Browsing by Author "Ravi Prakash Jha"

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A prospective pilot study on serum cleaved tau protein as a neurological marker in severe traumatic brain injury
(Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2017) Sharad Pandey; Kulwant Singh; Vivek Sharma; Deepa Pandey; Ravi Prakash Jha; Sunil Kumar Rai; Richa Singh Chauhan; Royana Singh
Objective: Neurotrauma has been labelled as a “silent epidemic” affecting both the developed and the developing nations. To date, no single brain-specific biomarker has been unanimously accepted for routine clinical use in TBI. Our study aims to determine the correlation of “cleaved-tau protein” in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at the time of admission, mode of injury, CT findings and outcome at discharge. Methods: The study has been approved by the institutional ethical committee. 40 cases with severe TBI and 40 randomly selected healthy controls were included in this prospective study. Venous blood samples were collected and serum cleaved tau protein levels were measured and correlated with gender, mode of injury, CT findings GCS score and GOS score at discharge. Results: In the severe TBI group, the mean serum cleaved tau protein levels in males were 91.65 ± 41.34 pg/ml (mean ± S.D.), and females were 104.43 ± 53.08 pg/ml (mean ± S.D.), (p = 0.27). Mean serum C-tau level in study group was 95.48 ± 44.87 pg/ml (range 36.44-192.34), 95% C.I. (81.13–109.83) and in controls was 33.82 ± 13.65 pg/ml (range 2.48–66.54), 95% C.I. (29.46–38.19) (p < 0.001). The distribution of serum C-tau was in severe TBI group varied in all categories of GCS at 0th day (p < 0.001). Serum cleaved tau protein levels in the good outcome group were 74.26 ± 25.43 pg/ml (mean ± S.D.), range 36.44–144.54, 95% C.I. (63.52-85.00) and the poor-outcome group were 127.32 ± 49.40 pg/ml, range 66.65–192.34, 95% C.I. (100.99-153.64) (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In severe TBI, serum cleaved tau protein levels were significantly higher as compared to the controls in this prospective study. However, results of this study are preliminary in nature and there is a need to undertake larger prospective studies to reach a definitive conclusion. © 2017 The Neurosurgical Foundation.
Adolescent transport and unintentional injuries: a systematic analysis using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Amy E. Peden; Patricia Cullen; Kate Louise Francis; Holger Moeller; Margaret M. Peden; Pengpeng Ye; Maoyi Tian; Zhiyong Zou; Susan M. Sawyer; Amirali Aali; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Michael Abdelmasseh; Meriem Abdoun; Rami Abd-Rabu; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Ame Mehadi Abdurehman; Getachew Abebe; Ayele Mamo Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abidi; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu Gharbieh; Denberu Eshetie Adane; Tigist Demssew Adane; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Ololade Grace Adewole; Sangeet Adhikari; Mohammad Adnan; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Bachelor Afolabi; Saira Afzal; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Zahra Babaei Aghdam; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Araz Ramazan Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Jivan Qasim Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Janardhana P. Aithala; Budi Aji; Meisam Akhlaghdoust; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Astawus Alemayehu; Hanadi Al Hamad; Syed Shujait Ali; Liaqat Ali; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Louay Almidani; Sami Almustanyir; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami; Sohrab Amiri; Hoda Amiri; Tadele Fentabil Anagaw; Tudorel Andrei; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Davood Anvari; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Asrat Arja; Judie Arulappan; Ashokan Arumugam; Armin Aryannejad; Saeed Asgary; Tahira Ashraf; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Alok Atreya; Sameh Attia; Avinash Aujayeb; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Samad Azari; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Hosein Azizi; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Ashish D. Badiye; Nayereh Baghcheghi; Sara Bagherieh; Atif Amin Baig; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Asaminew Birhanu Balta; MacIej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Hansi Bansal; Mainak Bardhan; Francesco BaroneAdesi; Amadou Barrow; Azadeh Bashiri; Pritish Baskaran; Saurav Basu; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Abebe Ayalew Bekel; Alehegn Bekele Bekele; Salaheddine Bendak; Isabela M. Bensenor; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Devidas S. Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Nikha Bhardwaj; Sonu Bhaskar; Ajay Nagesh Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Bagas Suryo Bintoro; Saeid Bitaraf; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Archith Boloor; Souad Bouaoud; Julie Brown; Katrin Burkart; Nadeem Shafique Butt; Muhammad Hammad Butt; Luis Alberto CÃ¡mera; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Chao Cao; Andre F. Carvalho; MÃ¡rcia Carvalho; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Eeshwar K. Chandrasekar; Jung-Chen Chang; Periklis Charalampous; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bitew Mekonnen Chekole; Abdulaal Chitheer; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Hitesh Chopra; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; NatÃ¡lia Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Gary L. Darmstadt; Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Saswati Das; Anna Dastiridou; Sisay Abebe Debela; Amin Dehghan; Getnet Makasha Demeke; Andreas K. Demetriades; Solomon Demissie; Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Nancy Diao; Diana Dias Da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Lankamo Ena Digesa; Mengistie Diress; Shirin Djalalinia; Linh Phuong Doan; Milad Dodangeh; Paul Narh Doku; Deepa Dongarwar; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa Elagali; Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Farshid Etaee; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Abbas Farmany; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Ali Fatehizadeh; Seyed Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Getahun Fetensa; Bikila Regassa Feyisa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Behzad Foroutan; Masoud Foroutan; Kayode Raphael Fowobaje; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Peter Andras Gaal; Muktar A. Gadanya; Yaseen Galali; Nasrin Galehdar; Balasankar Ganesan; Tushar Garg; Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot; Yosef Haile Gebremariam; Yibeltal Yismaw Gela; Urge Gerema; Mansour Ghafourifard; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Reza Ghanbari; Mohammad Ghasemi Nour; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Ali Gholami; Ali Gholamrezanezhad; Sherief Ghozy; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Iago GinÃ©-VÃ¡zquez; Zeleke Abate Girma; James C. Glasbey; Franklin N. Glozah; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Michal Grivna; Habtamu Alganeh Guadie; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Yuming Guo; Veer Bala Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Bhawna Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Sajid Hameed; Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore; Asif Hanif; Arief Hargono; Netanja I. Harlianto; Mehdi Harorani; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; S.M. Mahmudul Hasan; Amr Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Mohammad Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Yuta Hiraike; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Sheikh Jamal Hossain; Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain; Sedighe Hosseini Shabanan; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Amir Human Hoveidaei; Alexander Kevin Hsiao; Salman Hussain; Amal Hussein; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Behzad Imani; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Rakibul M. Islam; Mohammad Mainul Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; J. Linda Merin; Haitham Jahrami; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Umesh Umesh Jayarajah; Sudha Jayaraman; Jayakumar Jeganathan; Bedru Jemal; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk JÃ¼risson; Ali Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Dler Hussein Kadir; Laleh R. Kalankesh; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Vineet Kumar Kamal; Rajesh Kamath; Himal Kandel; Rami S. Kantar; Neeti Kapoor; Hassan Karami; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Samad Karkhah; Patrick D.M.C. Katoto; Joonas H. Kauppila; Gbenga A. Kayode; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Cumali Keskin; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Yusra H. Khan; Imteyaz A. Khan; Abbas Khan; Moien A.B. Khan; Javad Khanali; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani; Habibolah Khazaie; Jagdish Khubchandani; Zemene Demelash Kifle; Jihee Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Sezer Kisa; Adnan Kisa; Cameron J. Kneib; Farzad Kompani; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Nithin Kumar; Naveen Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Lucie Laflamme; Judit LÃ¡m; IvÃ¡n Landires; Bagher Larijani; Savita Lasrado; Paolo Lauriola; Carlo La Vecchia; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Yo Han Lee; Sang-Woong Lee; Wei Chen Lee; Samson Mideksa Legesse; Shanshan Li; Stephen S. Lim; LÃ¡szlÃ³ Lorenzovici; Amana Ogeto Luke; Farzan Madadizadeh; Áurea M. Madureira-Carvalho; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Soleiman Mahjoub; Ata Mahmoodpoor; Razzagh Mahmoudi; Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh; Azeem Majeed; Alaa Makki; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Ahmad Azam Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Elezebeth Mathews; Sazan Qadir Maulud; Dennis Mazingi; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Oliver Mendoza-Cano; Ritesh G. Menezes; Dechasa Adare Mengistu; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Atte Meretoja; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá; Ted R. Miller; Seyed Peyman Mirghaderi; Andreea Mirica; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Moonis Mirza; Sanjeev Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Chaitanya Mittal; Madeline E. Moberg; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Soheil Mohammadi; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Shafiu Mohammed; Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed; Mohammad Mohseni; Ali H. Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Rafael Silveira Moreira; Shane Douglas Morrison; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Haleh Mousavi Isfahani; Sumaira Mubarik; Lorenzo Muccioli; Soumyadeep Mukherjee; Francesk Mulita; Ghulam Mustafa; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Hasan Nassereldine; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Ionut Negoi; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Samata Nepal; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Nafise Noroozi; Virginia NuÃ±ez-Samudio; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Chimedsuren Ochir; Julius Nyerere Odhiambo; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Andrew T. Olagunju; Ahmed Omar Bali; Emad Omer; Adrian Otoiu; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Nikita Otstavnov; Bilcha Oumer; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Mohammad Taha Pahlevan Fallahy; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Shahina Pardhan; Eun-Kee Park; Sangram Kishor Patel; Aslam Ramjan Pathan; Siddhartha Pati; Uttam Paudel; Shrikant Pawar; Paolo Pedersini; Mario F.P. Peres; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Michael R. Phillips; Julian David Pillay; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Mohsen Poursadeqiyan; Naeimeh Pourtaheri; Ibrahim Qattea; Amir Radfar; Ata Rafiee; Pankaja Raghav Raghav; Fakher Rahim; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Firman Suryadi Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Sheetal Raj Moolambally; Sheena Ramazanu; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Juwel Rana; Saleem Muhammad Rana; Chythra R. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Mohammad Mahdi Rashidi; Prateek Rastogi; Azad Rasul; Salman Rawaf; David Laith Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Negar Rezaei; Nazila Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Aziz Rezapour; Abanoub Riad; Muhammad Riaz; Jennifer Rickard; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Bedanta Roy; S. Manjula; Aly M.A. Saad; Siamak Sabour; Leila Sabzmakan; Basema Saddik; Malihe Sadeghi; Mohammad Reza Saeb; Umar Saeed; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Sher Zaman Safi; Biniyam Sahiledengle; Harihar Sahoo; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Morteza Saki; Payman Salamati; Sana Salehi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib; Yaser Sarikhani; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider; David C. Schwebel; Hamed Seddighi; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Allen Seylani; Hosein Shabaninejad; Melika Shafeghat; Pritik A. Shah; Saeed Shahabi; Ataollah Shahbandi; Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Mohd Shanawaz; Mohammed Shannawaz; Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew; Neeraj Sharma; Bereket Beyene Shashamo; Maryam Shayan; Rahim Ali Sheikhi; Jiabin Shen; B. Suresh Kumar Shetty; Pavanchand H. Shetty; Jae Il Shin; Nebiyu Aniley Shitaye; K.M. Shivakumar; Parnian Shobeiri; Seyed Afshin Shorofi; Sunil Shrestha; Soraya Siabani; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Wudneh Simegn; Ehsan Sinaei; Paramdeep Singh; Robert Sinto; Md Shahjahan Siraj; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; David A. Sleet; S.N. Chandan; Bogdan Socea; Marco Solmi; Yonatan Solomon; Yi Song; Raúl A.R.C. Sousa; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Mark A. Stokes; Muhammad Suleman; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Jing Sun; Rafael TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos; Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei; Mohammad Tabish; Ensiyeh Taheri; Moslem Taheri Soodejani; Mircea Tampa; KerKan Tan; Ingan Ukur Tarigan; Md Tariqujjaman; Nathan Y. Tat; Vivian Y. Tat; Arash Tavakoli; Belay Negash Tefera; Yibekal Manaye Tefera; Gebremaryam Temesgen; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Pugazhenthan Thangaraju; Rekha Thapar; Nikhil Kenny Thomas; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Marius Belmondo Tincho; Amir Tiyuri; Munkhsaikhan Togtmol; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Sana Ullah; Saif Ullah; Irfan Ullah; Srikanth Umakanthan; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Siavash Vaziri; Massimiliano Veroux; Dominique Vervoort; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Linh Gia Vu; Yasir Waheed; Yanzhong Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Cong Wang; Taweewat Wiangkham; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Abay Tadesse Woday; Ai-Min Wu; Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Lin Yang; Sanni Yaya; Arzu Yigit; Vahit Yigit; Eshetu Yisihak; Naohiro Yonemoto; Yuyi You; Mustafa Z. Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Hossein Yusefi; Mazyar Zahir; Sojib Bin Zaman; Iman Zare; Kourosh Zarea; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Yunquan Zhang; Arash Ziapour; Sanjay Zodpey; Mohammad Zoladl; George C. Patton; Rebecca Q. Ivers
Background: Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10–24 years during the past three decades. Methods: Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 Study, we analysed mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to transport and unintentional injuries for adolescents in 204 countries. Burden is reported in absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population by sex, age group (10–14, 15–19, and 20–24 years), and sociodemographic index (SDI) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We report percentage changes in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019. Findings: In 2019, 369 061 deaths (of which 214 337 [58%] were transport related) and 31·1 million DALYs (of which 16·2 million [52%] were transport related) among adolescents aged 10–24 years were caused by transport and unintentional injuries combined. If compared with other causes, transport and unintentional injuries combined accounted for 25% of deaths and 14% of DALYs in 2019, and showed little improvement from 1990 when such injuries accounted for 26% of adolescent deaths and 17% of adolescent DALYs. Throughout adolescence, transport and unintentional injury fatality rates increased by age group. The unintentional injury burden was higher among males than females for all injury types, except for injuries related to fire, heat, and hot substances, or to adverse effects of medical treatment. From 1990 to 2019, global mortality rates declined by 34·4% (from 17·5 to 11·5 per 100 000) for transport injuries, and by 47·7% (from 15·9 to 8·3 per 100 000) for unintentional injuries. However, in low-SDI nations the absolute number of deaths increased (by 80·5% to 42 774 for transport injuries and by 39·4% to 31 961 for unintentional injuries). In the high-SDI quintile in 2010–19, the rate per 100 000 of transport injury DALYs was reduced by 16·7%, from 838 in 2010 to 699 in 2019. This was a substantially slower pace of reduction compared with the 48·5% reduction between 1990 and 2010, from 1626 per 100 000 in 1990 to 838 per 100 000 in 2010. Between 2010 and 2019, the rate of unintentional injury DALYs per 100 000 also remained largely unchanged in high-SDI countries (555 in 2010 vs 554 in 2019; 0·2% reduction). The number and rate of adolescent deaths and DALYs owing to environmental heat and cold exposure increased for the high-SDI quintile during 2010–19. Interpretation: As other causes of mortality are addressed, inadequate progress in reducing transport and unintentional injury mortality as a proportion of adolescent deaths becomes apparent. The relative shift in the burden of injury from high-SDI countries to low and low–middle-SDI countries necessitates focused action, including global donor, government, and industry investment in injury prevention. The persisting burden of DALYs related to transport and unintentional injuries indicates a need to prioritise innovative measures for the primary prevention of adolescent injury. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2018) Max G. Griswold; Nancy Fullman; Caitlin Hawley; Nicholas Arian; Stephanie R. M. Zimsen; Hayley D. Tymeson; Vidhya Venkateswaran; Austin Douglas Tapp; Mohammad H. Forouzanfar; Joseph S. Salama; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Degu Abate; Solomon M. Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Zegeye Abebe; Victor Aboyans; Mohammed Mehdi Abrar; Pawan Acharya; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Tara Ballav Adhikari; Jose C. Adsuar; Mohsen Afarideh; Emilie Elisabet Agardh; Gina Agarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Sutapa Agrawal; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Mohammed Akibu; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Deena H. Al Asfoor; Ziyad Al-Aly; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Ammar Albujeer; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Raghib Ali; Syed Danish Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'A Alkerwi; Peter Allebeck; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T. Amare; Leopold N. Aminde; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Colin Angus; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna K. Aryal; Reza Assadi; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Henok Tadesse Ayele; Rakesh Ayer; Tambe B. Ayuk; Peter S. Azzopardi; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Maciej Banach; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Lope H. Barrero; Huda Basaleem; Estifanos Baye; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Yannick Béjot; Abate Bekele Belachew; Saba Abraham Belay; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S. Bernstein; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Tina Beyranvand; Soumyadeeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Nigus Bililign; Sait Mentes Birlik; Charles Birungi; Hailemichael Bizuneh; Peter Bjerregaard; Tone Bjørge; Guilherme Borges; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Hermann Brenner; Zahid A. Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Bianca Calabria; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Ferrán Catalá-López; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J. Charlson; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Rafael M. Claro; Sara Conti; Ewerton Cousin; Michael H. Criqui; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Paul I. Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; José Das Neves; Kairat Davletov; Filipa De Castro; Barbora De Courten; Jan-Walter De Neve; Louisa Degenhardt; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Don C. Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Rupinder Singh Dhaliwal; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; David Teye Doku; Kerrie E. Doyle; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bruce B. Duncan; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Dumessa Edessa; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Sergei Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E. Erskine; Alireza Esteghamati; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Maryam S. Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Valery L. Feigin; Mariana Santos Felisbino-Mendes; Eduarda Fernandes; Alize J. Ferrari; Cleusa P. Ferri; Daniel Obadare Fijabi; Irina Filip; Jonas David Finger; Florian Fischer; Abraham D. Flaxman; Richard Charles Franklin; Neal D. Futran; Silvano Gallus; Morsaleh Ganji; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Reza Ghadimi; Lilian A. Ghandour; Mamata Ghimire; Paramjit Singh Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Ababi Zergaw Z. Giref; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Carolyn C. Gotay; Alessandra C. Goulart; Felix Greaves; Giuseppe Grosso; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Murthy Gvs; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan Beyene Hagos; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Graeme J. Hankey; Hilda L. Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Josep Maria Haro; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Behzad Heibati; Andualem Henok; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Norberto Francisco Hernández-Llanes; Claudiu Herteliu; Desalegn Ts Tsegaw Hibstu; Praveen Hoogar; Nobuyuki Horita; H. Dean Hosgood; Mostafa Hosseini; Mihaela Hostiuc; Guoqing Hu; Hsiang Huang; Abdullatif Husseini; Bulat Idrisov; Bogdan Vasile Ileanu; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Maria D. Jackson; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Moti Tolera Jalu; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Umesh Kapil; Amir Kasaeian; Tesfaye D. Dessale Kassa; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Seifu Kebede; Adane Teshome Kefale; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Andre Pascal Kengne; Yousef Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mona M. 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Background: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods: Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings: Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·5-3·0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6·8% (5·8-8·0) of agestandardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3·8% (95% UI 3·2-4·3) of female deaths and 12·2% (10·8-13·6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2·3% (95% UI 2·0-2·6) and male attributable DALYs were 8·9% (7·8-9·9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1·4% [95% UI 1·0-1·7] of total deaths), road injuries (1·2% [0·7-1·9]), and self-harm (1·1% [0·6-1·5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27·1% (95% UI 21·2-33·3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18·9% (15·3-22·6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0·0-0·8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018
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Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Diep Ngoc Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Amin Reza Nikpoor; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Vuong Minh Nong; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Virginia Nunez-Samudio; Vincent Ebuka Nwatah; Tafadzwa Nyanhanda; Bogdan Oancea; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Daniel Micheal Okello; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T. Olagunju; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Ahmed Omar Bali; Muktar Omer Omer; Abidemi E. Emmanuel Omonisi; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Alberto Ortiz; Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Abhijit P. Pakhare; Keyvan Pakshir; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan; Deepak Kumar Pasupula; Sangram Kishor Patel; Urvish K. Patel; Ashish Pathak; George C. Patton; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Jeevan Pereira; Julia Moreira Pescarini; Hai Quang Pham; Brandon V. Pickering; Saeed Pirouzpanah; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J. Postma; Faheem Hyder Pottoo; Hadis Pourchamani; Hadi Pourjafar; Hossein Poustchi; Sergio I. Prada; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Navid Rabiee; Ata Rafiee; Fakher Rahim; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Aashish Rajesh; Pradhum Ram; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J. Rao; Satish Rao; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Lal Rawal; Wasiq Faraz Rawasia; Reza Rawassizadeh; Lemma Demissie Regassa; Robert C. Reiner; Bhageerathy Reshmi; Nima Rezaei; Omid Rezahosseini; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Daniela Ribeiro; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Hirbo Shore Roba; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Morteza Rostamian; Susan Fred Rumisha; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Ehsan Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Nasir Salam; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Itamar S. Santos; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Deepak Saxena; Alyssa N. Sbarra; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Debarka Sengupta; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Feng Sha; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Mohammad Shahbaz; Izza Shahid; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohammed Feyisso Shaka; Ali S. Shalash; Mahdi Shamali; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; MohammadBagher Shamsi; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Amrollah Sharifi; Aziz Sheikh; Abbas Sheikhtaheri; Ranjitha S. Shetty; B. Suresh Kumar Shetty; Adithi Shetty; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Velizar Shivarov; Soraya Siabani; Sudeep K. Siddappa Malleshappa; Tariq Jamal Siddiqi; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Balbir Bagicha Singh; Surya Singh; Yitagesu Sintayehu; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh; Amin Soheili; Shahin Soltani; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Iyad Sultan; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Biruk Wogayehu Taddele; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Amir Taherkhani; Zemenu Tamir; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Md Ismail Tareque; Abdelghani Tbakhi; Hirut Teame; Yonas Getaye Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Yohannes Tekalegn; Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle; Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Nihal Thomas; Takele Tiki; Asres Bedaso Tilahune; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Khanh Bao Tran; Bach Xuan Tran; Rajnish Tripathi; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Phuong N. Truong; Riaz Uddin; Anayat Ullah; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Chigozie Jesse Uneke; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Marco Vacante; Alireza Vakilian; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Yasser Vasseghian; Madhur Verma; Francesco S. Violante; Bay Vo; Yohannes Dibaba Wado; Yasir Waheed; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Kinley Wangdi; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel; Andrea Werdecker; Taweewat Wiangkham; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Tewodros Eshete Wonde; Ai-Min Wu; Chenkai Wu; Yang Xie; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Tomohide Yamada; Mingyou Yang; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Tomas Y. Yeheyis; Alex Yeshaneh; Yigizie Yeshaw; Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Paul Yip; Melissa F. Young; Zabihollah Yousefi; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof; Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Shamsa Zafar; Syed Saoud Zaidi; Zoubida Zaidi; Josefina Zakzuk; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Alireza Zandifar; Alireza Zangeneh; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Dejene Tesfaye Zewdie; Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie; Yunquan Zhang; Cong Zhu; Arash Ziapour; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Simon I. Hay
Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations. © 2021, The Author(s).
Assessing performance of the Healthcare Access and Quality Index, overall and by select age groups, for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Annie Haakenstad; Jamal Akeem Yearwood; Nancy Fullman; Corinne Bintz; Kelly Bienhoff; Marcia R Weaver; Vishnu Nandakumar; Jonah N Joffe; Kate E LeGrand; Megan Knight; Cristiana Abbafati; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Amir Abdoli; Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Saira Afzal; Marcela Agudelo-Botero; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sajjad Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Ali Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Budi Aji; Wuraola Akande-Sholabi; Khurshid Alam; Hanadi Al Hamad; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Liaqat Ali; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Hubert Amu; Dickson A Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Pedro Prata Andrade; Afifa Anjum; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Hany Ariffin; Judie Arulappan; Zahra Aryan; Tahira Ashraf; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Alok Atreya; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Samad Azari; Ashish D Badiye; Atif Amin Baig; Mohan Bairwa; Shankar M Bakkannavar; Shrikala Baliga; Palash Chandra Banik; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Fabio Barra; Amadou Barrow; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Rebuma Belete; Arielle Wilder Bell; Devidas S Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Nikha Bhardwaj; Sonu Bhaskar; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Antonio Biondi; Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa; Aime Bonny; Hermann Brenner; Danilo Buonsenso; Katrin Burkart; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Nadeem Shafique Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Luis Alberto Cámera; Rosario Cárdenas; Vera L A Carneiro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Joht Singh Chandan; Jaykaran Charan; Prachi P Chavan; Simiao Chen; Shu Chen; Sonali Gajanan Choudhari; Enayet Karim Chowdhury; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Massimo Cirillo; Barbara Corso; Omid Dadras; Saad M A Dahlawi; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; William James Dangel; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Kairat Davletov; Keshab Deuba; Meghnath Dhimal; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Leila Doshmangir; Bruce B Duncan; Andem Effiong; Elham Ehsani-Chimeh; Islam Y Elgendy; Muhammed Elhadi; Iman El Sayed; Maha El Tantawi; Daniel Asfaw Erku; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Jawad Fares; Farshad Farzadfar; Simone Ferrero; Lorenzo Ferro Desideri; Florian Fischer; Nataliya A Foigt; Masoud Foroutan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Peter Andras Gaal; Santosh Gaihre; William M Gardner; Tushar Garg; Abera Getachew Obsa; Mansour Ghafourifard; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Nermin Ghith; Syed Amir Gilani; Paramjit Singh Gill; Salime Goharinezhad; Mahaveer Golechha; Jenny S Guadamuz; Yuming Guo; Rajat Das Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Mohammad Hamiduzzaman; Asif Hanif; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; M Tasdik Hasan; Abdiwahab Hashi; Simon I Hay; Khezar Hayat; Mohammad Heidari; Golnaz Heidari; Nathaniel J Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Ramesh Holla; Sahadat Hossain; Sheikh Jamal Hossain; Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh; Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh; Guoqing Hu; Junjie Huang; M Mamun Huda; Susan C Ifeagwu; Kevin S Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Rakibul M Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Hiroyasu Iso; Gaetano Isola; Ramaiah Itumalla; Masao Iwagami; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Nader Jahanmehr; Rajesh Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B Jonas; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Leila R Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Aruna M Kamath; Kaloyan Kamenov; Himal Kandel; Rami S Kantar; Neeti Kapoor; Marina Karanikolos; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Taras Kavetskyy; Norito Kawakami; Gbenga A Kayode; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Rovshan Khalilov; Mohammad Khammarnia; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Moien A B Khan; Maseer Khan; Mehdi Khezeli; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Sezer Kisa; Adnan Kisa; Vitalii Klymchuk; Kamrun Nahar Koly; Oleksii Korzh; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; G Anil Kumar; Dian Kusuma; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Anders O Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Wei-Chen Lee; Yo Han Lee; Chiachi Bonnie Lee; Shanshan Li; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan; Azeem Majeed; Alaa Makki; Reza Malekzadeh; Ahmad Azam Malik; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Adolfo Martinez-Valle; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Manu Raj Mathur; Richard James Maude; Pallab K Maulik; Martin McKee; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G Menezes; George A Mensah; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Irmina Maria Michalek; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Sanjeev Misra; Babak Moazen; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Shafiu Mohammed; Modhurima Moitra; Ali H Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Ghobad Moradi; Rafael Silveira Moreira; Jonathan F Mosser; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Simin Mouodi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Chie Nagata; Mohsen Naghavi; Vinay Nangia; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Aparna Ichalangod Narayana; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Hasan Nassereldine; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Ionut Negoi; Samata Nepal; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Josephine W Ngunjiri; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Bogdan Oancea; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T Olagunju; Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde; Ahmed Omar Bali; Emad Omer; Obinna E Onwujekwe; Adrian Otoiu; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Raffaele Palladino; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal; Shahina Pardhan; Deepak Kumar Pasupula; Praveen Kumar Pathak; George C Patton; Shrikant Pawar; Jeevan Pereira; Manju Pilania; Bakhtiar Piroozi; Vivek Podder; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J Postma; Sergio I Prada; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Navid Rabiee; Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan; Md. Mosfequr Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Mahfuzar Rahman; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Chythra R Rao; Sowmya J Rao; Davide Rasella; Salman Rawaf; David Laith Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Andre M N Renzaho; Bhageerathy Reshmi; Serge Resnikoff; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Rezaul Karim Ripon; Simona Sacco; Masoumeh Sadeghi; Umar Saeed; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Biniyam Sahiledengle; Harihar Sahoo; Maitreyi Sahu; Joseph S Salama; Payman Salamati; Abdallah M Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M Santric-Milicevic; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Maria Inês Schmidt; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Masood Ali Shaikh; Aziz Sheikh; Adithi Shetty; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; K.M. Shivakumar; Azad Shokri; Jasvinder A Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi; Raúl A R C Sousa; Jacqueline H Stephens; Jing Sun; Miklós Szócska; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Hooman Tadbiri; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Roman Topor-Madry; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Bach Xuan Tran; Niharika Tripathi; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Christopher E Troeger; Deinzel Robles Uezono; Saif Ullah; Anayat Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Marco Vacante; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R Valdez; Milena Vasic; Massimiliano Veroux; Dominique Vervoort; Francesco S Violante; Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov; Vasily Vlassov; Bay Vo; Yasir Waheed; Richard G Wamai; Yuan-Pang Wang; Yanzhong Wang; Paul Ward; Taweewat Wiangkham; Lalit Yadav; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Siyan Yi; Vahit Yiǧit; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Chenwen Zhong; Yves Miel H Zuniga; Stephen S Lim; Christopher J L Murray; Rafael Lozano
Background: Health-care needs change throughout the life course. It is thus crucial to assess whether health systems provide access to quality health care for all ages. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019), we measured the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index overall and for select age groups in 204 locations from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We distinguished the overall HAQ Index (ages 0–74 years) from scores for select age groups: the young (ages 0–14 years), working (ages 15–64 years), and post-working (ages 65–74 years) groups. For GBD 2019, HAQ Index construction methods were updated to use the arithmetic mean of scaled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) and risk-standardised death rates (RSDRs) for 32 causes of death that should not occur in the presence of timely, quality health care. Across locations and years, MIRs and RSDRs were scaled from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) separately, putting the HAQ Index on a different relative scale for each age group. We estimated absolute convergence for each group on the basis of whether the HAQ Index grew faster in absolute terms between 1990 and 2019 in countries with lower 1990 HAQ Index scores than countries with higher 1990 HAQ Index scores and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. SDI is a summary metric of overall development. Findings: Between 1990 and 2019, the HAQ Index increased overall (by 19·6 points, 95% uncertainty interval 17·9–21·3), as well as among the young (22·5, 19·9–24·7), working (17·2, 15·2–19·1), and post-working (15·1, 13·2–17·0) age groups. Large differences in HAQ Index scores were present across SDI levels in 2019, with the overall index ranging from 30·7 (28·6–33·0) on average in low-SDI countries to 83·4 (82·4–84·3) on average in high-SDI countries. Similarly large ranges between low-SDI and high-SDI countries, respectively, were estimated in the HAQ Index for the young (40·4–89·0), working (33·8–82·8), and post-working (30·4–79·1) groups. Absolute convergence in HAQ Index was estimated in the young group only. In contrast, divergence was estimated among the working and post-working groups, driven by slow progress in low-SDI countries. Interpretation: Although major gaps remain across levels of social and economic development, convergence in the young group is an encouraging sign of reduced disparities in health-care access and quality. However, divergence in the working and post-working groups indicates that health-care access and quality is lagging at lower levels of social and economic development. To meet the needs of ageing populations, health systems need to improve health-care access and quality for working-age adults and older populations while continuing to realise gains among the young. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)
(Nature Research, 2020) Damaris K. Kinyoki; Jennifer M. Ross; Alice Lazzar-Atwood; Sandra B. Munro; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Mahdieh Abbasalizad-Farhangi; Masoumeh Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Ahmed Abdelalim; Amir Abdoli; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Nebiyu Dereje Abebe; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R. M. Abrigo; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Maryam Adabi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Posi Emmanuel Aduroja; Shailesh M. Advani; Mohsen Afarideh; Mohammad Aghaali; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Olufemi Ajumobi; Chalachew Genet Akal; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Ziyad Al-Aly; Samiah Alam; Genet Melak Alamene; Turki M. Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal; Niguse Meles Alema; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Muhammad Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Afshin Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Azmeraw T. Amare; Adeladza Kofi Amegah; Saeed Amini; Mostafa Amini Rarani; Fatemeh Amiri; Arianna Maever Loreche Amit; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Ephrem Mebrahtu Araya; Zohreh Arefi; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Afsaneh Arzani; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Samaneh Asgari; Babak Asghari; Alebachew Fasil Ashagre; Anemaw A. Asrat; Bahar Ataeinia; Hagos Tasew Atalay; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared A. Asmare Aynalem; Abbas Azadmehr; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Ebrahim Babaee; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohamad Amin Bahrami; Atif Amin A. Baig; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Zahra Baradaran-Seyed; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Miguel A. Barboza; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lingkan Barua; Huda Basaleem; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Mulat Tirfie Bayih; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yibeltal Alemu Bekele; Derrick A. Bennett; Dessalegn Ajema Berbada; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Robert S. Bernstein; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Dinesh Bhandari; Pankaj Bharadwaj; Natalia V. Bhattacharjee; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Setognal Birara; Minuye Biniam Biniam Birhane; Minyichil Birhanu; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Zebenay Workneh Bitew; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Somayeh Bohlouli; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Antonio M. Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Oliver J. Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Shyam S. Budhathoki; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Jorge Cano; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J. Carrero; Félix Carvalho; João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Ester Cerin; Collins Chansa; Jaykaran Charan; Pranab Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bal Govind Chauhan; Ali Reza Chavshin; Mohammad Chehrazi; Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu; Ken Lee Chin; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Michael L. Collison; Michael A. Cork; Natalie Cormier; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera M. Costa; Abel Fekadu Fekadu Dadi; Baye Dagnew; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Giovanni Damiani; Amira Hamed Darwish; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Claudio Dávila-Cervantes; Nicole Davis Weaver; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Dereje Bayissa Demissie; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Rupak Desai; Beruk Berhanu Desalegn; Assefa Desalew; Aniruddha Deshpande; Sagnik Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Preeti Dhillon; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianati Nasab; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Girmaye Deye Dinsa; Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Huyen Phuc Do; Paul Narh Doku; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Manisha Dubey; Bereket Duko Adema; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Ewerton Cousin; Andre R. Durães; Lucas Earl; Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo; Aziz Eftekhari; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Ziad El-Khatib; Aisha Elsharkawy; Yasser Mohamed El-Sherbiny; Iqbal R. F. Elyazar; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Shymaa Enany; Daniel Adane Endalew; Melese Linger Endalifer; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Alireza Esteghamati; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Jessica Fanzo; Mohammad Farahmand; Anwar Faraj; Sajjad Farashi; Mohammad Fareed; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Hossein Farzam; Syeda Sadia Fatima; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Netsanet Fentahun; Tomas Y. Ferede; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; João C. Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Carsten Flohr; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Jana Förster; Joel Msafiri Francis; Takeshi Fukumoto; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Hadush Gebremariam; Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam; Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Gebretsadkan G. G. Gebretsadik; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Birhanu Geta; Agegnehu Bante Getenet; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Mahsa Ghajarzadeh; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Asadollah Gholamian; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Srinivas Goli; Nelson G. M. Gomes; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Houman Goudarzi; Alessandra C. Goulart; Arunkumar Govindakarnavar; Ayman Grada; Michal Grivna; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rashid Abdi Guled; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Michael Tamene Haile; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Iman Halvaei; Randah R. Hamadeh; Yadollah Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Ninuk Hariyani; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md. Mehedi Hasan; Milad Hasankhani; Edris Hasanpoor; Amir Hasanzadeh; Maryam Hashemian; Soheil Hassanipour; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Corinna Hawkes; Khezar Hayat; Desta Haftu Hayelom; Behnam Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J. Henry; Mario Herrero; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Hagos D. de Hidru; Chi Linh Hoang; Hans W. Hoek; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Gillian Hollerich; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Sung Hwi Hong; Praveen Hoogar; Masako Horino; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Guoqing Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Ayesha Humayun; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Milena D. Ilic; Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Neda Izadi; Jalil Jaafari; Anelisa Jaca; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Nader Jafari Balalami; Morteza Jafarinia; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Fyezah Jehan; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Peng Jia; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Kimberly B. Johnson; Jost B. 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Khater; Mahalqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Maryam Khazaei-Pool; Mohammad Khazaei; Salman Khazaei; Mohammad Taghi Khodayari; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Roba Khundkar; Ali Kiadaliri; Neda Kianipour; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Tufa Kolola; Hamidreza Komaki; Shivakumar K. M. Kondlahalli; Ali Koolivand; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U. G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Nuworza Kugbey; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Oluwatosin Kuti; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Deepesh P. Lad; Aparna Lal; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Faris Hasan Lami; Prabhat Lamichhane; Justin J. Lang; Van C. Lansingh; Savita Lasrado; Georgy Lebedev; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Mostafa Leili; Ian D. Letourneau; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Joshua Longbottom; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mohammed Madadin; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Dhaval P. Maghavani; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Venkatesh Maled; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Ali Manafi; Farzad Manafi; Navid Manafi; Narendar Dawanu Manohar; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Dadi Marami; Laurie B. Marczak; Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Pallab K. Maulik; Benjamin K. Mayala; Mohsen Mazidi; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Freshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei; Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen; Teferi Mekonnen; Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles; Hagazi Gebre Meles; Addisu Melese; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Meresa Berwo Mengesha; George A. Mensah; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomasz Miazgowski; Neda Milevska Kostova; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; G.K. 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Rao; Davide Rasella; Vahid Rashedi; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Salman Rawaf; David Laith Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Sarah E. Ray; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Vishnu Renjith; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Nima Rezaei; Shahab Rezaeian; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Alina Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Elias Merdassa Roro; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ali Rostami; Enrico Rubagotti; Anas M. Saad; Seyedmohammad Saadatagah; Yogesh Damodar Sabde; Siamak Sabour; Ehsan Sadeghi; Masoumeh Sadeghi; Saeed Safari; Yahya Safari; Hamid Safarpour; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Mohammad Reza Salahshoor; Nasir Salam; Farkhonde Salehi; Saleh Salehi Zahabi; Hosni Salem; Marwa R. Rashad Salem; Yahya Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Evanson Zondani Sambala; Abdallah M. Samy; Itamar S. Santos; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Sonia Saxena; Mehdi Sayyah; Alyssa N. Sbarra; Megan F. Schipp; Maria Inês Schmidt; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi; Faramarz Shaahmadi; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Ali S. Shalash; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Amir Shamshirian; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Mehdi Sharif; Rajesh Sharma; Hatem Samir Shehata; Abbas Sheikhtaheri; Kenji Shibuya; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Ivy Shiue; Kerem Shuval; Soraya Siabani; Tariq J. Siddiqi; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Biagio Simonetti; Ambrish Singh; Pushpendra Singh; Virendra Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Pankaj Kumar Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Yitagesu Sintayehu; Malede Mequanent M. Sisay; Amin Soheili; Bija Soleymani; Farzaneh Soltani; Shahin Soltani; Joan B. Soriano; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Adel Spotin; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Rajni Kant Kant Srivastava; Antonina Starodubova; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria; Gerhard Sulo; Bruno F. Sunguya; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse; Amir Taherkhani; Koku Sisay Tamirat; Segen Gebremeskel Tassew; Nuno Taveira; Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot; Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Nihal Thomas; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Kenean Getaneh Tlaye; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Marcello Tonelli; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Khanh Bao Tran; Manjari Tripathi; Riaz Uddin; Irfan Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Ushotanefe Useh; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Olalekan A. Uthman; Marco Vacante; Masoud Vaezghasemi; Pascual R. Valdez; John VanderHeide; Elena Varavikova; Santosh Varughese; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Yasser Vasseghian; Yousef Veisani; Srinivasaraghavan Venkatesh; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Madhur Verma; Simone Vidale; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Sebastian Vollmer; Rade Vukovic; Yasir Waheed; Haidong Wang; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel; Andrea Werdecker; Taweewat Wiangkham; Kirsten E. Wiens; Tissa Wijeratne; Haileab Fekadu Wolde; Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash; Tewodros Eshete Wonde; Adam Belay Wondmieneh; Ai-Min Wu; Gelin Xu; Abbas Yadegar; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Tomohide Yamada; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Alex Yeshaneh; Yigizie Yeshaw; Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Yoosik Youm; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousefi; Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof; Chuanhua Yu; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Leila Zaki; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Hamed Zandian; Hadi Zarafshan; Nejimu Biza Zepro; Taddese Alemu Zerfu; Taye Abuhay Zewale; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Xiu-Ju Zhao; Sanjay Zodpey; Kamiar Zomorodian; Francis Bruno Zotor; Ashkan Afshin; Simon I. Hay
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s).
Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Samy; Juan Sanabria; Lidia Sanchez Riera; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Maheswar Satpathy; Monika Sawhney; Susan M. Sawyer; Sonia Saxena; Mete Saylan; Ione J.C. Schneider; David C. Schwebel; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini; Aziz Sheikh; Jiabin Shen; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; Ivy Shiue; João Pedro Silva; Jasvinder A. Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Adauto Martins Soares Filho; Joan B. Soriano; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Vladimir I. Starodubov; Dan J. Stein; Mark A. Stokes; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Jacob E. Sunshine; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Karen M. Tabb; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Gizachew Assefa Tessema; Jarnail Singh Thakur; Khanh Bao Tran; Bach Xuan Tran; Lorainne Tudor Car; Olalekan A. Uthman; Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu; Pascual R. Valdez; Elena Varavikova; Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Yasir Waheed; Yuan-Pang Wang; Tissa Wijeratne; Andrea Sylvia Winkler; Priyanka Yadav; Yuichiro Yano; Muluken Azage Yenesew; Paul Yip; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Shamsa Zafar; Zoubida Zaidi; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Yong Zhao; Sanjay Zodpey; Simon I. Hay; Alan D. Lopez; Ali H. Mokdad; Theo Vos
Background The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. results For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019 A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(American Medical Association, 2022) Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Kelly Compton; Frances E. Dean; Weijia Fu; Brian L. Gaw; James D. Harvey; Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson; Dan Lu; Alyssa Pennini; Rixing Xu; Emad Ababneh; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Sherief M. Abd-Elsalam; Amir Abdoli; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abidi; Hassan Abolhassani; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Shailesh M. Advani; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Mohammad Aghaali; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sajjad Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Yusra Ahmed Salih; Gizachew Taddesse Akalu; Addis Aklilu; Tayyaba Akram; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Saqib Ali; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Motasem Alkhayyat; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri; Sami Almustanyir; Nivaldo Alonso; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Hubert Amu; Etsay Woldu Anbesu; Robert Ancuceanu; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Maxwell Hubert Antwi; Davood Anvari; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Muhammad Aqeel; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Olatunde Aremu; Hany Ariffin; Timur Aripov; Muhammad Arshad; Al Artaman; Judie Arulappan; Zatollah Asemi; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Tahira Ashraf; Prince Atorkey; Avinash Aujayeb; Marcel Ausloos; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Temesgen Ayenew; Mohammed A. Azab; Sina Azadnajafabad; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Ghasem Azarian; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Ashish D. Badiye; Saeed Bahadory; Atif Amin Baig; Jennifer L. Baker; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Maciej Banach; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Fabio Barra; Amadou Barrow; Masoud Behzadifar; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Woldesellassie M. Mequanint Bezabhe; Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih; Devidas S. Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Sonu Bhaskar; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Antonio Biondi; Catherine Bisignano; Tone Bjorge; Archie Bleyer; Oleg Blyuss; Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Dejana Braithwaite; Amanpreet Brar; Hermann Brenner; Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira; Nadeem Shafique Butt; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Yin Cao; Giulia Carreras; Ferrán Catalá-López; Francieli Cembranel; Ester Cerin; Achille Cernigliaro; Raja Chandra Chakinala; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael T. Chung; Joao Conde; Sanda Cortés; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Amanda Ramos Cunha; Omid Dadras; Amare Belachew Dagnew; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; José das Neves; Fernando Pio De la Hoz; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Meghnath Dhimal; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Daniel Diaz; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Saeid Doaei; Fariba Dorostkar; Francisco Winter dos Santos Figueiredo; Tim Robert Driscoll; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Sahar Eftekharzadeh; Maha El Tantawi; Hassan El-Abid; Iffat Elbarazi; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Firooz Esmaeilzadeh; Arash Etemadi; Sayeh Ezzikouri; Mohammed Faisaluddin; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Jawad Fares; Farshad Farzadfar; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Simone Ferrero; Lorenzo Ferro Desideri; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L. Fisher; Masoud Foroutan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Peter Andras Gaal; Mohamed M. Gad; Muktar A. Gadanya; Silvano Gallus; Mariana Gaspar Fonseca; Abera Getachew Obsa; Mansour Ghafourifard; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Nermin Ghith; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Syed Amir Gilani; Themba G. Ginindza; Abraham Tamirat T. Gizaw; James C. Glasbey; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Ricardo Santiago Gomez; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Giuseppe Gorini; Houman Goudarzi; Giuseppe Grosso; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra; Avirup Guha; D. Sanjeeva Gunasekera; Bhawna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Mohammad Rifat Haider; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Sajid Hameed; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Shafiul Haque; Netanja I. Harlianto; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Soheil Hassanipour; Roderick J. Hay; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna; Claudiu Herteliu; Kamal Hezam; Ramesh Holla; Md Mahbub Hossain; Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Junjie Huang; Fernando N. Hugo; Rabia Hussain; Nawfal R. Hussein; Bing-Fang Hwang; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Fidelia Ida; Kevin S. Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Lalu Muhammad Irham; Jessica Y. Islam; Rakibul M. Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Gaetano Isola; Masao Iwagami; Louis Jacob; Vardhmaan Jain; Mihajlo B. Jakovljevic; Tahereh Javaheri; Shubha Jayaram; Seyed Behzad Jazayeri; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Danial Kahrizi; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Feroze Kaliyadan; Yogeshwar Kalkonde; Ashwin Kamath; Nawzad Kameran Al-Salihi; Himal Kandel; Neeti Kapoor; André Karch; Ayele Semachew Kasa; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Joonas H. Kauppila; Taras Kavetskyy; Sewnet Adem Kebede; Pedram Keshavarz; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Rovshan Khalilov; Gulfaraz Khan; Maseer Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Moien A.B. Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Amir M. Khater; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Gyu Ri Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Jacek A. Kopec; Rajasekaran Koteeswaran; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Nuworza Kugbey; G. Anil Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Tezer Kutluk; Carlo La Vecchia; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Paolo Lauriola; Sang-Woong Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yo Han Lee; James Leigh; Elvynna Leong; Jiarui Li; Ming-Chieh Li; Xuefeng Liu; Joana A. Loureiro; Raimundas Lunevicius; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Azeem Majeed; Alaa Makki; Shilpa Male; Ahmad Azam Malik; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Santi Martini; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Prashant Mathur; Martin McKee; Ravi Mehrotra; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; Hamed Mirzaei; Hamid Reza Mirzaei; Sanjeev Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafiu Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Mohammad Amin Moosavi; Yousef Moradi; Paula Moraga; Joana Morgado-Da-Costa; Shane Douglas Morrison; Abbas Mosapour; Sumaira Mubarik; Lillian Mwanri; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Shankar Prasad Nagaraju; Chie Nagata; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Rawlance Ndejjo; Sabina O. Nduaguba; Ionut Negoi; Serban Mircea Negru; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Nurulamin M. Noor; Virginia Nunez-Samudio; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Chimedsuren Ochir; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Andrew T. Olagunju; Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde; Emad Omar; Ahmed Omar Bali; Abidemi E. Emmanuel Omonisi; Sokking Ong; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Hans Orru; Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; Mahesh P A; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Keyvan Pakshir; Adrian Pana; Demosthenes Panagiotakos; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Shahina Pardhan; Eun-Cheol Park; Eun-Kee Park; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Harsh K. Patel; Jenil R. Patel; Siddhartha Pati; Sanjay M. Pattanshetty; Uttam Paudel; David M. Pereira; Renato B. Pereira; Arokiasamy Perianayagam; Julian David Pillay; Saeed Pirouzpanah; Farhad Pishgar; Indrashis Podder; Maarten J. Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Akila Prashant; Liliana Preotescu; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan; Venkatraman Radhakrishnan; Ata Rafiee; Fakher Rahim; Shadi Rahimzadeh; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Nazanin Rajai; Aashish Rajesh; Ivo Rakovac; Pradhum Ram; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Kamal Ranabhat; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Reza Rawassizadeh; Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Thomas J. Roberts; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Peter Rohloff; Michele Romoli; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; S. Manjula; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Umar Saeed; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Harihar Sahoo; Sana Salehi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Mehrnoosh Samaei; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Senthilkumar Sankararaman; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Yaeesh Sardiwalla; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Mete Saylan; Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider; Mario Sekerija; Allen Seylani; Omid Shafaat; Zahra Shaghaghi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Erfan Shamsoddin; Mohammed Shannawaz; Rajesh Sharma; Aziz Sheikh; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Adithi Shetty; Jeevan K. Shetty; Pavanchand H. Shetty; Kenji Shibuya; Reza Shirkoohi; K.M. Shivakumar; Velizar Shivarov; Soraya Siabani; Sudeep K. Siddappa Malleshappa; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Jasvinder A. Singh; Yitagesu Sintayehu; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Matthew J. Soeberg; Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi; Houman Sotoudeh; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Kurt Straif; Ranjeeta Subedi; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Iyad Sultan; Saima Sultana; Daniel Sur; Viktória Szerencsés; Miklós Szócska; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Hooman Tadbiri; Amir Taherkhani; Ken Takahashi; Iman M. Talaat; Ker-Kan Tan; Vivian Y. Tat; Bemnet Amare A. Tedla; Yonas Getaye Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Gizachew Assefa Tessema; Rekha Thapar; Aravind Thavamani; Viveksandeep Thoguluva Chandrasekar; Nihal Thomas; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Mathilde Touvier; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Bach Xuan Tran; Khanh Bao Tran; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Krishna Kishore Umapathi; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Marco Vacante; Maryam Vaezi; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Diana Zuleika Velazquez; Massimiliano Veroux; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Bay Vo; Victor Volovici; Giang Thu Vu; Yasir Waheed; Richard G. Wamai; Paul Ward; Yi Feng Wen; Ronny Westerman; Andrea Sylvia Winkler; Lalit Yadav; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Lin Yang; Sanni Yaya; Taklo Simeneh Yazie Yazie; Yigizie Yeshaw; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousefi; Chuanhua Yu; Deniz Yuce; Ismaeel Yunusa; Vesna Zadnik; Fariba Zare; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Jianrong Zhang; Chenwen Zhong; Linghui Zhou; Cong Zhu; Arash Ziapour; Ivan R. Zimmermann; Christina Fitzmaurice; Christopher J.L. Murray; Lisa M. Force
IMPORTANCE The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. OBJECTIVE To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. EVIDENCE REVIEW The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). FINDINGS In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world. © 2022 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Department of Error: Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2020) 395(10239) (1779–1801), (S0140673620301148), (10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30114-8))
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Robert C. Reiner; Kirsten E. Wiens; Aniruddha Deshpande; Mathew M. Baumann; Paulina A. Lindstedt; Brigette F. Blacker; Christopher E. Troeger; Lucas Earl; Sandra B. Munro; Degu Abate; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Getaneh Abebe; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Maryam Adabi; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Mohsen Afarideh; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Anwar E. Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Olufemi Ajumobi; Chalachew Genet Akal; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Ali S. Akanda; Genet Melak Alamene; Turki M. Alanzi; James R. Albright; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal; Birhan Tamene Alemnew; Zewdie Aderaw Alemu; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Muhammad Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ali Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Azmeraw T. Amare; Saeed Amini; Arianna Maever Loreche Amit; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Masresha Tessema Anegago; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Bahram Armoon; Krishna K. Aryal; Afsaneh Arzani; Mohsen Asadi-Lari; Alebachew Fasil Ashagre; Hagos Tasew Atalay; Suleman Atique; Sachin R. Atre; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Ashish Awasthi; Nefsu Awoke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Asnakew Achaw Ayele; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Samad Azari; Ebrahim Babaee; Alaa Badawi; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Aleksandra Barac; Till Winfried Barnighausen; Huda Basaleem; Quique Bassat; Mohsen Bayati; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yibeltal Alemu Bekele; Michelle L. Bell; Derrick A. Bennett; Dessalegn Ajema Berbada; Tina Beyranvand; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Somayeh Bohlouli; Oliver J. Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Rosario Cárdenas; Felix Carvalho; Franz Castro; Collins Chansa; Pranab Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bal Govind Chauhan; Ken Lee Chin; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Rafael M. Claro; Natalie M. Cormier; Vera M. Costa; Giovanni Damiani; Farah Daoud; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Amira Hamed Darwish; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Claudio Alberto Davila; Nicole Davis Weaver; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Jan-Walter De Neve; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutierrez; Kebede Deribe; Assefa Desalew; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Preeti Dhillon; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Daniel Diaz; Eric L. Ding; Helen Derara Diro; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; David Teye Doku; Christiane Dolecek; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bereket Duko Adema; Susanna J. Dunachie; Andre R. Durães; Senbagam Duraisamy; Andem Effiong; Aziz Eftekhari; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Hajer Elkout; Aisha Elsharkawy; Shymaa Enany; Aklilu Endalamaw; Daniel Adane Endalew; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Arash Etemadi; Tamer H. Farag; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Hossein Farzam; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Joseph Jon Frostad; Takeshi Fukumoto; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Birhanu Geta; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Fariba Ghassemi; Paramjit Singh Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Srinivas Goli; Nelson G.M. Gomes; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Barbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Harish Chander Gugnani; Davide Guido; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Michael Tamene Haile; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian James Hall; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Hamidreza Haririan; Ninuk Hariyani; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md. Mehedi Hasan; Amir Hasanzadeh; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Desta Haftu Hayelom; Behnam Heidari; Nathaniel J. Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Hagos D. de Hidru; Chi Linh Hoang; Praveen Hoogar; Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mowafa Househ; Guoqing Hu; Ayesha Humayun; Syed Ather Hussain; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Milena D. Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Anelisa Jaca; Nader Jafari Balalami; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Peng Jia; Kimberly B. Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Jóźwiak; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Hamed Kalani; Tanuj Kanchan; Behzad Karami Matin; Andre Karch; Surendra Karki; Amir Kasaeian; Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Daniel Bekele Ketema; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Nauman Khalid; Ali Talha Khalil; Ibrahim Khalil; Rovshan Khalilov; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Junaid Khan; Khaled Khatab; Amir Khater; Mona M. Khater; Alireza Khatony; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Mohammad Khazaei; Salman Khazaei; Ehsan Khodamoradi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Niranjan Kissoon; Shivakumar K.M. Kondlahalli; Margaret N. Kosek; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Nuworza Kugbey; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Aparna Lal; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Faris Hasan Lami; Van C. Lansingh; Savita Lasrado; Paul H. Lee; Mostafa Leili; Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo; Aubrey J. Levine; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Shai Linn; Rakesh Lodha; Joshua Longbottom; Platon D. Lopukhov; Sameh Magdeldin; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Farzad Manafi; Navid Manafi; Ana-Laura Manda; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Dadi Marami; Laurie B. Marczak; Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo; Winfried März; Anthony Masaka; Manu Raj Mathur; Pallab K. Maulik; Benjamin K. Mayala; Colm McAlinden; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M. Mehta; Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles; Addisu Melese; Ziad A. Memish; Alemayehu Toma Mena; Ritesh G. Menezes; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; Getnet Mengistu; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Bartosz Miazgowski; Kebadnew Mulatu M. Mihretie; Molly K. Miller-Petrie; Edward J. Mills; Seyed Mostafa Mir; Parvaneh Mirabi; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad; Dara K. Mohammad; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Noushin Mohammadifard; Ammas Siraj Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Ali H. Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Yoshan Moodley; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Mohammad Moradi-Joo; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Abbas Mosapour; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Miliva Mozaffor; Atalay Goshu Muluneh; Moses K. Muriithi; Christopher J.L. Murray; G.V.S. Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mohsen Naghavi; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Javad Nazari; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; QuynhAnh P. Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Dabere Nigatu; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Marzieh Nojomi; Jean Jacques Noubiap; In-Hwan Oh; Oluchi Okpala; Andrew T. Olagunju; Ahmed Omar Bali; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Doris D.V. Ortega-Altamirano; Osayomwanbo Osarenotor; Frank B. Osei; Mayowa Ojo Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Adrian Pana; Tahereh Pashaei; Sanghamitra Pati; Ajay Patle; George C. Patton; Kebreab Paulos; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Alexandre Pereira; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; David M. Pigott; Bakhtiar Piroozi; James A. Platts-Mills; Mario Poljak; Maarten J. Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Farshad Pourmalek; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Sergio I. Prada; Liliana Preotescu; Hedley Quintana; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Fatemeh Rajati; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Saleem M. Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Davide Rasella; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Vishnu Renjith; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Melese Abate Reta; Satar Rezaei; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Carlos Miguel Rios González; Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Elias Merdassa Roro; Ali Rostami; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Enrico Rubagotti; Salvatore Rubino; Anas M. Saad; Siamak Sabour; Ehsan Sadeghi; Saeed Safari; Mahdi Safdarian; Rajesh Sagar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Mohammad Reza Salahshoor; Nasir Salam; Farkhonde Salehi; Saleh Salehi Zahabi; Hosni Salem; Marwa R. Rashad Salem; Yahya Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Evanson Zondani Sambala; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Itamar S. Santos; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Benn Sartorius; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Alyssa N. Sbarra; Lauren E. Schaeffer; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Hosein Shabaninejad; Amira A. Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Ali S. Shalash; Seifadin Ahmed Shallo; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Mohammad Bagher Shamsi; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mehdi Sharif; Muki Shehu Shey; Kenji Shibuya; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Apurba Shil; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Si Si; Soraya Siabani; Jasvinder A. Singh; Narinder Pal Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Malede Mequanent Sisay; Eirini Skiadaresi; David L. Smith; Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh; Anton Sokhan; Moslem Soofi; Joan B. Soriano; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria; Bryan L. Sykes; Koku Sisay Tamirat; Aberash Abay Tassew; Nuno Taveira; Bineyam Taye; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Berhe Etsay Tesfay; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Sathish Thirunavukkarasu; Nihal Thomas; Kenean Getaneh Tlaye; Boikhutso Tlou; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Khanh Bao Tran; Indang Trihandini; Irfan Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Santosh Varughese; Yousef Veisani; Francesco S. Violante; Sebastian Vollmer; Theo Vos; Fiseha Wadilo Wada; Yasir Waheed; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel; Catherine A. Welgan; Ronny Westerman; Taweewat Wiangkham; Tissa Wijeratne; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Haileab Fekadu Wolde; Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash; Tewodros Eshete Wonde; Ai-Min Wu; Gelin Xu; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Tomohide Yamada; Mehdi Yaseri; Muluken Azage Yenesew; Alex Yeshaneh; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Ebrahim M. Yimer; Paul Yip; Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof; Chuanhua Yu; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Mohammad Zamani; Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio; Hamed Zandian; Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke; Nejimu Biza Zepro; Taye Abuhay Zewale; Dongyu Zhang; Yunquan Zhang; Xiu-Ju Zhao; Arash Ziapour; Sanjay Zodpey; Simon I. Hay
Reiner RC Jr, Hay SI. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2020; 395: 1779–801—In this Article, the author byline has been amended to Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators. This correction has been made to the online version as of June 4, 2020, and the printed version is correct. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Ewerton Cousin; Bruce B. Duncan; Caroline Stein; Kanyin Liane Ong; Theo Vos; Cristiana Abbafati; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Michael Abdelmasseh; Amir Abdoli; Rami Abd-Rabu; Hassan Abolhassani; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Gina Agarwal; Krishna K. Agrawaal; Marcela Agudelo-Botero; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sajjad Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Ali Ahmadi; Ali Ahmed; Yusra Ahmed Salih; Wuraola Akande-Sholabi; Tayyaba Akram; Hanadi Al Hamad; Ziyad Al-Aly; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Saeed Amini; Robert Ancuceanu; Tudorel Andrei; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Ranjit Mohan Anjana; Adnan Ansar; Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo; Benny Antony; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Damian Arizmendi; Benedetta Armocida; Anton A. Artamonov; Judie Arulappan; Zahra Aryan; Samaneh Asgari; Tahira Ashraf; Thomas Astell-Burt; Prince Atorkey; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Ashish D. Badiye; Atif Amin Baig; Mohan Bairwa; Jennifer L. Baker; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; Palash Chandra Banik; Anthony Barnett; Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Amadou Barrow; Neeraj Bedi; Rebuma Belete; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Arielle Wilder Bell; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; David Beran; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Sonu Bhaskar; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Setognal Birara; Virginia Bodolica; Aime Bonny; Hermann Brenner; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Yin Cao; Chao Cao; Ester Cerin; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Joht Singh Chandan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Simiao Chen; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Sonali Gajanan Choudhari; Enayet Karim Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Barbara Corso; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Jan-Walter De Neve; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Daniel Diaz; Sanam Ebtehaj; Hisham Atan Edinur; Sahar Eftekharzadeh; Iman El Sayed; Islam Y. Elgendy; Muhammed Elhadi; Mohamed A. Elmonem; Mohammed Faisaluddin; Umar Farooque; Xiaoqi Feng; Eduarda Fernandes; Florian Fischer; David Flood; Marisa Freitas; Peter Andras Gaal; Mohamed M. Gad; Piyada Gaewkhiew; Lemma Getacher; Mansour Ghafourifard; Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Nermin Ghith; Ghozali Ghozali; Paramjit Singh Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova; Mahaveer Golechha; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rajat Das Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Rabih Halwani; Asif Hanif; Graeme J. Hankey; Shafiul Haque; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Syed Shahzad Hasan; Abdiwahab Hashi; Soheil Hassanipour; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Mohammad Heidari; Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain; Sahadat Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh; Junjie Huang; Ayesha Humayun; Rabia Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Kevin S. Ikuta; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Usman Iqbal; Md Shariful Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Rakibul M. Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Gaetano Isola; Ramaiah Itumalla; Masao Iwagami; Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Ranil Jayawardena; Ravi Prakash Jha; Oommen John; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Ali Kabir; Rohollah Kalhor; Ashwin Kamath; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; Neeti Kapoor; Gbenga A. Kayode; Sewnet Adem Kebede; Pedram Keshavarz; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Moien A. B. Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Amir M. Khater; Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Sezer Kisa; Adnan Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Oleksii Korzh; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; G. Anil Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Wei-Chen Lee; Chiachi Bonnie Lee; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Ming-Chieh Li; Stephen S. Lim; Lee-Ling Lim; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Azeem Majeed; Ahmad Azam Malik; Borhan Mansouri; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Santi Martini; Prashant Mathur; Colm McAlinden; Nafiul Mehedi; Teferi Mekonnen; Ritesh G. Menezes; Amanual Getnet Mersha; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Agha Zeeshan Mirza; Prasanna Mithra; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Arif Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Farhad Moradpour; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Christopher J. L. Murray; Ahmad Mustafa; Gabriele Nagel; Vinay Nangia; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Rawlance Ndejjo; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Christoph Nowak; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; Temitope T. Ojo; Andrew T. Olagunju; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Alberto Ortiz; Mayowa O. Owolabi; Raffaele Palladino; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Shahina Pardhan; Tarang Parekh; Mojtaba Parvizi; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Arokiasamy Perianayagam; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Manju Pilania; Vivek Podder; Roman V. Polibin; Maarten J. Postma; Akila Prashant; Navid Rabiee; Mohammad Rabiee; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Md. Mosfequr Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Setyaningrum Rahmawaty; Nazanin Rajai; Pradhum Ram; Juwel Rana; Kamal Ranabhat; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; Satish Rao; Salman Rawaf; David Laith Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Nima Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Daniela Ribeiro; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Peter Rohloff; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Paul MacDaragh Ryan; Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Harihar Sahoo; K.M. Saif-Ur-Rahman; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Mehrnoosh Samaei; Juan Sanabria; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Markus P. Schlaich; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Mario Šekerija; Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar; Allen Seylani; Masood Ali Shaikh; Hina Shamshad; Md Shajedur Rahman Shawon; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Jeevan K. Shetty; Rahman Shiri; K.M. Shivakumar; Kerem Shuval; Jasvinder A. Singh; Ambrish Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi; Amin Soheili; Jing Sun; Viktória Szerencsés; Miklós Szócska; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Hooman Tadbiri; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Md. Tariqujjaman; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Rekha Thapar; Nihal Thomas; Binod Timalsina; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Marcello Tonelli; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Lorainne Tudor Car; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Riaz Uddin; Era Upadhyay; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Madhur Verma; Victor E. Villalobos-Daniel; Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov; Bay Vo; Giang Thu Vu; Rade Vukovic; Yasir Waheed; Richard G. Wamai; Andrea Werdecker; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Andrea Sylvia Winkler; Befikadu Legesse Wubishet; Xiaoyue Xu; Suowen Xu; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Hiroshi Yatsuya; Sanni Yaya; Taklo Simeneh Yazie Yazie; Siyan Yi; Naohiro Yonemoto; Ismaeel Yunusa; Siddhesh Zadey; Sojib Bin Zaman; Maryam Zamanian; Nelson Zamora; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Chenwen Zhong; Mohammad Zmaili; Alimuddin Zumla; Mohsen Naghavi; Maria Inês Schmidt
Background: Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (−28·4 to −2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to −5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (−13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (−13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation: Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Effect of Antioxidant-Rich Moringa Leaves on Quality and Functional Properties of Strawberry Juice
(Hindawi Limited, 2022) Muhammad Adnan Arif; Muhammad Inam-Ur-Raheem; Waseem Khalid; Clara Mariana Gonçalves Lima; Ravi Prakash Jha; Muhammad Zubair Khalid; Renata Ferreira Santana; Rohit Sharma; Abdulaziz Hassan Alhasaniah; Talha Bin Emran
Moringa oleifera and strawberry are cultivated extensively worldwide and are divinely blessed with an enormous amount of nutritional and medicinal constituents, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, potassium, and phenolic antioxidants that play a pivotal role in treating, confining, and preventing diabetes and many kinds of cancer. The focus of the study is to develop different samples of highly acceptable ready to serve (RTS) Moringa strawberry juice blend by underutilizing Moringa and strawberry juice in different proportions. Moringa oleifera's bitter taste and green color steeply limits its acceptability and counter this drawback utilized with strawberry juice. The physicochemical analysis of blended juice was performed to investigate the suitability and keeping quality of the juice mixture. The collected data signify that pH titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) the slight modification after the inclusion of Moringa juice extract and throughout the storage. The Moringa treatment positively improved the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, and vitamin C from 12 to 49.17 mg GAE/100g, 61.41 to 87.69%, and 64.03 to 86.65 mg/100 mL, respectively, but there was a slight decline in antioxidant quantity while stored under refrigerated conditions for one month. An assimilative trend was noticed in TPC and vitamin C, which collapsed from 49.17-36.32 mg GAE to 86.65-79.19 mg, respectively. In accordance with sensory analysis T2 (90% strawberry juice and 10% Moringa extract), the juice blend was rated best in context to flavor, color, and taste. This juice blend proved to be greatly effective especially for children suffering from malnutrition as well as women to counter with its appreciable number of nutritional constituents. © 2022 Muhammad Adnan Arif et al.
Epidemiological and clinico-radiological evaluation of head injury in pediatric population
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2020) Mukesh Sharma; Sharad Pandey; Praveen Kumar; Kulwant Singh; Pankaj Kumar; Ravi Prakash Jha
Background: Head injury in infancy and childhood has been documented as the single most common cause of death. In India, children aged <15 years constitute 35% of the total population and contribute to 20-30% of all head injuries. In this study, we attempted to analyze the epidemiological factors, management, and outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The objective of this study were to find the causes of head injury in children and its pattern of distribution in this population and to analyze the efforts required to prevent the injury and management focusing on limiting the progression of primary brain injury and minimizing secondary brain insult. Results: A total of 2714 patients with head injury were admitted at our hospital during the study period and, out of them, 508 (18.17%) were pediatric patients with age less than 18 years. Of the 508 patients, only 497 patients were included in this study. In the present study, 357 (71.83%) were males and 140 (28.16%) were females. In total, 351 cases were managed conservatively whereas surgical intervention was conducted in 146 cases (P < 0.001). In this study, the most common mode of injury was a road traffic accident (RTA) (46.88%; n = 233), followed by fall from height (34.8%; n = 173) (P < 0.001). It was also seen that epidural hematoma and fracture hematoma were the most common computed tomography findings in pediatric patients with head injury followed by parenchymal contusion or contusion with or without fracture followed by diffuse axonal injury. A total of 344 cases out of 497 cases were discharged with Glasgow outcome score (GOS)-5 whereas nine cases remained in a persistent vegetative state (GOS-2). Conclusion: Early intervention aimed at the primary lesion in TBI in children generally carries a good outcome, and limits as much as possible the ongoing biomechanical, physiological, and pathological sequelae post-TBI. In teenagers, the importance of proper self-care along with adequate safety gears while doing any TBI-prone activity should be emphasized. © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2018) Gregory A. Roth; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Solomon M. Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Haftom Temesgen Abebe; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Ayenew Negesse Abejie; Semaw F. Abera; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Abdu A. Adamu; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Mina G. Adib; Amha Admasie; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Kareha M. Agesa; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Sayem Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Tahiya Alam; Animut Alebel; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; Francois Alla; Peter Allebeck; Jordi Alonso; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T. Amare; Leopold N. Aminde; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Hossein Ansari; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Arnlov; Amit Arora; Monika Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna K. Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw; Zerihun Ataro; Suleman Atique; Sachin R. Atre; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F.G.A. Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Yohanes Ayele; Rakesh Ayer; Peter S. Azzopardi; Arefeh Babazadeh; Umar Bacha; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Ayele Geleto Bali; Katherine E. Ballesteros; Maciej Banach; Kajori Banerjee; Marlena S. Bannick; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Miguel A. Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Barnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lope H. Barrero; Quique Bassat; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Bejot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Abate Bekele Belachew; Ezra Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L. Bell; Aminu K. Bello; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Adam E. Berman; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S. Bernstein; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Ashish Bhalla; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Molly H. Biehl; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Donal Bisanzio; Tuhin Biswas; Brigette F. Blacker; Berrak Bora Basara; Rohan Borschmann; Cristina Bosetti; Kayvan Bozorgmehr; Oliver J. Brady; Luisa C. Brant; Carol Brayne; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J.K. Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Paul Svitil Briant; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Charlton S.K.H. Callender; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jorge Cano; Mate Car; Rosario Cardenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Austin Carter; Felix Carvalho; Carlos A. Castaneda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Chris D. Castle; Clara Castro; Franz Castro; Ferran Catala-Lopez; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J. Charlson; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal Chitheer; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Aaron J. Cohen; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Ewerton Cousin; Benjamin C. Cowie; Michael H. Criqui; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; Christopher Stephen Crowe; John A. Crump; Matthew Cunningham; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Anh Kim Dang; Paul I. Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Siddharth K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Jose Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Adrian C. Davis; Nicole Davis Weaver; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Jan-Walter De Neve; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Tizta T. Degfie; Selina Deiparine; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Balem Betsu Demtsu; Edgar Denova-Gutierrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C. Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Subhojit Dey; Samath D. Dharmaratne; Daniel Dicker; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; Eric L. Ding; M. Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Christl A. Donnelly; E. Ray Dorsey; Pratik P. Doshi; Dirk Douwes-Schultz; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim R. Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre R. Duraes; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; Dumessa Edessa; David Edvardsson; Anne Elise Eggen; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Ziad El-Khatib; Hajer Elkout; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Matthias Endres; Aman Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Holly E. Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Reza Esmaeili; Alireza Esteghamati; Mahdi Fakhar; Hamed Fakhim; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Farzaneh Farhadi; Carla Sofia Esá Farinha; Andre Faro; Maryam S. Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Valery L. Feigin; Andrea B. Feigl; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C. Fernandes; Alize J. Ferrari; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Samuel Finegold; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Nataliya A. Foigt; Kyle J. Foreman; Carla Fornari; Tahvi D. Frank; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E. Fuller; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Furst; Joao M. Furtado; Neal D. Futran; Silvano Gallus; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; Miguel A. Garcia-Gordillo; William M. Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Bereket Gebremichael; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Peter W. Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami; Reza Ghadimi; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mamata Ghimire; Katherine B. Gibney; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Maurice Giroud; Giorgia Giussani; Shifalika Goenka; Ellen M. Goldberg; Srinivas Goli; Hector Gomez-Dantes; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Taren M. Gorman; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra C. Goulart; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Ayman Grada; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes; Yuming Guo; Prakash C. Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutierrez; Bishal Gyawali; Juanita A. Haagsma; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan B. Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J. Handal; Graeme J. Hankey; Hilda L. Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Josep Maria Haro; Mehedi Hasan; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J. Hay; Simon I. Hay; Yihua He; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Mohamed I. Hegazy; Behzad Heibati; Mohsen Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J. Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Pouria Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu; Hans W. Hoek; Michael K. Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H. Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J. Hotez; Damian G. Hoy; Thomas Hsiao; Guoqing Hu; John J. Huang; Abdullatif Husseini; Mohammedaman Mama Hussen; Susan Hutfless; Bulat Idrisov; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Nazrul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Moti Tolera Jalu; Spencer L. James; Mehdi Javanbakht; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Kathy J. Jenkins; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; Catherine O. Johnson; Sarah C. Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jurisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; Andre Karch; Corine Karema; Hamidreza Karimi-Sari; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H. Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Dhruv Satish Kazi; Adane Teshome Kefale; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Muhammad Ali Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mona M. Khater; Abdullah T. Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri; Getiye D. Kibret; Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimaki; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A. Kopec; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A. Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Michael J. Kutz; Igor Kuzin; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Deepesh P. Lad; Sheetal D. Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Jennifer O. Lam; Faris Hasan Lami; Van C. Lansingh; Sonia Lansky; Heidi J. Larson; Arman Latifi; Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Georgy Lebedev; Paul H. Lee; James Leigh; Mostafa Leili; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Shanshan Li; Yichong Li; Juan Liang; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S. Lim; Miteku Andualem Limenih; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Yang Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Chris Lonsdale; Alan D. Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Raimundas Lunevicius; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mark T. Mackay; Jennifer H. MacLachlan; Emilie R. Maddison; Fabiana Madotto; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Dhaval P. Maghavani; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Ana-Laura Manda; Luiz Garcia Mandarano-Filho; Helena Manguerra; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Dadi Marami; Joemer C. Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Laurie Marczak; Ashley Marks; Guy B. Marks; Gabriel Martinez; Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried Marz; Melvin B. Marzan; Joseph R. Masci; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Prashant Mathur; Richard Matzopoulos; Pallab K. Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Martin McKee; Brian J. McMahon; Suresh Mehata; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M. Mehta; Varshil Mehta; Tefera C. Mekonnen; Addisu Melese; Mulugeta Melku; Peter T.N. Memiah; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; Getnet Mengistu; George A. Mensah; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Anoushka I. Millear; Ted R. Miller; Molly Katherine Miller-Petrie; G.K. Mini; Parvaneh Mirabi; Mojde Mirarefin; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Habtamu Mitiku; Babak Moazen; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Moslem Mohammadi; Noushin Mohammadifard; Mohammed A. Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Viswanathan Mohan; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Mehdi Moradinazar; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Ilais Moreno Velasquez; Joana Morgado-Da-Costa; Shane Douglas Morrison; Marilita M. Moschos; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Kindie Fentahun Muchie; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Satinath Mukhopadhyay; Kate Muller; John Everett Mumford; Jonah Musa; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Jean B. Nachega; Gabriele Nagel; Aliya Naheed; Azin Nahvijou; Gurudatta Naik; Sanjeev Nair; Farid Najafi; Luigi Naldi; Hae Sung Nam; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nansseu; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Nahid Neamati; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Subas Neupane; Charles R.J. Newton; Frida N. Ngalesoni; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Anh Quynh Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Ha Thu Nguyen; Huong Thanh Nguyen; Long Hoang Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Yirga Legesse Nirayo; Molly R. Nixon; Nomonde Nolutshungu; Shuhei Nomura; Ole F. Norheim; Mehdi Noroozi; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Hamid Reza Nouri; Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh; Mohammad Reza Nowroozi; Peter S. Nyasulu; Christopher M. Odell; Richard Ofori-Asenso; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew T. Olagunju; Pedro R. Olivares; Helen Elizabeth Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Kanyin L. Ong; Sok King Sk Ong; Eyal Oren; Heather M. Orpana; Alberto Ortiz; Justin R. Ortiz; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Simon Overland; Mayowa Ojo Owolabi; Raziye Ozdemir; P.A. Mahesh; Rosana Pacella; Smita Pakhale; Abhijit P. Pakhare; Amir H. Pakpour; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Jeyaraj Durai Pandian; Andrea Parisi; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D.H. Parry; Hadi Parsian; Shanti Patel; Sanghamitra Pati; George C. Patton; Vishnupriya Rao Paturi; Katherine R. Paulson; Alexandre Pereira; David M. Pereira; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Max Petzold; Michael R. Phillips; Frederic B. Piel; David M. Pigott; Julian David Pillay; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Farhad Pishgar; Suzanne Polinder; Maarten J. Postma; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Ashwini Pujar; Swayam Prakash; Narayan Prasad; Caroline A. Purcell; Mostafa Qorbani; Hedley Quintana; D.Alex Quistberg; Kirankumar Waman Rade; Amir Radfar Anwar Rafay; Fakher Rahim; Kazem Rahimi; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sasa Rajsic; Usha Ram; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Prabhat Ranjan; Puja C. Rao; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Christian Razo-Garcia; K. Srinath Reddy; Robert C. Reiner; Marissa B. Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Satar Rezaei; Shahab Rezaeian; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro; Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas; Kedir Teji Roba; Nicholas L.S. Roberts; Stephen R. Robinson; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ali Rostami; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Ambuj Roy; Enrico Rubagotti; Perminder S. Sachdev; Basema Saddik; Ehsan Sadeghi; Hosein Safari; Mahdi Safdarian; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Nasir Salam; Joseph S. Salama; Payman Salamati; Raphael De Freitas Saldanha; Zikria Saleem; Yahya Salimi; Sundeep Santosh Salvi; Inbal Salz; Evanson Zondani Sambala; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Maria Dolores Sanchez-Nino; Damian Francesco Santomauro; Itamar S. Santos; Joao Vasco Santos; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Benn Sartorius; Shahabeddin Sarvi; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Arundhati R. Sawant; Monika Sawhney; Sonia Saxena; Mehdi Sayyah; Elke Schaeffner; Maria Ines Schmidt; Ione J.C. Schneider; Ben Schottker; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; David C. Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; James G. Scott; Mario Sekerija; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Edson Servan-Mori; Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi; Hosein Shabaninejad; Katya Anne Shackelford; Azadeh Shafieesabet; Mehdi Shahbazi; Amira A. Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Mohammadbagher Shamsi; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Kiomars Sharafi; Mehdi Sharif; Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini; Rajesh Sharma; Jun She; Aziz Sheikh; Peilin Shi; Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Ivy Shiue; Farhad Shokraneh; Mark G. Shrime; Si Si; Soraya Siabani; Tariq J. Siddiqi; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir; Donald H. Silberberg; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Joao Pedro Silva; Natacha Torres Da Silva; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Jasvinder A. Singh; Narinder Pal Singh; Prashant Kumar Singh; Virendra Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Karen Sliwa; Mari Smith; Badr Hasan Sobaih; Soheila Sobhani; Eugene Sobngwi; Samir S. Soneji; Moslem Soofi; Reed J.D. Sorensen; Joan B. Soriano; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Luciano A. Sposato; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Vinay Srinivasan; Jeffrey D. Stanaway; Vladimir I. Starodubov; Vasiliki Stathopoulou; Dan J. Stein; Caitlyn Steiner; Leo G. Stewart; Mark A. Stokes; Michelle L. Subart; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu'Awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Patrick John Sur; Ipsita Sutradhar; Bryan L. Sykes; P.N. Sylaja; Dillon O. Sylte; Cassandra E.I. Szoeke; Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Ken Takahashi; Nikhil Tandon; Segen Gebremeskel Tassew; Nuno Taveira; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Tigist Gashaw Tekalign; Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Omar Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Manaye Yihune Teshale; Belay Tessema; Gizachew Assefa Tessema; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Sathish Thirunavukkarasu; Nihal Thomas; Amanda G. Thrift; George D. Thurston; Binyam Tilahun; Quyen G. To; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Marcello Tonelli; Roman Topor-Madry; Anna E. Torre; Miguel Tortajada-Girbes; Mathilde Touvier; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Khanh Bao Tran; Suryakant Tripathi; Christopher E. Troeger; Thomas Clement Truelsen; Nu Thi Truong; Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik; Derrick Tsoi; Lorainne Tudor Car; E. Murat Tuzcu; Stefanos Tyrovolas; Kingsley N. Ukwaja; Irfan Ullah; Eduardo A. Undurraga; Rachel L. Updike; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Olalekan A. Uthman; Selen Begum Uzun; Muthiah Vaduganathan; Afsane Vaezi; Gaurang Vaidya; Pascual R. Valdez; Elena Varavikova; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Santos Villafaina; Francesco S. Violante; Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov; Vasily Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Theo Vos; Gregory R. Wagner; Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew; Yasir Waheed; Mitchell Taylor Wallin; Judd L. Walson; Yanping Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Molla Mesele Wassie; Elisabete Weiderpass; Robert G. Weintraub; Fitsum Weldegebreal; Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs; Andrea Werdecker; Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh; T. Eoin West; Ronny Westerman; Harvey A. Whiteford; Justyna Widecka
GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2019) Jeffrey D. Stanaway; Ashkan Afshin; Emmanuela Gakidou; Stephen S. Lim; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Semaw F. Abera; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Pawan Acharya; Abdu A. Adamu; Akilew Awoke Adane; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Zanfina Ademi; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Mina G. Adib; Amha Admasie; Jose C. Adsuar; Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi; Mohsen Afarideh; Gina Agarwal; Anju Aggarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Alaa Alashi; Seyed Moayed Alavian; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Komal Ali; Syed Mustafa Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala’a Alkerwi; François Alla; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T. Amare; Walid Ammar; Nahla Hamed Anber; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Josep M. Antó; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Lambert Tetteh Appiah; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna K. Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Zerihun Ataro; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F.G.A. Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rakesh Ayer; Tambe B. Ayuk; Peter S. Azzopardi; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Kylie Ball; Shoshana H. Ballew; Maciej Banach; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Aleksandra Barac; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Eyasu Tamru Bekru; Ezra Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L. Bell; Aminu K. Bello; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Gilles Bergeron; Adugnaw Berhane; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S. Bernstein; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Donal Bisanzio; Tuhin Biswas; Tone Bjørge; Brigette F. Blacker; Archie Bleyer; Rohan Borschmann; Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J. Brady; Michael Brauer; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J.K. Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Richard T. Burnett; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Leah E. Cahill; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kate Causey; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Kai-Lan Chang; Fiona J. Charlson; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Miao Li Chee; Ching-Yu Cheng; Adrienne Chew; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Ken Lee Chin; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J. Choi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Massimo Cirillo; Aaron J. Cohen; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Cyrus Cooper; Owen R. Cooper; Josef Coresh; Leslie Cornaby; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Megan Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Michael H. Criqui; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; David K. Cundiff; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Sarah C. Darby; Paul I. Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P. Dellavalle; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Aniruddha Deshpande; Don C. Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Gabrielle Aline Deveber; Subhojit Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; Eric L. Ding; Helen Derara Diro; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim R. Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre R. Duraes; Natalie Ebert; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Anne Elise Eggen; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Ziad El-Khatib; Iqbal Rf Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Holly E. Erskine; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Hamed Fakhim; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Talha A. Farid; Carla Sofia E. Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Maryam S. Farvid; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Batool Fatima; Kairsten A. Fay; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Valery L. Feigin; Andrea B. Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C. Fernandes; Giannina Ferrara; Alize J. Ferrari; Manuela L. Ferreira; Irina Filip; Jonas David Finger; Florian Fischer; Nataliya A. Foigt; Kyle J. Foreman; Takeshi Fukumoto; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M. Furtado; Neal D. Futran; Seana Gall; Silvano Gallus; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Morsaleh Ganji; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; William M. Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Peter W. Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Reza Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mamata Ghimire; Rakesh Ghosh; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Simona Giampaoli; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; William W. Godwin; Srinivas Goli; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Alessandra C. Goulart; Ayman Grada; Morgan E. Grams; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Daniela S. Gutiérrez-Torres; Juanita A. Haagsma; Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan B. Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J. Handal; Graeme J. Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L. Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Josep Maria Haro; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin N. Hawley; Simon I. Hay; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Mohsen Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn T. Hibstu; Tarig B. Higazi; Esayas Haregot Hilawe; Hans W. Hoek; Howard J. Hoffman; Michael K. Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H. Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Damian G. Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Thomas Hsiao; Guoqing Hu; Howard Hu; John J. Huang; Mamusha Aman Hussen; Chantal K. Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Nayu Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Maria D. Jackson; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Spencer L. James; Simerjot K. Jassal; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Jost B. Jonas; Jitendra Jonnagaddala; Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Tanuj Kanchan; Surya Kant; Chittaranjan Kar; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Narges Karimi; Seyed M. Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H. Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Adane Teshome Kefale; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Gulfaraz Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Muhammad Ali Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mona M. Khater; Mohammad Khazaei; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T. Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimäki; Luke D. Knibbs; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A. Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A. Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Kristopher J. Krohn; Hans Kromhout; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Igor Kuzin; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Carl Lachat; Deepesh P. Lad; Sheetal D. Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Justin J. Lang; Van C. Lansingh; Samantha Leigh Larson; Arman Latifi; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Paul H. Lee; James Leigh; Mostafa Leili; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Yichong Li; Juan Liang; Xiaofeng Liang; Yu Liao; Misgan Legesse Liben; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Alan D. Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Tim C.D. Lucas; Raimundas Lunevicius; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Ísis Eloah Machado; Fabiana Madotto; Hue Thi Mai; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Ana-Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Joemer C. Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Ashley Marks; Randall V. Martin; Sheila C.O. Martins; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Winfried März; Melvin B. Marzan; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Prashant Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K. Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Martin McKee; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M. Mehta; Varshil Mehta; Toni Meier; Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen; Yohannes A. Melaku; Addisu Melese; Mulugeta Melku; Peter T.N. Memiah; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; George A. Mensah; Gert B.M. Mensink; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Anoushka I. Millear; Ted R. Miller; Molly Katherine Miller-Petrie; G.K. Mini; Mojde Mirarefin; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. 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Smith; Mari Smith; Badr Hasan Sobaih; Soheila Sobhani; Ranjani Somayaji; Moslem Soofi; Reed J.D. Sorensen; Joan B. Soriano; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Angela Spinelli; Luciano A. Sposato; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Vinay Srinivasan; Vladimir I. Starodubov; Nadine Steckling; Dan J. Stein; Murray B. Stein; Goran Stevanovic; Leo Stockfelt; Mark A. Stokes; Lela Sturua; Michelle L. Subart; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Gerhard Sulo; Bruno F. Sunguya; Patrick John Sur; Bryan L. Sykes; Cassandra E.I. Szoeke; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Ken Takahashi; Nikhil Tandon; Segen Gebremeskel Tassew; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Nuno Taveira; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Tigist Gashaw Tekalign; Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin; Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle; Habtamu Temesgen; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Omar Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Belay Tessema; Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Andrew Theis; Sathish Thirunavukkarasu; Hannah J. 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Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Katrin Burkart; Kate Causey; Aaron J Cohen; Sarah S Wozniak; Devashri Digvijay Salvi; Cristiana Abbafati; Victor Adekanmbi; Jose C Adsuar; Keivan Ahmadi; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Vahid Alipour; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Adeladza Kofi Amegah; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Fereshteh Ansari; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Timur Aripov; Ebrahim Babaee; MacIej Banach; Anthony Barnett; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Robert S Bernstein; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Ali Bijani; Antonio Biondi; Somayeh Bohlouli; Susanne Breitner; Hermann Brenner; Zahid A Butt; Luis Alberto Cámera; Carlos Cantu-Brito; Felix Carvalho; Ester Cerin; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bal Govind Chauhan; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Dinh-Toi Chu; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Ahmad Daryani; Kairat Davletov; Barbora De Courten; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Daniel Diaz; Shirin Djalalinia; Bruce B Duncan; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Mohammad Fareed; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Eduarda Fernandes; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Nataliya A Foigt; Marisa Freitas; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Paramjit Singh Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Yuming Guo; Rajat Das Gupta; Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Graeme J Hankey; Edris Hasanpoor; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Simon I Hay; Behzad Heibati; Michael K Hole; Naznin Hossain; Mowafa Househ; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Jalil Jaafari; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Amir Kasaeian; Neda Kaydi; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Junaid Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Khaled Khatab; Amir M Khater; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Luke D Knibbs; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Nuworza Kugbey; Paolo Lauriola; Paul H Lee; Mostafa Leili; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Yong Liu; Stefan Lorkowski; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Narayan B Mahotra; Azeem Majeed; Afshin Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Abdullah A Mamun; Navid Manafi; Santi Martini; Birhanu Geta Meharie; Ritesh G Menezes; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Ted R Miller; G.K. Mini; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Bahram Mohajer; Shafiu Mohammed; Viswanathan Mohan; Ali H Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Paula Moraga; Shane Douglas Morrison; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Satinath Mukhopadhyay; Ghulam Mustafa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Gurudatta Naik; Vinay Nangia; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Andrew T Olagunju; Obinna E Onwujekwe; Alberto Ortiz; Mayowa O Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Eun-Kee Park; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Maarten J Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Samira Raoofi; Lal Rawal; Andre M N Renzaho; Aziz Rezapour; Daniela Ribeiro; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Ehsan Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Sundeep Santosh Salvi; Abdallah M Samy; Juan Sanabria; Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Maria Inês Schmidt; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Masood Ali Shaikh; Kiomars Sharafi; Aziz Sheikh; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Kerem Shuval; Ireneous N Soyiri; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Yonatal Mesfin Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Roman Topor-Madry; Lorainne Tudor Car; Irfan Ullah; Marco Vacante; Pascual R Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Francesco S Violante; Yasir Waheed; Charles D A Wolfe; Tomohide Yamada; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Sojib Bin Zaman; Yunquan Zhang; Sanjay Zodpey; Stephen S Lim; Jeffrey D Stanaway; Michael Brauer
Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. Since 1990, the attributable burden has increased by 50%, driven largely by population growth and ageing. Globally, the impact of reductions in household air pollution was largely offset by increased ambient PM2·5. Interpretation: Air pollution is a major risk factor for diabetes. We estimated that about a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes is attributable PM2·5 pollution. Air pollution mitigation therefore might have an essential role in reducing the global disease burden resulting from type 2 diabetes. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: Methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
(BMJ Publishing Group, 2020) Spencer L. James; Chris D. Castle; Zachary V. Dingels; Jack T. Fox; Erin B. Hamilton; Zichen Liu; Nicholas L. S. Roberts; Dillon O. Sylte; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Matthew Cunningham; Nathaniel J. Henry; Kate E. Legrand; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Aidin Abedi; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Jose C. Adsuar; Shailesh M. Advani; Marcela Agudelo-Botero; Tauseef Ahmad; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Niguse Meles Alema; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Suliman A. Alghnam; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Saqib Ali; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Khalid Altirkawi; Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Davood Anvari; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Zohreh Arefi; Olatunde Aremu; Filippo Ariani; Amit Arora; Malke Asaad; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Ghasem Azarian; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Atif Amin Baig; Mohan Bairwa; Ahad Bakhtiari; Arun Balachandran; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Palash Chandra Banik; Amrit Banstola; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Akbar Barzegar; Mohsen Bayati; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Habte Belete; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Archith Boloor; Guilherme Borges; Rohan Borschmann; Antonio Maria Borzì; Soufiane Boufous; Dejana Braithwaite; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Traolach Brugha; Shyam S. Budhathoki; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Félix Carvalho; João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Joht S. Chandan; Jens Robert Chapman; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Irini Chatziralli; Neha Chaudhary; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young J. Choi; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Flavia M. Cicuttini; João M. Coelho; Vera M. Costa; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Ahmad Daryani; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Diego De Leo; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Kebede Deribe; Rupak Desai; Mostafa Dianati Nasab; Diana Dias Da Silva; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Hoa Thi Do; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bereket Duko Adema; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Ziad El-Khatib; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Maysaa El Sayedzaki; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Oghenowede Eyawo; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Florian Fischer; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Hadush Gebremariam; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Leake G. Gebremeskel; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Berhe Gebremichael; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Birhanu Geta; Agegnehu Bante Getenet; Mansour Ghafourifard; Farhad Ghamari; Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh; Asadollah Gholamian; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Amir Hossein Goudarzian; Alessandra C. Goulart; Ayman Grada; Michal Grivna; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Yuming Guo; Gaurav Gupta; Juanita A. Haagsma; Brian James Hall; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Josep Maria Haro; Amir Hasanzadeh; Shoaib Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Delia Hendrie; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Martha Híjar; Hung Chak Ho; Chi Linh Hoang; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Naznin Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Guoqing Hu; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Rebecca Q. Ivers; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Farzad Jalilian; Sudha Jayaraman; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Ravi Prakash Jha; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Jost B. Jonas; Kelly M. Jones; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Teshome Abegaz Kamil; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Manoochehr Karami; Amir Kasaeian; Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye; Taras Kavetskyy; Gbenga A. Kayode; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Abraham Getachew Kelbore; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Rovshan Khalilov; Maseer Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Junaid Khan; Tripti Khanna; Salman Khazaei; Habibolah Khazaie; Roba Khundkar; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Sezer Kisa; Adnan Kisa; Hamidreza Komaki; Shivakumar K. M. Kondlahalli; Ali Koolivand; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U. G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Nuworza Kugbey; Nithin Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Girikumar Kumaresh; Faris Hasan Lami; Van C. Lansingh; Savita Lasrado; Arman Latifi; Paolo Lauriola; Carlo La Vecchia; Janet L. Leasher; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Shanshan Li; Xuefeng Liu; Alan D. Lopez; Paulo A. Lotufo; Ronan A. Lyons; Daiane Borges Machado; Mohammed Madadin; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Marek Majdan; Azeem Majeed; Venkatesh Maled; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Navid Manafi; Amir Manafi; Ana-Laura Manda; Narayana Manjunatha; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Joemer C. Maravilla; Amanda J. Mason-Jones; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Pallab K. Maulik; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik; Peter T. N. Memiah; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Hayimro Edemealem Merie; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Efat Mohamadi; Yousef Mohammad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Shafiu Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Mohammad A. Mohseni Bandpei; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Yoshan Moodley; Masoud Moradi; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Lidia Morawska; Ilais Moreno Velásquez; Shane Douglas Morrison; Tilahun Belete Mossie; Atalay Goshu Muluneh; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Gurudatta Naik; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Farid Najaf; Vinay Nangia; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Morteza Naserbakht; Vinod Nayak; Javad Nazari; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Diep Ngoc Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Richard Ofori-Asenso; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Ahmed Omar Bali; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Heather M. Orpana; Erika Ota; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; A.P. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Smita Pakhale; Keyvan Pakshir; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Eun-Kee Park; Sangram Kishor Patel; Ashish Pathak; Sanghamitra Pati; Kebreab Paulos; Amy E. Peden; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Jeevan Pereira; Michael R. Phillips; Roman V. Polibin; Suzanne Polinder; Farshad Pourmalek; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Swayam Prakash; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Parul Puri; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Navid Rabiee; Mohammad Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Ata Rafee; Alireza Rafei; Fakher Rahim; Siavash Rahimi; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Fatemeh Rajati; Ivo Rakovac; Sowmya J. Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Vishnu Renjith; Serge Resnikoff; Aziz Rezapour; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Carlos Miguel Rios González; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Basema Saddik; Hamid Safarpour; Mahdi Safdarian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Payman Salamati; Marwa R. Rashad Salem; Hosni Salem; Inbal Salz; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Lidia Sanchez Riera; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Mehdi Sayyah; David C. Schwebel; Soraya Seedat; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi; Feng Sha; Faramarz Shaahmadi; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Aziz Sheikh; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Soraya Siabani; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Jasvinder A. Singh; Pankaj Kumar Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Amin Soheili; Joan B. Soriano; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Mark A. Stokes; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Karen M. Tabb; Biruk Wogayehu Taddele; Yonatal Mesfin Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu; Ayenew Kassie Tesema Tesema; Berhe Etsay Tesfay; Rekha Thapar; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Kenean Getaneh Tlaye; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Roman Topor-Madry; Khanh Bao Tran; Bach Xuan Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Alexander C. Tsai; Aristidis Tsatsakis; Lorainne Tudor Car; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Olalekan A. Uthman; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Yousefi Veisani; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Yasir Waheed; Yuan-Pang Wang; Taweewat Wiangkham; Haileab Fekadu Wolde; Dawit Habte Woldeyes; Temesgen Gebeyehu Wondmeneh; Adam Belay Wondmieneh; Ai-Min Wu; Grant M. A. Wyper; Rajaram Yadav; Ali Yadollahpour; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Pengpeng Ye; Paul Yip; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Yoosik Youm; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousef; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Zoubida Zaidi; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Hamed Zandian; Fatemeh Zarei; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Yunquan Zhang; Arash Ziapour; Sanjay Zodpey; Rakhi Dandona; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Simon I. Hay; Ali H. Mokdad; David M. Pigott; Robert C. Reiner; Theo Vos
Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC B Y. Published by BMJ.
Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Emma Nichols; Jaimie D. Steinmetz; Stein Emil Vollset; Kai Fukutaki; Julian Chalek; Foad Abd-Allah; Amir Abdoli; Ahmed Abualhasan; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Tayyaba Tayyaba Akram; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Vahid Alipour; Sami Almustanyir; Hubert Amu; Iman Ansari; Jalal Arabloo; Tahira Ashraf; Thomas Astell-Burt; Getinet Ayano; Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos; Atif Amin Baig; Anthony Barnett; Amadou Barrow; Bernhard T. Baune; Yannick Béjot; Woldesellassie M. Mequanint Bezabhe; Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Sonu Bhaskar; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Ali Bijani; Atanu Biswas; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Carol Brayne; Hermann Brenner; Katrin Burkart; Richard A. Burns; Luis Alberto Cámera; Chao Cao; Felix Carvalho; Luis F.S. Castro-De-Araujo; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Prachi P. Chavan; Nicolas Cherbuin; Dinh-Toi Chu; Vera Marisa Costa; Rosa A.S. Couto; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Abdel Douiri; David Edvardsson; Michael Ekholuenetale; Iman El Sayed; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Jawad Fares; Andre Faro; Umar Farooque; Valery L. Feigin; Xiaoqi Feng; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Irina Filip; Howard Fillit; Florian Fischer; Shilpa Gaidhane; Lucia Galluzzo; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Nermin Ghith; Alessandro Gialluisi; Syed Amir Gilani; Ionela-Roxana Glavan; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Mahaveer Golechha; Rajeev Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Mohammad Rifat Haider; Brian J. Hall; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Graeme J. Hankey; Shafiul Haque; Risky Kusuma Hartono; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; M. Tasdik Hasan; Amr Hassan; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Mohamed I. Hegazy; Golnaz Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Claudiu Herteliu; Mowafa Househ; Rabia Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Licia Iacoviello; Ivo Iavicoli; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Hiroyasu Iso; Masao Iwagami; Roxana Jabbarinejad; Louis Jacob; Vardhmaan Jain; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Ranil Jayawardena; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Rizwan Kalani; Amit Kandel; Himal Kandel; André Karch; Ayele Semachew Kasa; Gizat M. Kassie; Pedram Keshavarz; Moien A.B. Khan; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Walter J. Koroshetz; Ai Koyanagi; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Hassan Mehmood Lak; Matilde Leonardi; Bingyu Li; Stephen S. Lim; Xuefeng Liu; Yuewei Liu; Giancarlo Logroscino; Stefan Lorkowski; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Ricardo Lutzky Saute; Francesca Giulia Magnani; Ahmad Azam Malik; João Massano; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Ritesh G. Menezes; Atte Meretoja; Bahram Mohajer; Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim; Yousef Mohammad; Arif Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Stefania Mondello; Mohammad Ali Moni; Md Moniruzzaman; Tilahun Belete Mossie; Gabriele Nagel; Muhammad Naveed; Vinod C. Nayak; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Bogdan Oancea; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Maja Pasovic; Urvish K. Patel; Mona Pathak; Mario F.P. Peres; Arokiasamy Perianayagam; Carrie B. Peterson; Michael R. Phillips; Marina Pinheiro; Michael A. Piradov; Constance Dimity Pond; Michele H. Potashman; Faheem Hyder Pottoo; Sergio I. Prada; Amir Radfar; Alberto Raggi; Fakher Rahim; Mosiur Rahman; Pradhum Ram; Priyanga Ranasinghe; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Nima Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Stephen R. Robinson; Michele Romoli; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ramesh Sahathevan; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Brijesh Sathian; Davide Sattin; Monika Sawhney; Mete Saylan; Silvia Schiavolin; Allen Seylani; Feng Sha; Masood Ali Shaikh; K.S. Shaji; Mohammed Shannawaz; Jeevan K. Shetty; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Joao Pedro Silva; Renata Silva; Jasvinder A. Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Amanda E. Smith; Sergey Soshnikov; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Dan J. Stein; Jing Sun; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Bhaskar Thakur; Binod Timalsina; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Vasily Vlassov; Giang Thu Vu; Linh Gia Vu; Yuan-Pang Wang; Anders Wimo; Andrea Sylvia Winkler; Lalit Yadav; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Lin Yang; Yuichiro Yano; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Siddhesh Zadey; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Christopher J.L. Murray; Theo Vos
Background: Given the projected trends in population ageing and population growth, the number of people with dementia is expected to increase. In addition, strong evidence has emerged supporting the importance of potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia. Characterising the distribution and magnitude of anticipated growth is crucial for public health planning and resource prioritisation. This study aimed to improve on previous forecasts of dementia prevalence by producing country-level estimates and incorporating information on selected risk factors. Methods: We forecasted the prevalence of dementia attributable to the three dementia risk factors included in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 (high body-mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, and smoking) from 2019 to 2050, using relative risks and forecasted risk factor prevalence to predict GBD risk-attributable prevalence in 2050 globally and by world region and country. Using linear regression models with education included as an additional predictor, we then forecasted the prevalence of dementia not attributable to GBD risks. To assess the relative contribution of future trends in GBD risk factors, education, population growth, and population ageing, we did a decomposition analysis. Findings: We estimated that the number of people with dementia would increase from 57·4 (95% uncertainty interval 50·4–65·1) million cases globally in 2019 to 152·8 (130·8–175·9) million cases in 2050. Despite large increases in the projected number of people living with dementia, age-standardised both-sex prevalence remained stable between 2019 and 2050 (global percentage change of 0·1% [–7·5 to 10·8]). We estimated that there were more women with dementia than men with dementia globally in 2019 (female-to-male ratio of 1·69 [1·64–1·73]), and we expect this pattern to continue to 2050 (female-to-male ratio of 1·67 [1·52–1·85]). There was geographical heterogeneity in the projected increases across countries and regions, with the smallest percentage changes in the number of projected dementia cases in high-income Asia Pacific (53% [41–67]) and western Europe (74% [58–90]), and the largest in north Africa and the Middle East (367% [329–403]) and eastern sub-Saharan Africa (357% [323–395]). Projected increases in cases could largely be attributed to population growth and population ageing, although their relative importance varied by world region, with population growth contributing most to the increases in sub-Saharan Africa and population ageing contributing most to the increases in east Asia. Interpretation: Growth in the number of individuals living with dementia underscores the need for public health planning efforts and policy to address the needs of this group. Country-level estimates can be used to inform national planning efforts and decisions. Multifaceted approaches, including scaling up interventions to address modifiable risk factors and investing in research on biological mechanisms, will be key in addressing the expected increases in the number of individuals affected by dementia. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gates Ventures. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Austin E. Schumacher; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Amirali Aali; Cristiana Abbafati; Jaffar Abbas; Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh; Madineh Akram Abbasi; Mohammadreza Abbasian; Samar Abd ElHafeez; Michael Abdelmasseh; Sherief Abd-Elsalam; Ahmed Abdelwahab; Mohammad Abdollahi; Meriem Abdoun; Auwal Abdullahi; Ame Mehadi Abdurehman; Mesfin Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Armita Abedi; Tadesse M. Abegaz; Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga; E.S. Abhilash; Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Mohamed Abouzid; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Woldu Aberhe Abrha; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Dariush Abtahi; Samir Abu Rumeileh; Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; Salahdein Aburuz; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Juan Manuel Acuna; Tim Adair; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Oyelola A. Adegboye; Victor Adekanmbi; Bashir Aden; Abiola Victor Adepoju; Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji; Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa; Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye; Rishan Adha; Amin Adibi; Wirawan Adikusuma; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saryia Adra; Abel Afework; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi; Ali Afraz; Shadi Afyouni; Saira Afzal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Shahin Aghamiri; Antonella Agodi; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Danish Ahmad; Firdos Ahmad; Muayyad M. Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade; Mohadese Ahmadzade; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Luai A. Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Syed Anees Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Budi Aji; Olufemi Ajumobi; Gizachew Taddesse Akalu; Essona Matatom Akara; Karolina Akinosoglou; Sreelatha Akkala; Samuel Akyirem; Hanadi Al Hamad; Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan; Ammar Al Homsi; Mohammad Al Qadire; Moein Ala; Timothy Olukunle Aladelusi; Tareq Mohammed Ali Al-Ahdal; Samer O. Alalalmeh; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Manjurul Alam; Zufishan Alam; Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Mohammed Albashtawy; Mohammad T. AlBataineh; Robert W. Aldridge; Sharifullah Alemi; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Khalid F. Alhabib; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi; Abid Ali; Akhtar Ali; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Hassam Ali; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Zahid Ali; Shohreh Alian Samakkhah; Gianfranco Alicandro; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Mohammad Aligol; Rasoul Alimi; Ahmednur Adem Aliyi; Adel Al-Jumaily; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Wael Almahmeed; Sabah Al-Marwani; Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri; Joseph Uy Almazan; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Omar Almidani; Mahmoud A. Alomari; Nivaldo Alonso; Jaber S. Alqahtani; Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi; Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah; Awais Altaf; Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Farrukh Jawad Alvi; Hassan Alwafi; Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi; Hany Aly; Karem H. Alzoubi; Azmeraw T. Amare; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Abebe Feyissa Amhare; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Alireza Amindarolzarbi; Javad Aminian Dehkordi; Sohrab Amiri; Hubert Amu; Dickson A. Amugsi; Jimoh Amzat; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Pedro Prata Andrade; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Dhanalakshmi Angappan; Abhishek Anil; Afifa Anjum; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Muhammad Aqeel; Jalal Arabloo; Razman Arabzadeh Bahri; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Mosab Arafat; Ana Margarida Araújo; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Abdulfatai Aremu; Hany Ariffin; Timur Aripov; Benedetta Armocida; Mahwish Arooj; Anton A. Artamonov; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Judie Arulappan; Idowu Thomas Aruleba; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba; Ashokan Arumugam; Malke Asaad; Saeed Asgary; Mubarek Yesse Ashemo; Muhammad Ashraf; Marvellous O. Asika; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Alok Atreya; Sameh Attia; Avinash Aujayeb; Abolfazl Avan; Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Getnet Melaku Ayele; Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos; Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh; Sina Azadnajafabad; Gulrez Shah Azhar; Shahkaar Aziz; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Mina Babashahi; Abraham Samuel Babu; Muhammad Badar; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Soroush Baghdadi; Nasser Bagheri; Sara Bagherieh; Sulaiman Bah; Saeed Bahadorikhalili; Jianjun Bai; Ruhai Bai; Jennifer L. Baker; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Saliu A. Balogun; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; Kiran Bam; Maciej Banach; Soham Bandyopadhyay; Biswajit Banik; Palash Chandra Banik; Hansi Bansal; Shirin Barati; Martina Barchitta; Mainak Bardhan; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Ronald D. Barr; Lope H. Barrero; Zarrin Basharat; Asma'u I.J. Bashir; Hameed Akande Bashiru; Pritish Baskaran; Buddha Basnyat; Quique Bassat; João Diogo Basso; Saurav Basu; Kavita Batra; Ravi Batra; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Thomas Beaney; Neeraj Bedi; Tahmina Begum; Emad Behboudi; Amir Hossein Behnoush; Maryam Beiranvand; Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Michelle L. Bell; Aminu K. Bello; Muhammad Bashir Bello; Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello; Luis Belo; Apostolos Beloukas; Salaheddine Bendak; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Habib Benzian; Zombor Berezvai; Adam E. Berman; Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez; Paulo J.G. Bettencourt; Habtamu B. Beyene; Kebede A. Beyene; Devidas S. Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Dinesh Bhandari; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Prarthna V. Bhardwaj; Ashish Bhargava; Sonu Bhaskar; Vivek Bhat; Gurjit Kaur Bhatti; Jasvinder Singh Bhatti; Manpreet S. Bhatti; Rajbir Bhatti; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Boris Bikbov; Nada Binmadi; Bagas Suryo Bintoro; Antonio Biondi; Catherine Bisignano; Francesca Bisulli; Atanu Biswas; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Saeid Bitaraf; Tone Bjørge; Archie Bleyer; Mary Sefa Boampong; Virginia Bodolica; Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin; Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa; Milad Bonakdar Hashemi; Aime Bonny; Kaustubh Bora; Berrak Bora Basara; Safiya Bala Borodo; Rohan Borschmann; Alejandro Botero Carvajal; Souad Bouaoud; Sofiane Boudalia; Edward J. Boyko; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Hermann Brenner; Gabrielle Britton; Annie J. Browne; Andre R. Brunoni; Norma B. Bulamu; Lemma N. Bulto; Danilo Buonsenso; Katrin Burkart; Richard A. Burns; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Yasser Bustanji; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Tianji Cai; Daniela Calina; Luis Alberto Cámera; Luciana Aparecida Campos; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Chao Cao; Carlos Alberto Cardenas; Rosario Cárdenas; Sinclair Carr; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Andrea Carugno; Felix Carvalho; Márcia Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ferrán Catalá-López; Alberico L. Catapano; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Arthur Caye; Christopher R. Cederroth; Francieli Cembranel; Muthia Cenderadewi; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Muge Cevik; Pamela R. Chacón-Uscamaita; Yaacoub Chahine; Chiranjib Chakraborty; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Chin-Kuo Chang; Periklis Charalampous; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou; Malizgani Paul Chavula; Huzaifa Ahmad Cheema; An-Tian Chen; Haowei Chen; Lingxiao Chen; Meng Xuan Chen; Simiao Chen; Nicolas Cherbuin; Derek S. Chew; Gerald Chi; Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres; Abdulaal Chitheer; So Mi Jemma Cho; William C.S. Cho; Bryan Chong; Hitesh Chopra; Rahul Choudhary; Rajiv Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Eric Chung; Eunice Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Karly I. Cini; Cain C.T. Clark; Kaleb Coberly; Alyssa Columbus; Haley Comfort; Joao Conde; Sara Conti; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Richard G. Cowden; Michael H. Criqui; Natália Cruz-Martins; Garland T. Culbreth; Patricia Cullen; Matthew Cunningham; Daniel da Silva E Silva; Sriharsha Dadana; Omid Dadras; Zhaoli Dai; Koustuv Dalal; Lachlan L. Dalli; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Sara Daneshvar; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Jai K. Das; Saswati Das; Nihar Ranjan Dash; Mohsen Dashti; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Nicole Davis Weaver; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Aklilu Tamire Debele; Louisa Degenhardt; Reza Dehbandi; Lee Deitesfeld; Ivan Delgado-Enciso; Laura Delgado-Ortiz; Daniel Demant; Berecha Hundessa Demessa; Andreas K. Demetriades; Xinlei Deng; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C. Des Jarlais; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Rupak Desai; Keshab Deuba; Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu; Sourav Dey; Arkadeep Dhali; Kuldeep Dhama; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Meghnath Dhimal; Sameer Dhingra; Diana Dias Da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Adriana Dima; Delaney D. Ding; M. Ashworth Dirac; Abhinav Dixit; Shilpi Gupta Dixit; Thanh Chi Do; Thao Huynh Phuong Do; Camila Bruneli Do Prado; Masoud Dodangeh; Klara Georgieva Dokova; Christiane Dolecek; E Ray Dorsey; Wendel Mombaque dos Santos; Rajkumar Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Abdel Douiri; Robert Kokou Dowou; Tim Robert Driscoll; Haneil Larson Dsouza; John Dube; Samuel C. Dumith; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Senbagam Duraisamy; Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye; Sulagna Dutta; Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach; Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic; Oluwakemi Ebenezer; Ejemai Eboreime; Alireza Ebrahimi; Chidiebere Peter Echieh; Abdelaziz Ed-Dra; Hisham Atan Edinur; David Edvardsson; Kristina Edvardsson; Defi Efendi; Ferry Efendi; Shayan Eghdami; Terje Andreas Eikemo; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Emmanuel Ekpor; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Rabie Adel El Arab; Doaa Abdel Wahab El Morsi; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Noha Mousaad Elemam; Frank J. Elgar; Islam Y. Elgendy; Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy; Mohammed Elshaer; Ibrahim Elsohaby; Amir Emami Zeydi; Mehdi Emamverdi; Theophilus I. Emeto; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Tesfahun C. Eshetie; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Juan Espinosa-Montero; Kara Estep; Farshid Etaee; Ugochukwu Anthony Eze; Natalia Fabin; Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Saman Fahimi; Luca Falzone; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris; Mohsen Farjoud Kouhanjani; Andre Faro; Hossein Farrokhpour; Ali Fatehizadeh; Hamed Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Pooria Fazeli; Valery L. Feigin; Ginenus Fekadu; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Daniela Ferrante; Pietro Ferrara; Nuno Ferreira; Getahun Fetensa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Joanne Flavel; Abraham D. Flaxman; Luisa S. Flor; Bobirca Teodor Florin; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Kristen Marie Foley; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Lisa M. Force; Carla Fornari; Behzad Foroutan; Matteo Foschi; Kate Louise Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Alberto Freitas; Joseph Friedman; Sara D. Friedman; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E. Fuller; Peter Andras Gaal; Muktar A. Gadanya; Santosh Gaihre; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Emmanuela Gakidou; Yaseen Galali; Nasrin Galehdar; Silvano Gallus; Quan Gan; Aravind P. Gandhi; Balasankar Ganesan; Jalaj Garg; Shuo-Yan Gau; Prem Gautam; Rupesh K. Gautam; Federica Gazzelloni; Miglas W. Gebregergis; Mesfin Gebrehiwot; Tesfay Brhane Gebremariam; Urge Gerema; Motuma Erena Getachew; Tamirat Getachew; Peter W. Gething; Mansour Ghafourifard; Sulmaz Ghahramani; Khalid Yaser Ghailan; Alireza Ghajar; Mohammad Javad Ghanbarnia; MohammadReza Ghasemi; Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh; Fariba Ghassemi; Ramy Mohamed Ghazy; Sailaja Ghimire; Asadollah Gholamian; Ali Gholamrezanezhad; Pooyan Ghorbani Vajargah; Ghozali Ghozali; Sherief Ghozy; Arun Digambarrao Ghuge; Alessandro Gialluisi; Ruth Margaret Gibson; Artyom Urievich Gil; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Themba G. Ginindza; Alem Girmay; James C. Glasbey; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Laszlo Göbölös; Amit Goel; Mohamad Goldust; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Arefeh Golestanfar; Davide Golinelli; Philimon N. Gona; Houman Goudarzi; Amir Hossein Goudarzian; Anmol Goyal; Scott Greenhalgh; Michal Grivna; Giovanni Guarducci; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Mesay Dechasa Gudeta; Avirup Guha; Stefano Guicciardi; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Sasidhar Gunturu; Cui Guo; Anish Kumar Gupta; Bhawna Gupta; Indarchand Ratanlal Gupta; Rajat Das Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vijai Kumar Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Farrokh Habibzadeh; Parham Habibzadeh; Vladimir Hachinski; Mohammad Haddadi; Rasool Haddadi; Nils Haep; Adel Hajj Ali; Esam S. Halboub; Sobia Ahsan Halim; Brian J. Hall; Sebastian Haller; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah; Samer Hamidi; Mohammad Hamiduzzaman; Ahmad Hammoud; Nasrin Hanifi; Graeme J. Hankey; Md Abdul Hannan; Md Nuruzzaman Haque; Harapan Harapan; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Faizul Hasan; Ikramul Hasan; M Tasdik Hasan; Hamidreza Hasani; Mohammad Hasanian; Ali Hasanpour-Dehkordi; Abbas M. Hassan; Amr Hassan; Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam; Soheil Hassanipour; Johannes Haubold; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Youssef Hbid; Jeffrey J. Hebert; Omar E. Hegazi; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Bartosz Helfer; Claudiu Herteliu; Hamed Hesami; Dineshani Hettiarachchi; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Yuta Hiraike; Howard J. Hoffman; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Md Belal Hossain; Md Mahbub Hossain; Sahadat Hossain; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Hassan Hosseinzadeh; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mohamed Hsairi; Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh; Chengxi Hu; Junjie Huang; Md Nazmul Huda; Fernando N. Hugo; Michael Hultström; Javid Hussain; Salman Hussain; Nawfal R. Hussein; Le Duc Huy; Hong-Han Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Oluwatope Olaniyi Idowu; Desta Ijo; Kevin S. Ikuta; Mehran Ilaghi; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Arnaud Iradukunda; Farideh Iravanpour; Kenneth Chukwuemeka Iregbu; Md Rabiul Islam; Mohammad Mainul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Gaetano Isola; Masao Iwagami; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja; Mahalaxmi Iyer; Linda Merin; Jalil Jaafari; Louis Jacob; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Morteza Jafarinia; Khushleen Jaggi; Kasra Jahankhani; Nader Jahanmehr; Haitham Jahrami; Akhil Jain; Nityanand Jain; Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh; Elham Jamshidi; Chinmay T. Jani; Mark M. Janko; Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Jayakumar Jeganathan; Alelign Tasew Jema; Digisie Mequanint Jemere; Wonjeong Jeong; Anil K. Jha; Ravi Prakash Jha; John S. Ji; Heng Jiang; Yingzhao Jin; Yinzi Jin; Olatunji Johnson; Nabi Jomehzadeh; Darwin Phan Jones; Tamas Joo; Abel Joseph; Nitin Joseph; Charity Ehimwenma Joshua; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Billingsley Kaambwa; Ali Kabir; Hannaneh Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Farima Kahe; Pradnya Vishal Kakodkar; Rizwan Kalani; Leila R. Kalankesh; Feroze Kaliyadan; Sanjay Kalra; Ashwin Kamath; Arun Kamireddy; Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai; Himal Kandel; Edmund Wedam Kanmiki; Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi; Rami S. Kantar; Neeti Kapoor; Mehrdad Karajizadeh; Behzad Karami Matin; Shama D. Karanth; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Asima Karim; Hanie Karimi; Salah Eddin Karimi; Arman Karimi Behnagh; Samad Karkhah; Ajit K. Karna; Faizan Zaffar Kashoo; Hengameh Kasraei; Nigussie Assefa Kassaw; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Molly B. Kassel; Adarsh Katamreddy; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Patrick D.M.C. Katoto; Joonas H. Kauppila; Navjot Kaur; Neda Kaydi; Jeanne Françoise Kayibanda; Gbenga A. 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Kinzel; Girmay Tsegay Kiross; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Juniper Boroka Kiss; Mika Kivimäki; Desmond Klu; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Farzad Kompani; Gerbrand Koren; Soewarta Kosen; Karel Kostev; Ashwin Laxmikant Kotnis; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A. Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Hare Krishna; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; Kris J. Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Connor M. Kubeisy; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Md Abdul Kuddus; Mohammed Kuddus; Ilari Kuitunen; Omar Kujan; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Vishnutheertha Kulkarni; Ashish Kumar; Harish Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Rahul Kumar; Shiv Kumar; Madhulata Kumari; Almagul Kurmanova; Om P. Kurmi; Asep Kusnali; Dian Kusuma; Tezer Kutluk; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Evans F. 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Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Mohsen Naghavi; Kanyin Liane Ong; Amirali Aali; Hazim S. Ababneh; Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh; Mohammadreza Abbasian; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Samar Abd ElHafeez; Michael Abdelmasseh; Sherief Abd-Elsalam; Ahmed Abdelwahab; Mohammad Abdollahi; Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar; Meriem Abdoun; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Auwal Abdullahi; Mesfin Abebe; Samrawit Shawel Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; E.S. Abhilash; Hassan Abidi; Olumide Abiodun; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Meysam Abolmaali; Mohamed Abouzid; Girma Beressa Aboye; Lucas Guimaraes Abreu; Woldu Aberhe Abrha; Dariush Abtahi; Samir Abu Rumeileh; Hasan Abualruz; Bilyaminu Abubakar; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Salahdein Aburuz; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Tadele Girum Adal; Abdu A. Adamu; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Giovanni Addolorato; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiola Victor Adepoju; Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji; Juliana Bunmi Adetunji; Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa; Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka; Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye; Biruk Adie Admass; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saryia Adra; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Saira Afzal; Suneth Buddhika Agampodi; Pradyumna Agasthi; Manik Aggarwal; Shahin Aghamiri; Feleke Doyore Agide; Antonella Agodi; Anurag Agrawal; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Danish Ahmad; Firdos Ahmad; Muayyad M Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Shahzaib Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Luai A. 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Alhabib; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi; Abid Ali; Amjad Ali; Liaqat Ali; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Shahid Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Reyhaneh Alikhani; Yousef Alimohamadi; Ahmednur Adem Aliyi; Mohammad A. M. Aljasir; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Francois Alla; Peter Allebeck; Sabah Al-Marwani; Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri; Joseph Uy Almazan; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Louay Almidani; Omar Almidani; Mahmoud A. Alomari; Basem Al-Omari; Jordi Alonso; Jaber S. Alqahtani; Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi; Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi; Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah; Zaid Altaany; Awais Altaf; Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Deborah Oyine Aluh; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Hassan Alwafi; Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi; Hany Aly; Safwat Aly; Karem H. Alzoubi; Reza Amani; Azmeraw T. Amare; Prince M. Amegbor; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Alireza Amindarolzarbi; Sohrab Amiri; Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq; Hubert Amu; Dickson A. Amugsi; Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; David B. Anderson; Pedro Prata Andrade; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Colin Angus; Abhishek Anil; Sneha Anil; Amir Anoushiravani; Hossein Ansari; Ansariadi Ansariadi; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Saeid Anvari; Saleha Anwar; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Razique Anwer; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Muhammad Aqeel; Juan Pablo Arab; Jalal Arabloo; Mosab Arafat; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Demelash Areda; Abdulfatai Aremu; Olatunde Aremu; Hany Ariffin; Mesay Arkew; Benedetta Armocida; Michael Benjamin Arndt; Johan Arnlov; Mahwish Arooj; Anton A. Artamonov; Judie Arulappan; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba; Ashokan Arumugam; Malke Asaad; Mohsen Asadi-Lari; Akeza Awealom Asgedom; Mona Asghariahmadabad; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Muhammad Ashraf; Armin Aslani; Thomas Astell-Burt; Mohammad Athar; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu; Habtamu Wondmagegn Atlaw; Prince Atorkey; Maha Moh'D Wahbi Atout; Alok Atreya; Avinash Aujayeb; Marcel Ausloos; Abolfazl Avan; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Amlaku Mulat Aweke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Haleh Ayatollahi; Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos; Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh; Sina Azadnajafabad; Rui M. S. Azevedo; Ahmed Y. Azzam; B.B. Darshan; Abraham Samuel Babu; Muhammad Badar; Ashish D. Badiye; Soroush Baghdadi; Nasser Bagheri; Sara Bagherieh; Sulaiman Bah; Saeed Bahadorikhalili; Najmeh Bahmanziari; Ruhai Bai; Atif Amin Baig; Jennifer L. Baker; Abdulaziz T. 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Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Thao Huynh Phuong Do; Camila Bruneli Do Prado; Saeid Doaei; Masoud Dodangeh; Milad Dodangeh; Sushil Dohare; Klara Georgieva Dokova; Christiane Dolecek; Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez; Wanyue Dong; Deepa Dongarwar; Mario D'Oria; Fariba Dorostkar; E. Ray Dorsey; Wendel Mombaque Dos Santos; Rajkumar Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Robert Kokou Dowou; Tim Robert Driscoll; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Viola Dsouza; Mi Du; John Dube; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Senbagam Duraisamy; Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye; Laura Dwyer-Lindgren; Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach; Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic; Abdel Rahman E'Mar; Ejemai Eboreime; Alireza Ebrahimi; Chidiebere Peter Echieh; Hisham Atan Edinur; David Edvardsson; Kristina Edvardsson; Defi Efendi; Ferry Efendi; Diyan Ermawan Effendi; Terje Andreas Eikemo; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Iman El Sayed; Iffat Elbarazi; Teshome Bekele Elema; Noha Mousaad Elemam; Frank J. Elgar; Islam Y. Elgendy; Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Waseem El-Huneidi; Legesse Tesfaye Elilo; Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy; Mohamed A. Elmonem; Mohammed Elshaer; Ibrahim Elsohaby; Theophilus I. Emeto; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Juan Espinosa-Montero; Habtamu Esubalew; Farshid Etaee; Natalia Fabin; Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Ayesha Fahim; Saman Fahimi; Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh; Luca Falzone; Mohammad Fareed; Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha; Moezalislam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Andre Faro; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Ali Fatehizadeh; Hamed Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Pooria Fazeli; Valery L. Feigin; Alireza Feizkhah; Ginenus Fekadu; Xiaoru Feng; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Daniela Ferrante; Alize J. 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Background: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. Methods: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings: The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. Interpretation: Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M. Abbas; Mohammad Abbasi; Mitra Abbasifard; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Aidin Abedi; Parisa Abedi; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Victor Aboyans; Elissa M. Abrams; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Abdulaziz Khalid Abu Haimed; Ahmed Abualhasan; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Alyssa Acebedo; Ilana N. Ackerman; Maryam Adabi; Tim Adair; Abdu A. Adamu; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Jaimie D. Adelson; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Mohsen Afarideh; Mahdi Afshari; Ashkan Afshin; Emilie E. Agardh; Gina Agarwal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Kareha M. Agesa; Mohammad Aghaali; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Alireza Ahmadi; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Ehsan Ahmadpour; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Budi Aji; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Samuel B. Albertson; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Niguse Meles Alema; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Yihun Mulugeta Alemu; Khalid F. Alhabib; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Muhammad Ali; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almadi; Ali Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Abdulaziz M. Almulhim; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Arwa Khalid Alumran; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. 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Cooper; Barbara Corso; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Richard G. Cowden; Benjamin C. Cowie; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; Andrew J. Croneberger; Di H. Cross; Marita Cross; Christopher Stephen Crowe; Jessica A. Cruz; Steven Cummins; Matthew Cunningham; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Haijiang Dai; Hancheng Dai; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; William James Dangel; Anna-Karin Danielsson; Jiregna Darega Gela; Paul I. Dargan; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José das Neves; Aditya Prasad Dash; Gail Davey; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Adrian C. Davis; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Frances E. Dean; Nicole K. DeCleene; Amanda Deen; Louisa Degenhardt; Marissa DeLang; Robert Paul Dellavalle; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nebiyu Dereje Dereje; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Rupak Desai; Assefa Desalew; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Keshab Deuba; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Martin Dichgans; Alireza Didarloo; Zachary V. Dingels; Ilse N. Dippenaar; M. Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Christiane Dolecek; Andrew J. Dolgert; Fariba Dorostkar; Chirag P. Doshi; Pratik P. Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Abdel Douiri; Matthew C. Doxey; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Eleonora Dubljanin; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Joshua R. 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Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Maryam Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Nermin Ghith; Asadollah Gholamian; Rakesh Ghosh; Simona Giampaoli; Syed Amir Gilani; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Themba G. Ginindza; Mojgan Gitimoghaddam; Giorgia Giussani; Mustefa Glagn; Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Myron Anthony Godinho; Salime Goharinezhad; Mahaveer Golechha; Srinivas Goli; Ricardo Santiago Gomez; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Emily Goren; Giuseppe Gorini; Taren M. Gorman; Harrison Chase Gottlich; Houman Goudarzi; Amir Hossein Goudarzian; Alessandra C. 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Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license