Browsing by Author "Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay"

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Activation of defense response in common bean against stem rot disease triggered by Trichoderma erinaceum and Trichoderma viride
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021) Sunil Kumar; Vaishali Shukla; Manish Kumar Dubey; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
White mold and stem rot is a common disease of Phaseolus vulgaris caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Biological control is a promising alternative for the control of this disease. In the present study, two Trichoderma spp., T. erinaceum and T. viride, and the consortium of both were evaluated as biocontrol agents against sclerotinia stem rot disease. The results revealed that T. erinaceum (NAIMCC-F-02171) and T. viride (NAIMCC-F-02500) when applied alone, significantly suppressed the infection rate of S. sclerotiorum and increased the rate of survival of plants by 74.5%. On the contrary, the combination of both the Trichoderma spp. was found to be more effective in reducing stem rot by 57.2% and increasing the survival of plants by 87.5% when compared to the individual Trichoderma applications. Further, the exogenous supplementation of Trichoderma activated antioxidative machineries, such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbic acid in the plant. Besides, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide-free radical accumulation were also found to be reduced when T. erinaceum and T. viride were used either individually or in combination under the pathogen-challenged condition. Additionally, the photopigments in the bioprimed plants were markedly increased. Moreover, the combined inoculation of the two isolates yielded the highest records of growth parameters (root weight, shoot length, and leaf weight) compared with individual inoculation. Therefore, based on the above results, it was concluded that the combination of T. erinaceum and T. viride can be effectively used as an alternative to control white mold and stem rot caused by S. sclerotiorum. © 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH
Antioxidant status of children with acute renal failure
(2008) Om Prakash Mishra; Vishal Pooniya; Ziledar Ali; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay; Rajniti Prasad
The production of free radicals can cause renal injury and play a role in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure (ARF). The indirect markers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated in children with ARF and controls. Forty patients with ARF aged 0-10 years were selected. Twenty age- and gender-matched healthy children were included as controls. Plasma malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, nitrite, copper, ascorbic acid, zinc, and ceruloplasmin levels were estimated in patients with ARF and controls. The plasma malondialdehyde (p <0.01), copper (p <0.001), ascorbic acid (p <0.05), and ceruloplasmin (p <0.001) levels were significantly raised in ARF patients in comparison with controls. Significantly higher levels of plasma malondialdehyde (p <0.01), nitrite (p <0.001), copper (p <0.001), and ceruloplasmin (p <0.001) and lower plasma zinc (p <0.01) were found in ARF nonsurvivors in comparison with survivors. The cutoff levels of plasma nitrite and ceruloplasmin were found to be most accurate in predicting mortality in ARF patients and had maximum sensitivity (100%) and specificity (60.7%) among the parameters studied. In conclusion, the increased levels of oxidants and antioxidants suggest the production of ROS and their possible role in ARF pathogenesis. Plasma nitrite and ceruloplasmin concentrations demonstrated predictive ability in relation to mortality. © IPNA 2008.
Biochemical changes, antioxidative profile, and efficacy of the bio-stimulant in plant defense response against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in common bean (Phasaeolus vulgaris L.)
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Sunil Kumar; Vaishali Shukla; Yashoda Nandan Tripathi; Mohd Aamir; Kumari Divyanshu; Mukesh Yadav; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a highly destructive pathogen with widespread impact on common bean (Phasaeolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. In this work, we investigated the efficacy of microbial consortia in bolstering host defense against sclerotinia rot. Specifically, we evaluated the performance of a microbial consortia comprising of Trichoderma erinaceum (T51) and Trichoderma viride (T52) (referred to as the T4 treatment) in terms of biochemical parameters, alleviation of the ROS induced cellular toxicity, membrane integrity (measured as MDA content), nutrient profiling, and the host defense-related antioxidative enzyme activities. Our findings demonstrate a notable enhancement in thiamine content, exhibiting 1.887 and 1.513-fold higher in the T4 compared to the un-inoculated control and the T1 treatment (only S. sclerotiorum treated). Similarly, the total proline content exhibited 3.46 and 1.24-fold higher and the total phenol content was 4.083 and 2.625-fold higher in the T4 compared to the un-inoculated control and the T1 treatment, respectively. Likewise, a general trend was found for other antioxidative and non-oxidative enzyme activities. However, results found were approximately similar in T2 treatment (bioprimed with T51) or T3 treatments (bioprimed with T52). Further, host defense attribute (survival rate) under the pathogen challenged condition was maximum in the T4 (15.55 % disease incidence) compared to others. Therefore, bio priming with consortia could be useful in reducing the economic losses incited by S. sclerotiorum in common beans. © 2023
Biopesticides: Current status and future prospects in India
(Springer Singapore, 2019) Yashoda Nandan Tripathi; Kumari Divyanshu; Sunil Kumar; Lav Kumar Jaiswal; Atif Khan; Hareram Birla; Ankush Gupta; Surya Pratap Singh; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
For over a century, chemical control of pests is a common practice in agriculture. The average reduction in global crop loss due to use of pesticides is around ~39%. The postharvest losses and quality decline caused by storage pests are major problems in a subtropical country like India. So, the farmers have relied heavily on the use of chemical pesticides to improve their crop production, which is now paying a huge toll on the human health and environment. Though the chemical pesticides are very effective, what concerns over their use is their effect on soil and environment and presence of residue in food products. Another major issue is the development of resistance in the pests. Therefore, the use of biopesticides to control pests is now preferred over synthetic pesticides because of their pest control ability and diverse mode of actions which helps in avoiding resistance development in the pests. In a country like India with a huge diversity of plants, there is an urgent need for identifying new biopesticides which can serve the purpose of pest control. India needs to develop its own biocontrol agents (BCA) because it will be cost-effective and also environment-friendly. Major hurdle in the development and use of new biopesticides in India is the commercialization process. The farmers are reluctant to use the new products because of high cost and no practical knowledge. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.
Bioremediation of Textile Dye Procion Red Yellow by Using Pseudomonas fluorescens
(Springer, 2020) Badri Vishal Pandey; Manish Kumar Dubey; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
Dyes primarily present in effluents from textile industries are recalcitrant organic molecules with a complex aromatic structure, which are considered difficult to eliminate, degrade and detoxify biologically. In the current study, Pseudomonas fluorescens was used to degrade Procion Red Yellow. The bacterium P. fluorescens NCIM 2100 was procured from National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, India, that was well adapted to grow and survive in broth supplemented with dyes. The dye was exposed to bacterium followed by the identification of its degradation products by a combination of UV, 1H NMR and IR spectrophotometry. After exposure, the dye was firstly broken down into an intermediate compound lacking azo benzene group. This compound further changed into another intermediate compound that may contain either OH or NH group. This intermediate finally changed into 3, 5-diamino-1, 4, 6, 8-tetrahydroxy-2,7-naphthyldisulfonic acid sodium salt or 1, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexa-hydroxy-2, 7-naphthyldisulfonic acid sodium salt in broth. These breakdown or transformation products were innoxious in nature. Thus P. fluorescens can be used as a promising candidate for the bioremediation of the textile effluents containing Procion Red Yellow to offer promise for environmental decontamination and even greater development for green chemistry in the near future. © 2019, The National Academy of Sciences, India.
Bioremediation potential of soil fungi in arsenic contaminated soils
(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2017) Vivek Kumar Singh; Chandra Bali Patel; Arti Tiwari; Punam Kumari; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
Microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria and algae have been reported as efficient bioremediators of heavy metals from contaminated areas. Among microorganisms, fungi execute an important role in heavy metal removal from the polluted areas. Fungi possess biochemical and ecological capacities to decrease the risk associated with metals and metalloids either by chemical modification or by influencing chemical bioavailability. Among the metal pollutants, arsenic (As) is of major concern. As has become an important soil pollutant due to the use of As-based pesticides and fertilizers, geological activities, anthropogenic impacts, disposal of municipal and industrial wastes, and irrigation with As-contaminated water. As contamination represents an ecological and health problem due to its toxic effect and invasion into the food chain. An effective As remediation through common physico-chemical techniques is expensive and unsuitable for treating large contaminated areas effectively. Bioremediation with fungi offers a promising means to reclaim such contaminated soils in economical and eco-friendly ways. Fungi are able to tolerate, biosorb and detoxify arsenicals by several mechanisms including valence transformation, extra- and intra-cellular precipitation as well as through active uptake. Soil fungi play an important role in the environmental fate of As by affecting its transformations between soluble and insoluble forms as well as toxic and non-toxic forms. Soil fungi are also able to biomethylate inorganic As species to monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO). It has also been shown that the fungal activity can result in volatilization of As into gaseous arsines. The response of soil fungi towards toxic As is of great importance in view of their use in the remediation of As-contaminated sites. Considering the above mechanisms of resistance and removal by fungi, it could be expected that screening of As-tolerant fungi isolated from As-contaminated sites may provide an effective approach to cleaning up As-polluted soils. © 2017 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cerebrospinal fluid zinc, magnesium, copper and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in febrile seizures
(IOS Press, 2007) Om Prakash Mishra; Deepak Singhal; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay; Rajniti Prasad; Divya Atri
The exact etiopathogenesis of febrile seizures (FS) is unknown. The present study was conducted to evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in children with FS. The study subjects included 20 cases of FS, 26 patients of encephalitis and 22 children of fever with meningismus. The Zn, Mg and Cu levels in CSF and serum were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and GABA was estimated by paper chromatography method. The mean CSF Zn, Mg and Cu values were significantly decreased in FS in comparison to encephalitis and fever with meningismus cases (P<0.05). The mean serum Zn and Mg levels were also decreased in FS patients when compared with other two groups (P<0.05). No significant changes were observed in serum Cu levels among the three groups. There was no significant difference in the mean levels of CSF and serum GABA between FS and encephalitis, but the values were found to be significantly decreased when compared with fever with meningismus (P<0.05). Patients of FS having higher body temperature (>37.9°C) had significantly decreased levels of CSF (P<0.05) and serum GABA (P<0.01) in comparison to those having temperature of 37.2-37.8°C. Significant positive correlations were found between CSF and serum Zn, Mg and GABA values. The CSF Zn also had significant positive correlations with CSF Mg and GABA levels. These findings suggest a relationship between low levels of Zn, Mg and GABA and predisposition to FS in children. © 2007 IOS Press. All rights reserved.
Compatible rhizosphere microbes mediated alleviation of biotic stress in chickpea through enhanced antioxidant and phenylpropanoid activities
(2013) Akanksha Singh; Birinchi Kumar Sarma; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay; Harikesh Bahadur Singh
The study was conducted to examine efficacy of a rhizospheric microbial consortium comprising of a fluorescent Pseudomonas (PHU094), Trichoderma (THU0816) and Rhizobium (RL091) strain on activation of physiological defense responses in chickpea against biotic stress caused by the collar rot pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii. Results of individual microbes were compared with dual and triple strain mixture treatments with reduced microbial load (1/2 and 1/3rd, respectively, of individual microbial load compared to single microbe application) in the mixtures. Periodical studies revealed maximum activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase [E.C. 4.1.3.5] and polyphenol oxidase [E.C. 1.14.18.1] and accumulation of total phenol content in chickpea in the triple microbe consortium treated plants challenged with the pathogen compared to the single microbe and dual microbial consortia. Similarly, the expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase [E.C.1.15.1.1] and peroxidase [E.C.1.11.1.7] was also highest in the triple microbial consortium which was correlated with lesser lipid peroxidation in chickpea under the biotic stress. Histochemical staining clearly showed maximum and uniform lignification in vascular bundles of chickpea stem sections treated with the triple microbes. The physiological responses were directly correlated with the mortality rate as least plant mortality was recorded in the triple microbe consortium treated plants. The results thus suggest an augmented elicitation of stress response in chickpea under S. rolfsii stress by the triple microbial consortium in a synergistic manner under reduced microbial load. © 2012 Elsevier GmbH.
Effects of arsenic on reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense system in tomato plants
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2014) Vivek Kumar Singh; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
In this study, the generation of reactive oxygen species, the induction of oxidative stress, and the response of the antioxidative system in hydroponically grown tomato plants as the cause of arsenic-induced phytotoxicity are investigated. Reduction in plant growth was measured in terms of dry weight and length of roots and shoots, the latter accumulating more arsenic than the roots. The treatment resulted in increased formation of superoxide anion (O2 .−), H2O2, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, which indicate augmented lipid peroxidation. Superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase activities were increased in arsenic-treated tomato plants while CAT activity was insignificantly increased. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.
Effects of Salt Stress on Nutrient Cycle and Uptake of Crop Plants
(wiley, 2021) Lav Kumar Jaiswal; Prabhakar Singh; Rakesh Kumar Singh; Tanamyee Nayak; Yashoda Nandan Tripathi; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay; Ankush Gupta
The biogeochemical cycling of elements involves the interactions between the biosphere and the surroundings in the form of cycling of elements throughout the different spheres viz., atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. This chapter elucidates the effects of salinity stress on biogeochemical cycle and soil microorganisms that directly or indirectly affect the crop production. Nutrient uptake, primary productivity, and other biological processes are widely affected by nutrient limitation in terrestrial ecosystems. Nutrient cycling is one of the most important phenomena that occur in an ecosystem. The nutrient cycle represents the use, movement, and recycling of nutrients in the environment. Salt stress has an overall negative effect on carbon cycle which is implemented by its effect on various components of carbon cycle viz. photosynthesis, and microbial decomposers. Oxygen and water cycle or hydrological cycle are two biogeochemical cycles through which oxygen and water moves through biotic and abiotic components of earth and are essential for survival of life. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.
Endophytic actinomycetes in bioactive compounds production and plant defense system
(Elsevier, 2019) Mohd Aamir; Krishna Kumar Rai; Andleeb Zehra; Manish Kumar Dubey; Swarnmala Samal; Mukesh Yadav; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
Endophytic actinomycetes colonizing inside plant tissue have received much attention due to their potential use in stimulation of plant growth as well as in the management of soil and plant survival by producing certain functional metabolites and simultaneously counteracting pathogenic microbes residing within same plant species. Advancement in the "omics" technology such as computational biology, metabolic engineering, and proteomics has provided an efficient way to unravel mechanisms behind revelation of biosynthesis of these bioactive compounds and also provided efficient ways for the identification of gene clusters form unexplored actinomycetes. Plethora of researches on endophytic microorganisms has evidenced the existence of new and untouched endophytic actinomycetes producing discrete bioactive compounds within distinct tissues of several medicinal plants. Howbeit, till date sporadic reports are available on their biodiversity, phylogenetic distribution, and their probable association with traditional plants along with their specific environments. This chapter mainly focuses on different protective and signaling mechanisms used by the endophytic actinomycetes to promote plant growth and soil health. The chapter also examines the current biochemical status of endophytic actinomycetes and intervention of "omics" approaches used in revealing their full potential and lastly, it also sharpens the knowledge about newly discovered potential bioactive compounds and their possible exploitation by agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Endophytic fungi: diversity and their relevance in sustainable agriculture
(Elsevier, 2024) Sunil Kumar; Yashoda Nandan Tripathi; Vaishali Shukla; Rahul Prasad Singh; Ajay Kumar; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
The extensive use of chemicals to increase agriculture productivity has disturbed the delicate ecological balance, resulting in pathogen resistance and health risks for other living beings, including humans. A growing interest has been shown in finding eco-friendly and safe ways to increase sustainable agriculture productivity. Fungal endophytes are a significant component of plant micro-ecosystems and have been found in many plant species. They solubilize insoluble phosphates and produce plant growth-promoting hormones, including auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. Fungal endophytes are common in many plant species and are an important component of plant micro-ecosystems. Fungal endophytes are an important component of plant micro-ecosystems and have been found in a wide range of plant species. They dissolve insoluble phosphates and produce plant growth hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. Because of the beneficial activities of fungal endophytes, research on the plant–fungus relationship has increased dramatically in recent years. Recently, genetically modified endophytes were used by researchers to improve plant productivity and defensive properties. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Expression of an insecticidal fern protein in cotton protects against whitefly
(Nature Publishing Group, 2016) Anoop Kumar Shukla; Santosh Kumar Upadhyay; Manisha Mishra; Sharad Saurabh; Rahul Singh; Harpal Singh; Nidhi Thakur; Preeti Rai; Paras Pandey; Aradhana L. Hans; Subhi Srivastava; Vikram Rajapure; Sunil Kumar Yadav; Mithlesh Kumar Singh; Jitendra Kumar; K. Chandrashekar; Praveen C. Verma; Ajit Pratap Singh; K.N. Nair; Smrati Bhadauria; Muhammad Wahajuddin; Sarika Singh; Sharad Sharma; Omkar; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay; Shirish A. Ranade; Rakesh Tuli; Pradhyumna Kumar Singh
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) damages field crops by sucking sap and transmitting viral diseases. None of the insecticidal proteins used in genetically modified (GM) crop plants to date are effective against whitefly. We report the identification of a protein (Tma12) from an edible fern, Tectaria macrodonta (Fee) C. Chr., that is insecticidal to whitefly (median lethal concentration = 1.49 μg/ml in in vitro feeding assays) and interferes with its life cycle at sublethal doses. Transgenic cotton lines that express Tma12 at ∼0.01% of total soluble leaf protein were resistant to whitefly infestation in contained field trials, with no detectable yield penalty. The transgenic cotton lines were also protected from whitefly-borne cotton leaf curl viral disease. Rats fed Tma12 showed no detectable histological or biochemical changes, and this, together with the predicted absence of allergenic domains in Tma12, indicates that Tma12 might be well suited for deployment in GM crops to control whitefly and the viruses it carries.
First report of Brachysporium britannicum (Trichosphaeriaceae) from India
(Springer, 2019) Manish Kumar Dubey; Zoya Shah; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay; Ramesh Chandra Gupta
Brachysporium britannicum (Trichosphaeriales) was discovered on leaf litter from the Ramgarh forest, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. B. britannicum was found on decaying leaf litter of Quercus floribunda. Morphologically, it lines well with Brachysporium. The conidia are produced singly or in groups at the apex of the conidiophore, typically pendulous, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, predominantly two-septate (transverse), broadly rounded at ends; basal cell small, crucible-shaped, hyaline with short or small pedicel; gently expanded conspicuous central cell, disc-shaped, brown to very dark brown, occasionally subhyaline, and hyaline terminal cell are the hallmark feature of the fungus. This rare species is recorded for the first time from India. Detailed taxonomic information on this Brachysporium species includes descriptions, geographical distribution, comments and illustrations, and a comparison with closely allied taxa. © 2019, Indian Phytopathological Society.
First report of Newbya recurva (Saprolegniaceae) from India
(E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 2019) Manish Kumar Dubey; Timothy Yong James; Andleeb Zehra; Mohd. Aamir; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
In the present report, Newbya recurva (Cornu) Dick and Spencer is isolated, described, illustrated and identified based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of the ITS-rDNA region. This formerly Achlya species is mainly recognized by the presence of achlyoid type of zoospore discharge, spherical oogonia with external ornamented wall provided with numerous, stout, symmetrically arranged conical truncate and thin-walled projections/ protrusions at the end (autapomorphic or hallmark feature); large centric or subcentric oospores, which occasionally failed to mature, generally ranging from 1–5 per oogonium, and predominantly androgynous an-theridial branches. Apart from these morphological features, the identity of the specimens was further confirmed by ITS-rDNA sequence comparison. The result of phylogenetic analysis supported the prevailing idea that Achlya recurva and N. recurva should be considered a single species in the genus Newbya. A short description, comments, and illustration, accompanied with its comparison with other allied taxa of the genus as well as a molecular phylogeny of the ITS region are provided in this paper. This study also confirms the first report of N. recurva based on morphological as well as analysis of ITS-rDNA from India. © 2019 J. Cramer in Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.
First report on Obelidium megarhizum (Chytridiaceae) from India
(Springer, 2019) Manish Kumar Dubey; Andleeb Zehra; Swarnmala Samal; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
In the present report, Obelidium megarhizum Willoughby was isolated, described and illustrated based on morphological traits. The species is mainly recognized by the presence of conspicuous sub-apical spine or barb bearing thin-walled sporangium and relatively coarse rhizoidal system. Short description, comments, color photo, and illustration, accompanied by its comparison with other allied taxa of the genus are provided in this paper for this relatively rare species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first generic record of O. megarhizum outside UK, USA, and Poland. © 2019, Society for Plant Research.
Fungal endophytes: Classification, diversity, ecological role, and their relevance in sustainable agriculture
(Elsevier, 2019) Mohd Aamir; Krishna Kumar Rai; Andleeb Zehra; Sunil Kumar; Mukesh Yadav; Vaishali Shukla; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
Endophyte is defined as an important group of widespread and diverse plant symbionts that live asymptomatically and sometimes systematically within plant tissues without any harm or causing diseases in host plants. Fungal endophytes establish a beneficial symbiotic relationship with host plants and have been demonstrated to have high impact on host plants. The association of fungal communities with their host plants improves growth, immunity, and overall developments of plants. The fungal endophytes have been reported for unrevealing benefits to their host plants including plant growth promotion, production of secondary metabolites, and other bioactive compounds, amelioration of various abiotic and biotic stresses, improving agricultural productivity, providing disease resistance against dreadful phytopathogens, all of which promotes the crop production through sustainable approaches. Further, the investigation of defensive mechanism provided by these fungal communities would be helpful in their utilization at commercial scale for bio-formulations. Endophytic fungus represents formerly uncharted fungal lineages and comprises vast amounts of fungal diversity in associated plants Therefore, there is a high probability of discovering potential endophytic fungi with major application in all sectors including agriculture, therapeutic, and for commercial exploitation. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Fusaric acid induced cell death and changes in oxidative metabolism of Solanum lycopersicum L
(2014) Vivek Kumar Singh; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
Background: Fusaric acid (FA) has been shown to stimulate the rapid development of disease symptoms, such as necrosis and foliar desiccation. In this study, we have evaluated the phytotoxicity of FA on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). FA induced necrotic lesions in detached leaves, which are reminiscent of hypersensitive response (HR) lesions induced by plant-pathogen interactions and other abiotic stress factors. Results: FA-treated tomato leaves exhibited visible necrotic lesion as a result of cell death which was evident by Evans blue staining, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA degradation. Changes in the generation of O2·- and H2O2 as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were examined in FA-treated tomato leaves. It was observed that FA exposure stimulated oxidative burst in the leaves, resulting in a lasting activation of O2·- and H2O2 production. After first day of FA application, the H2O2 scavenging enzymes CAT and APX showed a strong activity decrease followed by gradual recovery to the control level after 2 and 3 days. Conclusion: A concomitant increase in ROS production, the down regulation of antioxidative enzymes activities and upregulation of lipid peroxidation were crucial for the onset of cell death. These results suggested that FA-induced damage might result from ROS pathways. Thus, our experiments provide a useful model plant system for research on FA-induced plant cell death. © 2014 Singh and Upadhyay; licensee Springer.
Hydrolytic genes of antagonistic rhizobacteria strains on Fusarium udum causing wilt disease in pigeonpea
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Swarnmala Samal; Dinesh Singh; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay; P. Lokesh Babu; Neelam Geat
Pigeaonpea is attacked by various diseases, including the wilt disease of pigeonpea caused by Fusarium udum. This disease is a severe pathogen to this crop. This study aims to identify the potential biocontrol agent against wilt disease as a fungicide alternative. Forty-seven isolates were evaluated for antagonistic activity against F. udum by dual culture method. Interaction of F. udum and antagonistic bacteria was studied in potato dextrose agar (PDA) under in vitro conditions and lysis of fungal hyphae was observed by using Scanning Electron Microscope. Dry weight of F. udum mycelium was recorded after 3 days of co-inoculation with the rhizobacteria in PDB. Potential antagonistic bacterial isolates were further used for enzymatic assay in vitro conditions. Molecular characterization of bacteria was done by using primers based on hydrolytic genes like chitinase and 1,3-glucanase related genes, amplified at 402 and 750 bp, respectively. Out of forty-seven bacterial isolates used to assess their antagonistic activity, only eight isolates, viz., Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CFLB 31, Bacillus velezensis CFLB 24, Bacillus subtilis CFLB 11, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila CFLB 26, S. matalophila CFLB 47, Microbacteria sp. CFLB 28, G.nicotiana CFLB 18 and Pseudoarthrobacter sp. CFLB 36 showed the promising antagonistic activity against F. udum with 70–84% inhibition in a dual culture plate assay. Among them, three Bacillus species (B. amyloliquefaciens, B. velezensis, B. subtilis) and S. maltophilia CFLB 47 were found to be the most effective biocontrol agent against F. udum under in vitro conditions. Lysis of fungal hyphae was also noted during interaction of fungus and bacteria on PDA. These isolates were screened for production of hydrolytic enzymes activities and they showed positive for production of pectinase, protease and cellulase under in vitro conditions. These isolates amplified chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase-related genes at 402 and 750 bp, respectively. In addition, bacterial strains reduced the mycelium weight of F. udum with the range of 58.42 − 86.84% during co-inoculation in PDB. However, B. amyloliquefaciens had the highest percentage of biomass reduction, up to 86.84%. Bacterial treatments are considered beneficial and nature-friendly. The results propose that the eight potential strains and their hydrolytic enzymatic properties made them promise to manage wilt disease of pigeonpea. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.) 2024.
Hydrolytic genes of antagonistic rhizobacteria strains on Fusarium udum causing wilt disease in pigeonpea
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Swarnmala Samal; Dinesh V. Singh; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay; P. Lokesh Babu; Neelam Geat
Pigeaonpea is attacked by various diseases, including the wilt disease of pigeonpea caused by Fusarium udum. This disease is a severe pathogen to this crop. This study aims to identify the potential biocontrol agent against wilt disease as a fungicide alternative. Forty-seven isolates were evaluated for antagonistic activity against F. udum by dual culture method. Interaction of F. udum and antagonistic bacteria was studied in potato dextrose agar (PDA) under in vitro conditions and lysis of fungal hyphae was observed by using Scanning Electron Microscope. Dry weight of F. udum mycelium was recorded after 3 days of co-inoculation with the rhizobacteria in PDB. Potential antagonistic bacterial isolates were further used for enzymatic assay in vitro conditions. Molecular characterization of bacteria was done by using primers based on hydrolytic genes like chitinase and 1,3-glucanase related genes, amplified at 402 and 750 bp, respectively. Out of forty-seven bacterial isolates used to assess their antagonistic activity, only eight isolates, viz., Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CFLB 31, Bacillus velezensis CFLB 24, Bacillus subtilis CFLB 11, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila CFLB 26, S. matalophila CFLB 47, Microbacteria sp. CFLB 28, G.nicotiana CFLB 18 and Pseudoarthrobacter sp. CFLB 36 showed the promising antagonistic activity against F. udum with 70–84% inhibition in a dual culture plate assay. Among them, three Bacillus species (B. amyloliquefaciens, B. velezensis, B. subtilis) and S. maltophilia CFLB 47 were found to be the most effective biocontrol agent against F. udum under in vitro conditions. Lysis of fungal hyphae was also noted during interaction of fungus and bacteria on PDA. These isolates were screened for production of hydrolytic enzymes activities and they showed positive for production of pectinase, protease and cellulase under in vitro conditions. These isolates amplified chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase-related genes at 402 and 750 bp, respectively. In addition, bacterial strains reduced the mycelium weight of F. udum with the range of 58.42 − 86.84% during co-inoculation in PDB. However, B. amyloliquefaciens had the highest percentage of biomass reduction, up to 86.84%. Bacterial treatments are considered beneficial and nature-friendly. The results propose that the eight potential strains and their hydrolytic enzymatic properties made them promise to manage wilt disease of pigeonpea. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.) 2024.