Browsing by Author "Rajnish Kumar Singh"

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Arbitration for intellectual property disputes: Problem of mutually exclusive development of laws
(Springer Singapore, 2018) Rajnish Kumar Singh
Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) form the subject matter of the present chapter. In contemporary international trade and commerce an individual, a private firm or an incorporated firm, national or multinational, extensively participates in transnational commercial activities.(See Gus van Harten, “The Public-Private Distinction in the International Arbitration of Individual Claims against the State”, 56(2) International and Comparative Corporate Law Quarterly, 2007, pp. 371-394; James R. Markusen, “Integrating Multinational Firms into International Economics”, NBER Reporter, Winter 2001/2002.) Such a transnational commercial transaction may be either with another sovereign State, its agencies or instrument or a national, natural or juristic person of another state. During the past few decades, international trade and commerce has resulted in internationalization of the market which induces greater potentialities for generating international trade disputes.(K.I. Vibhute, “Settlement of International Trade Disputes Through Litigation and Arbitration: A Comparative Evaluation”, Arbitration, 1998 at 125). © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018.
Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of Salvadora persica and its role in boosting urease performance via immobilization
(Springer, 2021) Rajnish Kumar Singh; Jyoti; P.K. Srivastava; Om Prakash
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted attention in research because of their unique properties and opportunities for various applications. Immobilization is one of the major applications which take advantage of the AuNPs properties as they can be easily modified. Present work deals with the green synthesis of cysteine capped gold nanoparticles (Cys-AuNPs) by using Salvadora persica leaf extract. UV–Vis spectrophotometry, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)¸ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) were utilized to characterize the Cys-AuNPs. Further, urease was purified from Cajanus cajan urease by using ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and its immobilization on Cys-AuNPs was carried out using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. Successful immobilization was confirmed by TEM and FTIR. Results showed that immobilization efficiency (IE) was 79% with enzyme loading of 84.37% and optimum pH and temperature for immobilized urease was 8.0 and 70 °C, respectively. Furthermore, immobilized urease was reusable upto 10 continuous cycles and can be stored up to 35 days with the retention of 50% residual activity. Enhanced properties of urease loaded Cys-AuNPs make it a suitable candidate for urea detection in clinical samples. © 2021, Society for Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology.
Contemporary issues in international law: Environment, international trade, information technology and legal education
(Springer Singapore, 2018) B.C. Nirmal; Rajnish Kumar Singh
This book explores the changing nature of international law and its ability to respond to the contemporary issues related to international environment, trade and information technology. The evolution of international law has reached a stage where we are witnessing diminishing power of the state and its capacity to deal with the economic matters challenging the existing notions of territory and sovereignty. Recent trends in international law and international relations show that states no longer have exclusive control over the decision-making process at the global level. Keeping this in mind, the book brings together the perspectives of various international and national scholars. The book considers diverse issues such as, sustainable development, climate change, global warming, Rio+20, technology transfer, agro-biodiversity and genetic resource, authority for protection of environment, human right to water, globalization, human rights, sui generis options in IP laws, impact of liberalization on higher education, regulation of international trade, intellectual property rights, collective administration of copyright, broadcast reproduction rights, implementation of copyright law, communication rights under copyright law, arbitration for IP disputes, doctrine of exhaustion of rights, trans-border reputation of trademark, information as an asset, cyber obscenity and pornography, e-governance, taxation of e-commerce, computer crime, information technology, domain names, research excellence in legal education, ideological perspective on legal education, challenges for law teachers, and clinical legal education. The topics, though diverse, are closely interrelated, with the common concern throughout being that the global environment, international trade, information technology and legal education need appropriate national normative and institutional responses as well as the global cooperation of members of the international community. Presenting reflections of a number of Asian, African and European scholars on these varied facets, the book is of great value to scholars, practitioners, teachers and students associated with contemporary international law. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018.
HPV18 oncoproteins driven expression of PKM2 reprograms HeLa cell metabolism to maintain aerobic glycolysis and viability
(Springer, 2022) Gopinath Prakasam; Mohammad Askandar Iqbal; Anusha Srivastava; Rameshwar N. K. Bamezai; Rajnish Kumar Singh
The molecular basis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cellular immortalization and malignant transformation has illustrated an indispensable role of viral E6/E7-oncoproteins. However, the impact of viral-oncoproteins on the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells remains ambiguous. We showed silencing of HPV18-encoded E6/E7-oncoprotein significantly reduced glucose consumption, lactate production, ATP level and viability. Silencing of HPV18-encoded E6/E7 in HeLa cells significantly down-regulated expression and activity of HK1, HK2, LDHA, and LDHB. Interestingly, there was an increased pyruvate kinase activity due to switch in expression from PKM2 isoform to PKM1. The switch in favor of alternatively spliced isoform PKM1, was regulated by viral-E6/E7-oncoprotein by inhibiting the c-Myc/hnRNP-axis. Further, the near absence of the PKM1 protein despite an adequate amount of PKM1 mRNA in HeLa cells was due to its proteasomal degradation. Our results suggests HPV18-encoded E6/E7 driven preferential expression of PKM2 is essential to support aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Indian Virological Society.
Insight into the Epigenetics of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023) Anusha Srivastava; Ankit Srivastava; Rajnish Kumar Singh
Epigenetic reprogramming represents a series of essential events during many cellular processes including oncogenesis. The genome of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), an oncogenic herpesvirus, is predetermined for a well-orchestrated epigenetic reprogramming once it enters into the host cell. The initial epigenetic reprogramming of the KSHV genome allows restricted expression of encoded genes and helps to hide from host immune recognition. Infection with KSHV is associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma, multicentric Castleman’s disease, KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome, and primary effusion lymphoma. The major epigenetic modifications associated with KSHV can be labeled under three broad categories: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the role of noncoding RNAs. These epigenetic modifications significantly contribute toward the latent–lytic switch of the KSHV lifecycle. This review gives a brief account of the major epigenetic modifications affiliated with the KSHV genome in infected cells and their impact on pathogenesis. © 2023 by the authors.
Introduction
(Springer Singapore, 2018) B.C. Nirmal; Rajnish Kumar Singh
International trading activities are increasing at a great pace. National governments now a days often find it difficult to evolve policies to regulate the implications arising out of new world economic order. International environmental law, Legal Education and Information technology law are the areas which experience the change the most. These areas may seem to be distinct but are in fact closely interrelated. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018.
Kshv-encoded vcyclin can modulate hif1a levels to promote dna replication in hypoxia
(eLife Sciences Publications Ltd, 2021) Rajnish Kumar Singh; Yonggang Pei; Dipayan Bose; Zachary L. Lamplugh; Kunfeng Sun; Yan Yuan; Paul Lieberman; Jianxin You; Erle S. Robertson
The cellular adaptive response to hypoxia, mediated by high HIF1a levels includes metabolic reprogramming, restricted DNA replication and cell division. In contrast to healthy cells, the genome of cancer cells, and Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infected cells maintains replication in hypoxia. We show that KSHV infection, despite promoting expression of HIF1a in normoxia, can also restrict transcriptional activity, and promoted its degradation in hypoxia. KSHV-encoded vCyclin, expressed in hypoxia, mediated HIF1a cytosolic translocation, and its degradation through a non-canonical lysosomal pathway. Attenuation of HIF1a levels by vCyclin allowed cells to bypass the block to DNA replication and cell proliferation in hypoxia. These results demonstrated that KSHV utilizes a unique strategy to balance HIF1a levels to overcome replication arrest and induction of the oncogenic phenotype, which are dependent on the levels of oxygen in the microenvironment. © Kumar Singh et al.
Licensing of standard essential patents on frand terms in India
(National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), 2019) Digvijay Singh; Rajnish Kumar Singh
The standardized technology seems to increase efficiency and reduce costs associated with wide variety of product and services in the field of information and communication. The idea of standard-essential patents (SEPs) is now getting more attention in patent litigations in different economies due to requirement of its licensing on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. The telecommunications industry has recently seen a significant increase in costly patent litigations. This smartphone patent war needs amicable resolution amongst different stakeholder. The scope of the present paper includes examination of the concept of SEPs and comparison of the various modes of ensuring their availability on FRAND terms. The position of law in different jurisdictions is presented keeping in mind the interest of all stakeholders and the recent judicial trends in India. Authors have followed an evaluative method in which case law forms the basis of discussion. The paper argues that the existing legal framework in India on the grant of injunctions and the licensing of SEPs on strictly FRAND terms appears to be adequate, however, the recent trend of litigation seems conflicting as one party wishes to enforce FRAND term and opposite party is arguing that the terms are anti-competitive. © 2019, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.
Quassinoid analogs with enhanced efficacy for treatment of hematologic malignancies target the PI3Kγ isoform
(Nature Research, 2020) Yonggang Pei; Nicky Hwang; Fengchao Lang; Lanlan Zhou; Josiah Hiu-yuen Wong; Rajnish Kumar Singh; Hem Chandra Jha; Wafik S. El-Deiry; Yanming Du; Erle S. Robertson
Development of novel PI3K inhibitors is an important strategy to overcome their resistance and poor tolerability in clinical trials. The quassinoid family member Brusatol shows specific inhibitory activity against hematologic malignancies. However, the mechanism of its anti-cancer activity is unknown. We investigated the anti-cancer activity of Brusatol on multiple hematologic malignancies derived cell lines. The results demonstrated that the PI3Kγ isoform was identified as a direct target of Brusatol, and inhibition was dramatically reduced on cells with lower PI3Kγ levels. Novel synthetic analogs were also developed and tested in vitro and in vivo. They shared comparable or superior potency in their ability to inhibit malignant hematologic cell lines, and in a xenograft transplant mouse model. One unique analog had minimal toxicity to normal human cells and in a mouse model. These new analogs have enhanced potential for development as a new class of PI3K inhibitors for treatment of hematologic malignancies. © 2020, The Author(s).
Stability studies of gold nanoparticles immobilized soybean urease on exposure to metal ions and organic solvents
(Indian Society of Agricultural Biochemists, 2019) Jyoti; Rajnish Kumar Singh; O.M. Prakash
Immobilization of enzymes enhances their properties for economical utilization in industrial processes. In the present study, urease was immobilized on cysteine modified gold nanoparticles. Physicochemical characterization of the immobilized urease was performed by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Results showed high immobilization with binding efficiency of 82%. The binding capacity of urease onto nanoparticles reached 430µg/mg. The optimal pH shifted from 7.5 for soluble urease to 8.0 for the immobilized urease and the optimal temperature shifted from 60ºC to 70ºC. Km values of the soluble and immobilized urease were 14.20 mM and 16.65 mM, respectively. The effect of metal ions on soluble and immobilized urease was studied. Effect of various organic solvents like methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetone, acetonitrile and dimethylformamide on the activity of free enzyme as well as immobilized enzyme was explored and it was found that immobilized enzyme was more stable at higher concentrations of organic solvents. Overall, this study showed that the stability and activity of the urease were enhanced via cross linking to the gold nanoparticles suggesting that immobilized enzyme could be used in an interesting range of biological applications. © 2019, Indian Society of Agricultural Biochemists. All rights reserved.
Targeting Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus encoded protease (ORF17) by a lysophosphatidic acid molecule for treating KSHV associated diseases
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023) Misbahuddin M Rafeeq; Alaa Hamed Habib; Alaa F. Nahhas; Najat Binothman; Majidah Aljadani; Jawaher Almulhim; Ziaullah M Sain; Mohammad Zubair Alam; Norah A Alturki; Qamre Alam; Manish Manish; Rajnish Kumar Singh
Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is causative agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma, Multicentric Castleman Disease and Pleural effusion lymphoma. KSHV-encoded ORF17 encodes a protease which cleaves -Ala-Ala-, -Ala-Ser- or -Ala-Thr-bonds. The protease plays an important role in assembly and maturation of new infective virions. In the present study, we investigated expression pattern of KSHV-encoded protease during physiologically allowed as well as chemically induced reactivation condition. The results showed a direct and proportionate relationship between ORF17 expression with reactivation time. We employed virtual screening on a large database of natural products to identify an inhibitor of ORF17 for its plausible targeting and restricting Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus assembly/maturation. A library of 307,814 compounds of biological origin (A total 481,799 structures) has been used as a screen library. 1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-myo-inositol) was highly effective against ORF17 in in-vitro experiments. The screened compound was tested for the cytotoxic effect and potential for inhibiting Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus production upon induced reactivation by hypoxia, TPA and butyric acid. Treatment of reactivated KSHV-positive cells with 1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-myo-inositol) resulted in significant reduction in the production of Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus. The study identified a lysophosphatidic acid molecule for alternate strategy to inhibit KSHV-encoded protease and target Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus associated malignancies. Copyright © 2023 Rafeeq, Habib, Nahhas, Binothman, Aljadani, Almulhim, Sain, Alam, Alturki, Alam, Manish and Singh.
The status of phonogram producers under Indian copyright law
(Oxford University Press, 2010) Rajnish Kumar Singh
[No abstract available]