Browsing by Author "Ranjan Kumar Chaubey"

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Exploring plant microbiome: a holistic approach to sustainable agriculture
(Elsevier, 2023) Stuti Krishna; Dawa Dolma Bhutia; Ranjan Kumar Chaubey; Ichini Sudhir
Plant microbiome comprises dynamic consortium of all the microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes) colonizing multiple tissues in rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and endosphere or microbiome comprising all the microbial genomes. The interplay between plant–microbe interaction and unveiling its role helps in accelerating plant growth for better productivity and sustainability. At present, the crop production is constrained by a number of factors like unanticipated climatic changes, demographic patterns and the need for sustainable production is a must. Traditional farming practices have already been exhausted in terms of their effectiveness in increasing production and productivity which necessitates the inclusion of microbial innovations. Success in use of microorganisms as bioinoculant in biofertilizers and biopesticides would offer opportunities to serve as an alternative to chemical products in farming practices and promoting sustainability. Exploring plant microbiota with regard to different species and/or plant genotype, environmental condition, nutrient uptake, and biotic/abiotic stresses would provide us with suitable strategies and better candidate for a particular area. Since these microorganisms are rich repositories of biosynthetic pathways and production of specific biomolecules, the research in allied sectors and advancement of genetic tools would aid in modulating the properties of specific microbes and improved microbial consortium is helpful to agriculture community to meet the demands of expanding population in a sustainable manner. Advancements in genetic engineering to improve characteristic and inclusion of genetic modified organisms with upgraded functions to fulfill food security issues can address the issue up to a certain extent. Crop breeding programs have yet to be explored for improvement and selection of plant microbiome. The advent of automated DNA synthesis, sequencing, molecular biology, and computational bioinformatics with the latest gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas has found variable applications in agriculture sector but their implementation in microbial research is limited. Deciphering this key relation between plant microbiome and their influence on soil and plant growth is critical to examine and utilize their benefits in sustainable food production. The research in sustainable agriculture is progressing to improve soil health and increase productivity among which the plant microbiome is emerging as a new horizon which is less explored but provides with wider range of opportunities for a healthier mother earth reaching through sustainable ends. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Heterologous expression and characterization of ToxA1 haplotype from India and its interaction with Tsn1 for spot blotch susceptibility in spring wheat
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023) Ranjan Kumar Chaubey; Dharamsheela Thakur; Sudhir Navathe; Sandeep Sharma; Vinod Kumar Mishra; Pawan Kumar Singh; Ramesh Chand
Background: ToxA, a necrotrophic effector protein, is present in the genome of fungal species like Parastagnospora nodorum, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Bipolaris sorokiniana. Tsn1 is the sensitivity gene in the host whose presence indicates more susceptibility to ToxA carrying pathogen, and ToxA-Tsn1 interaction follows an inverse gene-for-gene relationship. Methods and results: The present study involved cloning and expressing the ToxA1 haplotype from B. sorokiniana. It was found that the amplicon exhibited an expected product size of 471 bp. Sequence analysis of the ToxA1 nucleotide sequence revealed the highest identity, 99.79%, with P. tritici-repentis. The protein expression analysis showed peak expression at 16.5 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis of the ToxA1 sequence from all the Bipolaris isolates formed an independent clade along with P. tritici-repentis and diverged from P. nodorum. ToxA-Tsn1 interaction was studied in 18 wheat genotypes (11 Tsn1 and 7 tsn1) at both seedling and adult stages, validating the inverse gene-for-gene relationship, as the toxin activity was highest in the K68 genotype (Tsn1) and lowest in WAMI280 (tsn1). Conclusion: The study indicates that the haplotype ToxA1 is prevailing in the Indian population of B. sorokiniana. It would be desirable for wheat breeders to select genotypes with tsn1 locus for making wheat resistant to spot blotch. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
Interrelationships among different grain characteristics of wheat grown under optimum and late sowning date conditions in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic plains of India
(Akademiai Kiado ZRt., 2021) Ranjan Kumar Chaubey; Dawa Dolma Bhutia; Sudhir Navathe; Vinod Kumar Mishra; Anil Kumar Singh; Ramesh Chand
Wheat growth has been severely affected by increases in global temperature. The Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India face similar constraints due to the traditional wheat–rice cropping system where wheat planting is often delayed leading to high temperature induced terminal heat stress. Grain characters like grain length, width, area along with starch synthesis are affected severely during heat stress. Considering the importance of grain traits, we screened the response of 55 wheat genotypes under terminal heat stress conditions to ten grain characteristics. We found that the means of all the grain traits were reduced in heat stress conditions. The effect of heat stress shows a significantly reduced grain width and perimeter, but the extent of damage is less on different grain starch characteristics e.g., grain starch area (GSA), grain starch length (GSL) and grain starch volume (GSV). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that grain starch area and grain volume are the best predictors of yield under optimum sowing date conditions whereas, grain width is the best predictor under late sowing date conditions. Interrelationship studies among ten grain characters showed that the genotypes with higher levels of grain starch characteristics (GSA, GSL and GSV) in combination with the five grain size characters (grain length, grain width, grain perimeter, grain area, A/B-type starch granules) under late sowing date conditions should be promoted for the cultivation of wheat in heat stress prone areas. The present study identified and recommends some heat tolerant wheat genotypes in terms of higher yield and grain starch characteristics namely, CRPW-33, CRPW-17, CRPW-12, CRPW-126 and CRPW-21. © 2021, Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt.
Signaling cascade during host plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria interaction in alleviating biotic stress
(Elsevier, 2024) Ranjan Kumar Chaubey; Dawa Dolma Bhutia; Ichini Sudhir; Stuti Krishna
Plants face multifaceted interactions that involve different types of environmental factors. These environmental effects cause several biotic and abiotic stresses that induce disturbance in plant metabolism and their physiologies. Plants have developed specific mechanisms to adapt and survive in stressful environment. Intensive farming and sustainable agriculture demand higher crop productivity equipped with stress resistance. This involves use of soil microorganisms that enhance nutrient uptake and provide resistance against many pathogens. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and biocontrol agents are the main microbes found in this microbial community. So far, the beneficial effects achieved are related to microbial siderophores, antibiotics, biosynthesis of surfactants and phytohormones, nutrient and spatial competition, mycoparasitism, induced systemic resistance, phage therapy, quorum quenching, and construction of transgenic lines. Phytohormones are organic substances synthesized inside the plants which regulates plant growth and yield and plays its part in inducing tolerance to plants against various environmental stresses both biotic and abiotic. The signaling cascades of hormones generally overlap at times which have an immense impact on plant development and response of plant to stresses. The hormone signal cascade mostly includes an activated secondary messenger or through a series of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reaction. On response to stimuli (stress), the activated messenger helps in regulating gene expression which in turn affects the levels of hormones and its site of action, which in turn affects the plant growth. PGPR in association with roots of higher plants increase or decrease the phytohormones level, showing a new type of hormonal interaction. Based on the stage of plant growth and type of cell, the levels of various hormones vary, which indirectly determines the response of plants to different biotic and abiotic stresses present at specific plant growth stage. This review compiles the hormonal crosstalk in plants involved in plant development. The interaction between phytohormones under abiotic and biotic stresses will be elucidated. miRNA-based regulation along with stress responsive cis elements during hormonal responses will be elaborately reviewed. Finally, the impact of PGPR will be elucidated under various biotic stresses from the point of view of phytohormone synthesis and its physiological interaction. PGPR provides cross-protective properties through improvement in defense mechanism controlling pathogen resistance through induced systemic resistance and alleviating abiotic stress through influencing the phytohormones metabolism. PGPR multiplying under stress condition induces tolerance in plant by altering the hormone synthesis and their response pattern. Gene expression and phytohormone production is regulated by bacteria crosstalk via quorum sensing. Further studies are required to understand the interaction of rhizosphere microbes and plant system with respect to effect on phytohormone. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.