Browsing by Author "Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh"

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A Comprehensive Review on Plant-Based Medications and Chemical Approaches for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) Psychopharmacotherapy
(Springer, 2024) Vrish Dhwaj Ashwlayan; Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh; Divya Sharma; Alok Sharma; Akansha Sangal; Alimuddin Saifi; Jay Singh
Gastrointestinal impairment induced sleep, behavioral and psychiatric disorders were reported in patients of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). These may be life-long neuro-developmental disorders. Standardized diagnostic criteria for ASDs include: restricted and repetitive behavior, ongoing deficiencies in social interaction and communication. Pro-antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of dietry polyphenols/poly-phenol-rich derivatives as bioactive compounds enhanced permeability of blood brain barrier, consequently leads to delay in the onset of ASDs symptoms and can be effectively used in the management of ASDs. During the research on ASDs numerous therapeutic modalities, such as chemical and plant-based therapies, have been investigated. Due to their possible neuro-psychopharmacological benefits, plant-based treatments have attracted interest. These natural source therapies have demonstrated potential in reducing ASDs-related symptoms. Plant-based psycho-pharmaceuticals have been thoroughly investigated, and the investigations have confirmed their therapeutic effects. The therapeutic qualities of plants not only address the complex neurological aspects of ASDs but also provide a comprehensive approach to treatment. These substances may restore neurochemical equilibrium by focusing on particular biochemical pathways associated with the illness. Advancements in pharmacology and neurochemistry have enabled targeted interventions through chemical approaches. The treatment of ASDs approached through a combination of plant-based solutions and chemical methods can be better than one alone. By targeting the restorative properties of both natural compounds and synthesized chemicals, researchers aim to address the diverse range of symptoms and underlying neurobiological abnormalities associated with ASDs. Further clinical studies are required to validate the potential of bioactive molecules scientifically. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.). © Association of Microbiologists of India 2024.
Comparative assessment of anti-ulcer effects: Hydro-ethanolic extract from air-dried ray and disc florets vs essential oil of traditional Tagetes erecta (Asteraceae) in Swiss Albino rats
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Amrish Kumar; Vrish Dhwaj Ashwlayan; Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh; Jai Singh; Mansi Verma
The Tagetes erecta Linn (family: Asteraceae) herb possesses medicinal and antioxidants value. The herb is traditionally used to treat various ailments, including ulcers. In order to investigate antiulcer activity of T. erecta herb, experimental study was performed between ray and disc florets extracted with 30 parts of water and 70 parts of ethanol solvents using Soxhlet apparatus and leaf's essential oil extracted in Clevenger apparatus by steam distillation method. Two doses of the hydroethanolic extract (400 and 800 mg/kg, Per os) and single dose of essential oil (10 ml/Kg, Per os) were administered for five consecutive days. Rat's pyloric ligation and aspirin (200 mg/kg, Per os) were used to induce acute and chronic gastric ulcers respectively. Antiulcer activity of both the herb's parts was compared on gastric juice parameters (pH, free acidity, total acidity) ulcer-index and ulcer percent protection. The p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant in statistical analysis. Elevation in pH, reduction in free acidity, total acidity and ulcer-index in both the ulcer models confirm that the test drug showed the ulcer-protective activity in rats. Dose-dependent effects were observed in the antiulcer activity of the hydroethanolic extract. However, the leaf's essential oil showed 94 % and 96.93 % ulcer protection in the pyloric ligation and aspirin-induced gastric ulcer models respectively. The hydroethanolic extract and the essential oil may be capable in part, regulating gastric acid secretion pathways or stimulating the cytoprotective secretion of bicarbonate, mucus and prostaglandins. Histological studies supported the observed antiulcer activity of the herb. The essential oil has more potent and significant anti-ulcer activity than hydro-ethanolic extract and respective standard drugs: ranitidine (50 mg/kg, Per os) & pantoprazole (20 mg/kg, Per os). The herb exhibits antiulcer activity, which could be due to the presence of lead phytochemicals: Quercetin-3-methyl ether, quercetin-7-methyl-ether & kaempferol flavonoids in the extract and limonene & terpinolene in leaf's essential oil and, thus, confirmed the traditional uses of T. erecta in the treatment of ulcers. The herb may cure acid pepsin disorders. © 2024 SAAB
Enhancing ZnO/Si heterojunction photodetector performance for ultra high responsivity across wide spectral range
(Springer, 2024) Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh; Mrityunjay Kumar Singh; Jay Singh
This study outlines strategies for the development of an ultra-high responsivity wide band ZnO/Si-based heterojunction photodetector (PD). The incorporation of a UV-enhanced Si-Photodiode introduces a novel approach to enhance PD performance and functionality, offering potential building blocks for innovative optoelectronic devices. The ZnO/Si heterojunction proves effective in modulating the generation, separation, and recombination of photo-generated electron–hole pairs throughout the optoelectronic process. Notably, the ZnO/Si PD operates across a wide spectral range, from ultraviolet to infrared, demonstrating enhanced quantum efficiency, responsivity, and detectivity, coupled with a reduction in dark current. Additionally, system parameters such as thickness, wavelength of activity, and bias voltage have been simulated to elucidate the electrical and optical characteristics of the heterojunction PD. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.
IoT-Driven Experimental Framework for Advancing Electrical Impedance Tomography
(Institute of Physics, 2024) Ramesh Kumar; Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh; Jay Singh; Ashok Kumar; Ramesh Chandra
This research paper focuses on the current emphasis on the latest industrial revolution, particularly the innovative integration of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT). The study explores the seamless integration of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) with IoT, presenting a groundbreaking framework where impedance-based sensing plays a vital role in enhancing the dynamic and adaptable qualities of IoT ecosystems. This contribution facilitates intelligent decision-making and real-time monitoring. The research investigates the application of non-invasive Electrical Impedance Tomography for the rapid identification of minor changes in the electrical impedance of the body or a simulated object. Electrodes positioned at the ends of the phantom’s cylinder measure impedance changes through the application of a high-frequency, low-current signal. Image reconstruction employs both forward and inverse solutions, utilizing a triangular finite element method (FEM) mesh to determine conductivity distribution based on recommended phantom models. The integration of IoT enables data capture, enhancing accessibility through remote monitoring. The novel IoT system proves advantageous for various engineering research applications, providing easily monitored parameters in both commercial and clinical contexts. © 2024 The Electrochemical Society (“ECS”). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited.
Mango Leaves (Mangifera indica)-Derived Highly Florescent Green Graphene Quantum Dot Nanoprobes for Enhanced On-Off Dual Detection of Cholesterol and Fe2+ Ions Based on Molecular Logic Operation
(American Chemical Society, 2024) Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh; Mrityunjay Kumar Singh; Vinay Kumar; Snigdha Singh; Ramesh Chandra; Mandeep Singh; Jay Singh
In the present study, we have engineered a molecular logic gate system employing both Fe2+ ions and cholesterol as bioanalytes for innovative detection strategies. We utilized a green-synthesis method employing the mango leaves extract to create fluorescent graphene quantum dots termed “mGQDs”. Through techniques like HR-TEM, i.e., high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS, i.e., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the successful formation of mGQDs was confirmed. The photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of mGQDs were investigated for potential applications in metal ion detection, specifically Fe2+ traces in water, by using fluorescence techniques. Under 425 nm excitation, mGQDs exhibited emission bands at 495 and 677 nm in their PL spectrum. Fe2+-induced notable quenching of mGQDs’ PL intensity decreased by 97% with 2.5 μM Fe2+ ions; however, adding 20 mM cholesterol resulted in a 92% recovery. Detection limits were established through a linear Stern-Volmer (S-V) plot at room temperature, yielding values of 4.07 μM for Fe2+ ions and 1.8 mM for cholesterol. Moreover, mGQDs demonstrated biocompatibility, aqueous solubility, and nontoxicity, facilitating the creation of a rapid nonenzymatic cholesterol detection method. Selectivity and detection studies underscored mGQDs’ reliability in cholesterol level monitoring. Additionally, a molecular logic gate system employing Fe2+ metal ions and cholesterol as a bioanalyte was established for detection purposes. Overall, this research introduces an ecofriendly approach to craft mGQDs and highlights their effectiveness in detecting metal ions and cholesterol, suggesting their potential as versatile nanomaterials for diverse analytical and biomedical applications. © 2024 American Chemical Society.
Nanotechnology Driven Lipid and Metalloid Based Formulations Targeting Blood–Brain Barrier (3B) for Brain Tumor
(Springer, 2024) Amulya Jindal; Mainuddin; Anoop Kumar; Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh; Jay Singh
The evolution of nanotechnology-driven lipid and metalloid-based nanoformulations has garnered significant attention for developing effective drug delivery systems with position/time precision and efficacy. This study focuses on challenges of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and their pivotal role in drug targeting in chronic diseases such as brain tumors (BTs). These formulations encapsulate therapeutic agents within lipidic matrices, enhancing drug solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. The diverse lipid materials used in these nanoformulations highlight their biocompatibility and versatility, covering a wide range of drugs. Emphasis is placed on metal nanoparticles, liposomes, ethosomes, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, nanorobots, and micelles. The analysis explores their drug loading, stability, release characteristics, and bioavailability modulation. It also delves into the enhanced-permeability and retention (EPR) effect, crucial for passive targeting of tumors. Recent nanocarrier systems enable better penetration of therapeutic compounds through the BBB, addressing treatment failures in invasive BTs.This review highlights the latest nanotechnology developments and potential therapeutic approaches, serving as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical scientists. © Association of Microbiologists of India 2024.
Physical characterization and bioavailability assessment of 5-fluorouracil-based nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC): In vitro drug release, Hemolysis, and permeability modulation
(Springer, 2024) Mainuddin; Anoop Kumar; Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh; Jay Singh; Shweta Dumoga; Nitin Sharma; Amulya Jindal
Abstract: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an anticancer agent belonging to BCS Class III that exhibits poor release characteristics and low retention in the biological system. The main objective of this investigation was to develop a drug delivery system, i.e., Nanostructure Lipid Carriers (NLCs) loaded with 5-FU to prolong its biological retention through 5-FU-loaded NLCs (5-FUNLC) were designed to manipulate physicochemical characteristics and assessment of in vitro and in vivo performance. The developed NLCs underwent comprehensive characterization, including assessments for particle size, zeta potential, morphological evaluation, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Additionally, specific evaluations were conducted for 5-FUNLCs, encompassing analyses for encapsulation efficiency of the drug, release characteristics in PBS at pH 6.8, and stability study. The lipophilic character of 5-FUNLC was confirmed through the measurement of the partition coefficient (log P). 5-FUNLCs were observed as spherical-shaped particles with a mean size of 300 ± 25 nm. The encapsulation efficiency was determined to be 89%, indicating effective drug loading within the NLCs. Furthermore, these NLCs exhibited a sustained release nature lasting up to 3–4 h, indicating their potential for controlled drug release over time. Lipid components were biocompatible with the 5-FU to determine thermal transition temperature and show good stability for 30 days. Additionally, an in vitro hemolysis study that confirmed the system did not cause any destruction to the RBCs during intravenous administration. The drug’s gut permeability was assessed utilizing the optimized 5-FUNLC (F2) in comparison to 5-FU through the intestine or gut sac model (in the apical to basolateral direction, A → B). The permeability coefficient was measured as 4.91 × 10–5cm/h with a significant difference. Additionally, the antioxidant potential of the NLCs was demonstrated through the DPPH method. The NLCs’ performance was further assessed through in vivo pharmacokinetic studies on Wistar Rats, resulting in a 1.5-fold enhancement in their activity compared to free 5-FU. These NLCs offer improved drug solubility and sustained release, which collectively contribute to enhanced therapeutic outcomes and modulate bioavailability. The study concludes by highlighting the potential of 5-FUNLC as an innovative and efficient drug delivery system. The findings suggest that further preclinical investigations are warranted, indicating a promising avenue for the development of more effective and well-tolerated treatments for cancer. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.). © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.
Revolutionizing Technology with Spintronics: Devices and Their Transformative Applications
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Manoj Kumar Yadav; Ramesh Kumar; Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh; Jay Singh; Ramesh Chandra; Abhishek Kumar; Vishal Vishnoi; Gajendra Singh; Ashish Kumar Singh
The scaling of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) for data storing and logic circuit operation has reached a critical point, beyond which further scaling poses various secondary issues. These problems include short channel effects, hot carrier effects (HCEs), and reliability concerns. However, a promising alternative called spintronics has recently emerged as a highly exciting technology. Spintronics considers both the charge and spin of electrons in device operations and offers superior properties compared to MOSFETs. Researchers have reported numerous spintronics devices that exhibit significant potential in memory and logic circuits when integrated with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. These devices not only possess excellent scalability but also consume less power than MOSFETs at the nano-scale level. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current state, future prospects, and challenges associated with spintronics devices. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.