled release profile, therapeutic drug levels can be maintained in the bloodstream for extended periods, improving patient compliance and overall treatment effectiveness. Pharmaceutical administration is not the only use for PSi nanocarriers; they have also shown promise in diagnostic applications, allowing simultaneous imaging and monitoring of treatment effects. Due to its dual purpose, PSi positions itself as a flexible platform for theranostic applications in of neurological diseases. Despite encouraging developments, there are still difficulties in the clinical implementation of PSi-based therapies. Research is presently being carried out on their synthesis and surface modification to improve the stability and mitigate the potential toxicity of pSi nanoparticles. To enable their integration into clinical practice, issues related to large-scale manufacturing and regulatory approval processes must also be resolved. © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Porous silicon nanoparticles in codelivery of drugs for improved cellular uptake and targeted drug delivery
(Elsevier, 2025) Raj N. Kumar; Pankaj Kalia; Sunil Dutt; Devinder Kumar; Anurag Kumar Singh; Santosh Kumar Singh; Brijesh Pawan Kumar
Problems with physicochemical characteristics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity frequently cause small compounds’ failure in drug discovery and development. By altering these characteristics, nanotechnology offers an option that enhances the use of medication, safety, and effectiveness while preventing drug degrading and managing release. Because of their high surface area, considerable pore volume, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) have become a viable drug delivery platform. pSiNPs are very useful for codelivery systems because of their properties, which allow them to load and release large quantities of medicinal compounds. When medications are codelivered utilizing pSiNPs, they can have synergistic benefits in complicated conditions like cancer, where the combined action of the pharmaceuticals is more successful than separate therapy. For instance, coadministering chemotherapeutics and gene-silencing agents like siRNA can increase the anticancer effects while lowering treatment resistance. In addition, pSiNPs increase cellular absorption by making it easier for biological barriers to be crossed and permitting receptor-mediated endocytosis, which targets certain tissues or cells and reduces off-target effects while boosting therapeutic efficiency. Drug delivery to unhealthy cells, such as HER2-positive breast cancer cells, may be precisely targeted by attaching targeting ligands, like antibodies, to the surface of pSiNPs. Drug delivery is further improved by the controlled release characteristics of pSiNPs, which guarantee a sustained release throughout time, lower the frequency of administration, and increase patient compliance. Long-term hazards are reduced as their biodegradability prevents pSiNPs from building up in the body. In general, pSiNPs are a flexible and efficient drug delivery technology that has the potential to greatly enhance treatment results, especially when treating complicated diseases like cancer. © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.