Browsing by Author "Raman Selvakumar"

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Aflatoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Based Products: Occurrence, Toxicity, Impact on Human Health, and Their Detoxification and Management Strategies
(MDPI, 2022) Pradeep Kumar; Akansha Gupta; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Shikha Pandhi; Arun Kumar Pandey; Raveena Kargwal; Sadhna Mishra; Rajat Suhag; Nitya Sharma; Vivek Saurabh; Veena Paul; Manoj Kumar; Raman Selvakumar; Shirani Gamlath; Madhu Kamle; Hesham Ali El Enshasy; Jawahir A. Mokhtar; Steve Harakeh
Cereals and cereal-based products are primary sources of nutrition across the world. However, contamination of these foods with aflatoxins (AFs), secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species, has raised serious concerns. AF generation in innate substrates is influenced by several parameters, including the substrate type, fungus species, moisture content, minerals, humidity, temperature, and physical injury to the kernels. Consumption of AF-contaminated cereals and cereal-based products can lead to both acute and chronic health issues related to physical and mental maturity, reproduction, and the nervous system. Therefore, the precise detection methods, detoxification, and management strategies of AFs in cereal and cereal-based products are crucial for food safety as well as consumer health. Hence, this review provides a brief overview of the occurrence, chemical characteristics, biosynthetic processes, health hazards, and detection techniques of AFs, along with a focus on detoxification and management strategies that could be implemented for food safety and security. © 2022 by the authors.
Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies
(MDPI, 2022) Madhu Kamle; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Akansha Gupta; Shikha Pandhi; Nitya Sharma; Bharti Sharma; Sadhna Mishra; Shalini Arora; Raman Selvakumar; Vivek Saurabh; Jyoti Dhakane-Lad; Manoj Kumar; Sreejani Barua; Arvind Kumar; Shirani Gamlath; Pradeep Kumar
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed. © 2022 by the authors. icensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Deoxynivalenol: An Overview on Occurrence, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Health Effects and Its Detection, Management, and Control Strategies in Food and Feed
(Page Press Publications, 2022) Madhu Kamle; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Akansha Gupta; Shikha Pandhi; Bharti Sharma; Kajal Dhawan; Vasundhara; Sadhna Mishra; Manoj Kumar; Abhishek Dutt Tripathi; Prasad Rasane; Raman Selvakumar; Arvind Kumar; Shirani Gamlath; Pradeep Kumar
Mycotoxins are fungi-produced secondary metabolites that can contaminate many foods eaten by humans and animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON), which is formed by Fusarium, is one of the most common occurring predominantly in cereal grains and thus poses a significant health risk. When DON is ingested, it can cause both acute and chronic toxicity. Acute signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, increased salivation, vomiting, and malaise. The most common effects of chronic DON exposure include changes in dietary efficacy, weight loss, and anorexia. This review provides a succinct overview of various sources, biosynthetic mechanisms, and genes governing DON production, along with its consequences on human and animal health. It also covers the effect of environmental factors on its production with potential detection, management, and control strategies. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Detection and Management Strategies for Deoxynivalenol in Food and Feed: An Overview
(CRC Press, 2022) Raman Selvakumar; Dalasanuru Chandregowda Manjunathagowda; Arun Kumar Pandey; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Akansha Gupta; Shikha Pandhi; Raveena Kargwal; Madhu Kamle; Pradeep Kumar
Mycotoxin contamination is a global issue, but it is aggravated in warm, humid environments that encourage fungus growth and the creation of mycotoxins. Microbial contamination in agricultural and food production has a negative economic effect on the industry. Natural foods and feeds include toxins that are a significant source of worry for human and animal health. Cereals such as wheat, maize, barley, rice, and oats, as well as their products such as breakfast cereals, infant cereals, meals, feed, and baby mix, are the most often contaminated foodstuffs. DON contamination is caused by fungicide use and FHB-resistant genotypes. Important contamination in food and feed has been observed since DON is found in toxicologically significant amounts in food and feed all over the globe. Humans and animals also face significant health risks from DON-contaminated agricultural food and feed. Consumption of DON-contaminated food and feed may jeopardize human and animal health. © 2023 Pradeep Kumar, Madhu Kamle, and Dipendra Kumar Mahato.
Nivalenol Mycotoxin Concerns in Foods: An Overview on Occurrence, Impact on Human and Animal Health and Its Detection and Management Strategies
(MDPI, 2022) Pradeep Kumar; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Akansha Gupta; Surabhi Pandey; Veena Paul; Vivek Saurabh; Arun Kumar Pandey; Raman Selvakumar; Sreejani Barua; Mandira Kapri; Manoj Kumar; Charanjit Kaur; Abhishek Dutt Tripathi; Shirani Gamlath; Madhu Kamle; Theodoros Varzakas; Sofia Agriopoulou
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that infect a wide range of foods worldwide. Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecene produced by numerous Fusarium species, has the ability to infect a variety of foods both in the field and during post-harvest handling and management. NIV is frequently found in cereal and cereal-based goods, and its strong cytotoxicity poses major concerns for both human and animal health. To address these issues, this review briefly overviews the sources, occurrence, chemistry and biosynthesis of NIV. Additionally, a brief overview of several sophisticated detection and management techniques is included, along with the implications of processing and environmental factors on the formation of NIV. This review’s main goal is to offer trustworthy and current information on NIV as a mycotoxin concern in foods, with potential mitigation measures to assure food safety and security. © 2022 by the authors.
Occurrence, impact on agriculture, human health, and management strategies of zearalenone in food and feed: A review
(MDPI AG, 2021) Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Sheetal Devi; Shikha Pandhi; Bharti Sharma; Kamlesh Kumar Maurya; Sadhna Mishra; Kajal Dhawan; Raman Selvakumar; Madhu Kamle; Awdhesh Kumar Mishra; Pradeep Kumar
Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
Patulin in food: A mycotoxin concern for human health and its management strategies
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Madhu Kamle; Bharti Sharma; Shikha Pandhi; Sheetal Devi; Kajal Dhawan; Raman Selvakumar; Diwakar Mishra; Arvind Kumar; Shalini Arora; Namita Ashish Singh; Pradeep Kumar
The mycotoxin patulin is primarily produced as a secondary metabolite by numerous fungal species and predominantly by Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium species. It is generally associated with fungal infected food materials. Penicillium expansum is considered the only fungal species liable for patulin contamination in pome fruits, especially in apples and apple-based products. This toxin in food poses serious health concerns and economic threat, which has aroused the need to adopt effective detection and mitigation strategies. Understanding its origin sources and biosynthetic mechanism stands essential for efficiently designing a management strategy against this fungal contamination. This review aims to present an updated outline of the sources of patulin occurrence in different foods and their biosynthetic mechanisms. It further provides information regarding the detrimental effects of patulin on human and agriculture as well as its effective detection, management, and control strategies. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
Protected Cultivation of Horticultural Crops as a Livelihood Opportunity in Western India: An Economic Assessment
(MDPI, 2022) Prakash Pachiyappan; Pramod Kumar; Krishna Viswanatha Reddy; Kotamraju N. Ravi Kumar; Srinivasa Konduru; Venkatesh Paramesh; Gandhamanagenahalli A. Rajanna; Shashidhar K. Shankarappa; Duraisamy Jaganathan; Sheela Immanuel; Ankush L. Kamble; Raman Selvakumar; Kingsly T. Immanuelraj; Boopathy Raja Manogaran; Anbukani Perumal; Umamageswari Maruthanayagam; Sivalingam Niranjan
Protected cultivation is an innovative way of raising seasonal and off-seasonal crops under a controlled environment. Vegetables and flower crops have tremendous potential to augment productivity, generate employment, utilize land efficiently and enhance export. This study was undertaken to assess the economic feasibility of protected cultivation in the high export potential zones of the Pune and Nasik districts of Maharashtra, India, by employing project analytical tools and the regression model. The results revealed that the cultivation of flowers and vegetables under protected cultivation was highly lucrative with high investment. The protected cultivation of rose and capsicum had higher cultivation cost (300%), gross return (250%) and net return (190%) as compared to open cultivation. Moreover, most of the crops grown in polyhouses are highly profitable at different discount rates (7%, 10% and 12%), whereas a few crops were rewarding under shade net condition with subsidies. Factors such as literacy (p < 0.05), income (p < 0.05), access to subsidy (p < 0.05) and the risk orientation index (p < 0.01) were found statistically significant in technology adoption. In the context of a changing climate and shrinking land resources, water scarcity, incidence of pests and diseases, an ever-increasing population, low productivity under open conditions and changes in consumer’s preference are the drivers for switching over to protected cultivation. In the recent past, protected cultivation has been gaining importance in different parts of the country, including Maharashtra. The policy implications are creating modern infrastructure, enhanced application of ICTs, maximum crop production with minimum utilization of land and institutional support to promote technology on a commercial scale. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Trichothecenes in food and feed: Occurrence, impact on human health and their detection and management strategies
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Shikha Pandhi; Madhu Kamle; Akansha Gupta; Bharti Sharma; Brajesh Kumar Panda; Shubhangi Srivastava; Manoj Kumar; Raman Selvakumar; Arun Kumar Pandey; Priyanka Suthar; Shalini Arora; Arvind Kumar; Shirani Gamlath; Ajay Bharti; Pradeep Kumar
Trichothecenes (TCNs) are the mycotoxins produced by many fungal species such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys and pose a considerable health risk. Based on their characteristic functional moieties, they are divided into four categories: Type A (T-2, HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), harzianum A, neosolaniol (NEO) and trichodermin), Type B (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), trichothecin and fusarenon X), Type C (crotocin) and Type D (satratoxin G & H, roridin A and verrucarin A) with types A and B being the most substantial. TCNs cause growth retardation in eukaryotes, suppress seedling growth or regeneration in plants and could be a reason for animal reproductive failure. Due to the increased frequency of occurrence and widespread distribution of TCNs in food and feed, knowledge of their sources of occurrence is essential to strategise their control and management. Hence, this review provides an overview of various types and sources of TCNs, the associated biosynthetic pathways and genes responsible for production in food and feed. Further, various processing and environmental effects on TCNs production, detection techniques and management strategies are also briefly outlined. © 2022