Browsing by Author "Rajiv Kumar Singh"

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An introduction of parthenium hysterophorus to be boon for agricultural land: Under heavy metal contamination
(Plant Archives, 2020) Madhulika Singh; Pratibha Singh; Rajiv Kumar Singh; Pankaj Kumar Singh; Sheo Mohan Prasad; Aparna Pandey
Recently, the contamination of agricultural land possesses major threats to human health and the environment. The catastrophic events comprising geologic activities and anthropogenic activities leave every year a huge amount of nutrient/metal ions in agricultural land/water bodies, they remain in soil for many years and are the potential cause of phytotoxicity or poisoning of the food chain. Generally metal ions are essential in trace amount for the normal development of animals and plants but become toxic when accumulated at higher concentrations. Among the number of practices, phytoremediation was initially proposed as an environmental cleanup technology for the remediation of metal contaminated land. © 2020 Plant Archives. All rights reserved.
Cropping geometry and nutrient management study on winter maize {Zea mays) + potato (Solatium tuberosum) intercropping
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2021) V.K. Verma; R.N. Meena; D.N. Singh; P.K. Upadhyay; Rajesh Kumar Singh; Rajiv Kumar Singh
Field experiment was conducted during rabi during 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Varanasi (UP) to study the effect of cropping geometry and nutrient management on winter maize (Zea mays L.) + potato (Solatium tuberosum L.) •intercropping.Among the crop geometry, winter maize intercropped with potato (1:1) in replacement series showed significantly higher growth parameters of maize, viz.dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate and number of green leaves per plant as compared to additive series but it was found at par when winter maize grown with potato (1:2) in replacement series.However, growth parameters of potato differed interchangeably as compared to maize in winter maize + potato intercropping system during both the years.Significantly higher grain yield of winter maize and potato were found in intercropping with 1:1 and 1:2 in additive series, respectively.Assessment of intercropping indices and economics of maize and potato proved to be better in additive series as compared to replacement series during both the years of experimentation.Amongst nutrient management, growth parameters, yield attributes and yield, intercropping indices and economics of winter maize + potato were recorded significantly higher with the application of 100% RDF + 25% N through poultry manure followed by the application of 100% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost as compared to rest of the treatments during both Uie years.Thus, it may be concluded that the maize + potato intercropping in additive series with integration of poultry manure as N source gives better yield and economics of both the crops. © 2021 Indian Council of Agricultural Research. All rights reserved.
Effect of cultivars and weed management practices on weeds, productivity and profitability in zero-till direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2019) Animesh Singh; Yashwant Singh; Raghavendra Singh; Pravin Kumar Upadhyay; Rakesh Kumar; Rajiv Kumar Singh
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive kharif seasons of 2012 and 2013 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, to evaluate the effect of cultivars and weed management practices on weed dynamics, yield attributes, yields and economics in zero-till direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The dominant weed flora were Echinocloa colona, Echinocloa crus-galli, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria, Caesulia auxillaries and Eclipta alba. Among rice cultivars, Arize-6129 had minimum weed density (425.9 and 480.1/m) and dry weight (76.7 and 86.4 g/m 2 ), and maximum of grain yield (4.29 and 4.12 t/ha) during both the years, respectively. Among the weed management practices, application of bispyribac sodium + azimsulfuron (25 g +35 g/ha) + 0.25% NIS (post-emergence) at 15-20 DAS proved to be most effective in minimizing the weed density, weed dry weight and increased rice grain yield (4.33 and 4.16 t/ha, respectively). Arize-6129 produced maximum net returns (`40402 and 37804/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.61 and 1.51) and economic efficiency (`316 and 298/ha day), respectively during both the years. Among weed management practices, application of bispyribac sodium + azimsulfuron (25 g +35 g/ha) + NIS (0.25%) was the most economical and efficient. © 2019 Indian Council of Agricultural Research. All Rights Reserved.
Effect of irrigation schedule and herbicides application on growth and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in semi-arid environment
(Indian Society of Agronomy, 2022) K. Lakra; Ram Pyare; Puneet Kumar Singh; Sunil Kumar Verma; Rajiv Kumar Singh; Pravin Kumar Upadhyay; Vishal Tyagi
A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2017–18 and 2018–19 at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to study the influence of irrigation scheduling and weed-management practices on growth and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with 4 irrigation scheduling in main plot and 8 weed-management practices in subplots. Results revealed that, application of 5 irrigations at crown root initiation (CRI) + jointing + boot-ing+ flowering + milking stage resulted in the maximum plant height (79.9 cm at harvest), crop dry-matter accumulation (385.1 g/running m at harvest), number of leaves [230/running m at 80 days after sowing (DAS)], leaf area index (2.60 at 60 DAS), crop growth rate (4.09 g/m2 /day between 40-80 DAS), relative growth rate (2.66 g/g/day between 40-80 DAS), net assimilation rate (0.59 g/cm2 /day between 40-80 DAS) and the biological yield (6,899 kg/ha) over irrigation at CRI and active tillering stage and irrigation at CRI + jointing + booting, and it was statisti-cally at par with irrigation at CRI + active tillering + booting + flowering stage. Among herbicidal treatments, significantly maximum value of crop-growth parameters and biological yield (7007 kg/ha) was recorded with the application of carfentrazone ethyl 20% + sulfosulfuron 25% WG @ 100 g a.i./ha at 35 days after sowing (DAS) followed by clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl 1% @ 400 g a.i./ha 35 DAS compared to the other herbicidal treatments. But hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS showed superiority to herbicidal treatments during both the years. © 2022, Indian Society of Agronomy. All rights reserved.
Greening rice-fallow areas: integrating pulses and oilseeds for sustainable cropping in eastern India
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025) Rakesh Pradeep Kumar; Anup Das; S. K. Mondal; Pravin Kumar Upadhyay; Bhagwati Prasad Bhatt; Janki Sharan Mishra; Anil Kumar Singh; Jaipal Singh Choudhary; Sanjeev Kumar; Prem Kumar Sundaram; Ashish Kumar Biswas; Sanjay Singh Rathore; Rajiv Kumar Singh; Puspa Parameswari; Dhiraj Kumar Singh; Santosh Muthu Suresh Kumar; Akram Ahmad; Kirti Saurabh; Kumari Shubha; Ajay Vinod Kumar; Manibhushan; Pawan Jeet; Ved Prakash; Bal Krishna Jha; Sushant Kumar Naik; S. S. Mali; Surendra Kumar Ahirwal; Vinod Kumar Singh; Devendra Mandal; Manoj Kumar Roy; Arbind K. Choudhary; Sudhir Kumar S. Rajpoot; Suresh Kumar Chaudhari
Rice-fallow areas, widespread in rainfed rice-growing regions of South Asia, remain uncultivated during the post-rainy (winter) season due to multiple challenges, including inadequate irrigation infrastructure, cultivation of long-duration rice varieties, and soil moisture imbalances. South Asia has approximately 22.3 million hectares of rice-fallow land, with India contributing the largest share (88.3%). Eastern Indian states, which account for 82% of India’s rice-fallow area, presents significant opportunities for cropping intensification. However, several constraints—such as biotic (pest and disease), abiotic stresses (temperature extremes, drought, etc.), rapid soil moisture depletion, and disturbances from free-grazing livestock-hinder efforts to cultivate a second crop, perpetuating poverty among the small and marginal farmers. Introducing stress-tolerant rabi crops, particularly pulses (chickpea, lentil, lathyrus, field pea) and oilseeds (mustard, toria, safflower, linseed), offers a promising solution to enhance system productivity and improve the farmers’ livelihoods. Policymakers have recently increased the public investment in rice-fallows intensification, yet fragmented and ad-hoc initiatives often fail to deliver sustainable outcomes due to complex and multidimensional challenges involved. This study critically examines the key issues affecting rice-fallow lands and provides strategic recommendations to convert these underutilized areas into the productive cropping systems during winter and spring. Additionally, it reviews Central and State Government programs related to rice-fallow management, emphasizing the need for research to align with ongoing policy initiatives for maximum impact. The findings of this study offers a valuable insights for the policymakers, planners, and stakeholders, highlighting the potential of pulses and oilseeds to enhance the food security, reduce poverty, and promote sustainable, climate-resilient agricultural production systems in the region. © © 2025 Kumar, Das, Mondal, Upadhyay, Bhatt, Mishra, Singh, Choudhary, Kumar, Sundaram, Biswas, Rathore, Singh, Parameswari, Singh, Kumar, Ahmad, Saurabh, Shubha, Kumar, Manibhushan, Jeet, Prakash, Jha, Naik, Mali, Kumar, Ahirwal, Singh, Mandal, Roy, Choudhary, Rajpoot and Chaudhari.
Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants: Perception, Signalling, Omics and Tolerance Mechanism
(wiley, 2021) Pratibha Singh; Madhulika Singh; Rajiv Kumar Singh; Sheo Mohan Prasad
Discover how soil salinity affects plants and other organisms and the techniques used to remedy the issue: In Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants, an editorial team of internationally renowned researchers delivers an extensive exploration of the problem of soil salinity in modern agricultural practices. It also discusses the social and environmental issues caused by salt stress. The book covers the impact of salt on soil microorganisms, crops, and other plants, and presents that information alongside examinations of salt’s effects on other organisms, including aquatic fauna, terrestrial animals, and human beings. Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants describes the morphological, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical dimensions of increasing soil salinity. It also discusses potential remedies and encourages further thought and exploration of this issue. Readers are encouraged to consider less hazardous fertilizers and pesticides, to use safer doses, and to explore and work upon salt resistant varieties of plants. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: Thorough introductions to salt stress perception and toxicity levels and the effects of salt stress on the physiology of crop plants at a cellular levelExplorations of the effects of salt stress on the biochemistry of crop plants and salt ion transporters in crop plants at a cellular level Practical discussions of salt ion and nutrient interactions in crop plants, including prospective signalling, and the effects of salt stress on the morphology, anatomy, and gene expression of crop plants An examination of salt stress on soil chemistry and the plant-atmosphere continuum Perfect for researchers, academics, and students working and studying in the fields of agriculture, botany, entomology, biotechnology, soil science, and plant physiology, Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants will also earn a place on the bookshelves of agronomists, crop scientists, and plant biochemists. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.
Preface
(wiley, 2021) Pratibha Singh; Madhulika Singh; Rajiv Kumar Singh; Sheo Mohan Prasad
[No abstract available]
Soil Health, Energy Budget, and Rice Productivity as Influenced by Cow Products Application With Fertilizers Under South Asian Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains Zone
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022) Pravin Kumar Upadhyay; Avijit Sen; Yashwant Singh; Ram Kumar Singh; Saroj Kumar Prasad; Ardith Sankar; Vinod Kumar Singh; S.K. Dutta; Rakesh Kumar; Sanjay Singh Rathore; Kapila Shekhawat; Subhash Babu; Rajiv Kumar Singh; Bipin Kumar; Abir Dey; G.A. Rajanna; Ramesh Kulshekaran
The comprehensive use of organic, inorganic, and biological components of nutrient management in rice ecologies can potentially address the twin challenges of declining factor productivity and deteriorating soil health. A field study was thus conducted at Varanasi, India during the year 2013–14 and 2014–15 to assess the effect of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) along with cow product (blends of 5 cow by-products i.e., dung, ghee, curd, urine, and milk that is known as panchagavya) on soil health, energy budget, and rice productivity. The results revealed that the inclusion of panchagavya as seedling root dip + 6% spray at 30 days after transplanting (DAT) + an application with irrigation water (15 l ha−1) at 60 DAT (D4) along with 100% RDF (F3) noted significantly higher rice grain yield (6.34 t ha−1) and higher dehydrogenase activity. However, the soil bacterial and actinomycetes population, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly higher with D4 along with 120% RDF (F4). Carbon output (5,608 kg CO2 eq ha−1), energy use parameters viz. energy output (187,867 MJ ha−1), net energy returns (164,319 MJ ha−1), and energy intensity valuation (5.08 MJ (Figure presented.)) were significantly higher under F4. However, the energy ratio (8.68), energy productivity (0.292 kg MJ−1), and energy profitability (7.68) remained highest with 80% RDF (F2), while the highest carbohydrate equivalent yield (4,641 kg mha−1) was produced under F3. The combination of F3 with D4 resulted in the highest productivity, optimum energy balance, and maintaining soil quality. Therefore, a judicious combination of cow product (panchagavya) with RDF was found to improve the rice productivity, energy profitability, and soil quality under south Asian eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs). Copyright © 2022 Upadhyay, Sen, Singh, Singh, Prasad, Sankar, Singh, Dutta, Kumar, Rathore, Shekhawat, Babu, Singh, Kumar, Dey, Rajanna and Kulshekaran.
Soybean crop intensification for sustainable aboveground-underground plant–soil interactions
(Frontiers Media SA, 2023) Ramesh Kumar Singh; Pravin Kumar Upadhyay; Shiva Dhar; G.A. Rajanna; Vinod Kumar Singh; Rakesh Kumar; Rajiv Kumar Singh; Subhash Babu; Sanjay Singh Rathore; Kapila Shekhawat; Anchal Dass; Amit Kumar; Gaurendra Gupta; Gaurav Shukla; Sudhir Rajpoot; Ved Prakash; Bipin Kumar; Vinod Kumar Sharma; Sharmistha Barthakur
The major challenge of growing soybean, other than unfavorable weather and small farm size, is the non-availability of quality inputs at the right time. Furthermore, in soybean growing regions, crop productivity and soil environment have deteriorated due to the use of traditional varieties and conventional methods of production. Soybean crop intensification or system of crop intensification in soybean (SCI) is an agricultural production system that boosts soybean yields, improves the soil environment, and maximizes the efficiency of input utilization, although the contribution of SCI to crop productivity is not well understood as different genotypes of soybean exhibit different physiological responses. Therefore, a field study was conducted in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 using three crop establishment methods (SCI at a 45 cm × 45 cm row spacing, SCI at 30 cm × 30 cm, and a conventional method at 45 cm × 10 cm) assisted in vertical strips with four genotypes (Pusa 9,712, PS 1347, DS 12–13, and DS 12–5) using a strip-plot design with three replications. Compared with standard methods of cultivation, the adoption of SCI at 45 cm × 45 cm resulted in a significantly higher stomatal conductance (0.211 mol H2O m−2 s−1), transpiration rate (7.8 mmol H2O m−2 s−1), and net photosynthetic rate (398 mol CO2 m−2 s−1). The implementation of an SCI at 30 cm × 30 cm had significantly greater intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) (1,249 mol m−2 s−1) than the conventional method system, increasing crop yield from 9.6 to 13.3% and biomass yield from 8.2 to 10.7%. In addition, under an SCI at 30 cm × 30 cm, there were more nodules, significantly larger root volume and surface density, and increased NPK uptake compared with the other methods. Significantly greater soil dehydrogenase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, acetylene-reducing assay, total polysaccharides, microbial biomass carbon, and soil chlorophyll were found with SCI at 45 cm × 45 cm (13.63 g TPF g−1 soil hr.−1, 93.2 g p-nitro phenol g−1 soil hr.−1, 25.5 n moles ethylene g−1 soil hr.−1, 443.7 mg kg−1 soil, 216.5 mg kg−1 soil, and 0.43 mg g−1 soil, respectively). Therefore, the adoption of an SCI at 30 cm × 30 cm and/or 45 cm × 45 cm could provide the best environment for microbial activities and overall soil health, as well as the sustainable productivity of soybean aboveground. Copyright © 2023 Singh, Dhar, Upadhyay, Rajanna, Singh, Kumar, Singh, Babu, Rathore, Shekhawat, Dass, Kumar, Gupta, Shukla, Rajpoot, Prakash, Kumar, Sharma and Barthakur.
System of wheat intensification (SWI): Effects on lodging resistance, photosynthetic efficiency, soil biomes, and water productivity
(Public Library of Science, 2024) Ramesh Kumar Singh; Pravin Kumar Upadhyay; Shiva Dhar; G.A. Rajanna; Vinod Kumar Singh; Rakesh Kumar; Rajiv Kumar Singh; Kapila Shekhawat; Sanjay Singh Rathore; Anchal Dass; Amit Kumar; Gaurendra Gupta; Sudhir Rajpoot; Ved Prakash; Sayantika Sarkar; Navin Kumar Sharma; Satyam Rawat; Satendra Singh
Intense cultivation with narrow row spacing in wheat, a common practice in the Indo-Gangetic plains of South Asia, renders the crop more susceptible to lodging during physiological maturity. This susceptibility, compounded by the use of traditional crop cultivars, has led to a substantial decline in overall crop productivity. In response to these challenges, a two-year field study on the system of wheat intensification (SWI) was conducted. The study involved three different cultivation methods in horizontal plots and four wheat genotypes in vertical plots, organized in a strip plot design. Our results exhibited that adoption of SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm resulted in significantly higher intercellular CO2 concentration (5.9-6.3%), transpiration rate (13.2-15.8%), stomatal conductance (55-59%), net photosynthetic rate (126- 160%), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception (1.6-25.2%) over the existing conventional method (plant geometry 22.5 cm × continuous plant to plant spacing) of wheat cultivation. The lodging resistance capacity of both the lower and upper 3rd nodes was significantly higher in the SWI compared to other cultivation methods. Among different genotypes, HD 2967 demonstrated the highest recorded value for lodging resistance capacity, followed by HD 2851, HD 3086, and HD 2894. In addition, adoption of the SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm enhanced crop grain yield by 36.9-41.6%, and biological yield by 27.5-29.8%. Significantly higher soil dehydrogenase activity (12.06 μg TPF g-1 soil hr-1), arylsulfatase activity (82.8 μg p-nitro phenol g-1 soil hr-1), alkaline phosphatase activity (3.11 n moles ethylene g-1 soil hr-1), total polysaccharides, soil microbial biomass carbon, and soil chlorophyll content were also noted under SWI over conventional method of the production. Further, increased root volumes, surface root density and higher NPK uptake were recorded under SWI at 20×20 cm in comparison to rest of the treatments. Among the tested wheat genotypes, HD-2967 and HD-3086 had demonstrated notable increases in grain and biological yields, as well as improvements in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and chlorophyll content. Therefore, adoption of SWI at 20 cm ×20 cm (square planting) with cultivars HD 2967 might be the best strategy for enhancing crop productivity and resource-use efficiency under the similar wheat growing conditions of India and similar agro-ecotypes of the globe. © 2024 Singh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
The multifaceted role of zeolites in modern agriculture and environmental management
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2025) Sayantika Sarkar; Pravin Kumar Upadhyay; Tarik Mitran; Sanjay Singh Rathore; Rajiv Kumar Singh; Kapila A. Shekhawat; Subhash N.Sudhakara Babu; Sudhir Kumar Rajput; Manojit Chowdhury; Anjali Patel; Aman Singh; Vinod Kumar Singh
With global food security central to United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), a growing population and shrinking resources are intensifying pressure on agriculture. To sustain productivity amidst declining soil fertility, biodiversity loss, increasing pest and disease incidences, and environmental degradation, agricultural science must refine technologies and adopt a sustainable approach that balances innovation with responsible resource use. Additionally, agriculture significantly contributes to climate change, accounting for a notable share of global greenhouse gas emissions. Zeolites, a group of versatile crystalline aluminosilicates, offer a promising solution to these challenges. Their properties as ion exchangers, water absorbers, and slow-release nitrogenous fertilizers can enhance agricultural sustainability. Zeolites can improve nitrogen use efficiency, enhance soil structure, and mitigate saline soil conditions by retaining nutrients and water and releasing them slowly to plants. This reduces the need for chemical fertilizers and improves resource use efficiency. However, the widespread use of zeolites in agriculture requires careful consideration. Mapping zeolite deposits is essential for sustainable extraction and use. Potential risks such as toxic surfactant leaching must be evaluated to prevent environmental contamination. Comprehensive field experiments are necessary to understand the long-term effects of zeolite application on soil health, microorganisms, and fauna in the rhizosphere. In conclusion, zeolites hold significant promise in promoting sustainable agricultural practices by improving soil health, enhancing nutrient use efficiency, and mitigating environmental impacts. Rigorous research is needed to ensure their safety and efficacy, integrating zeolites into agricultural systems for sustainable productivity and to address the challenges of traditional intensive farming. © 2025 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.