Browsing by Author "S. Maurya"

Now showing 1 - 19 of 19

Antifungal activity and induced resistance in pea by aqueous extract of vermicompost and for control of powdery mildew of pea and balsam
(2003) U.P. Singh; S. Maurya; D.P. Singh
Vermicompost (VC) is a nutritionally rich natural organic fertilizer, which releases nutrients relatively slowly in the soil. It improves quality of the plants along with physical and biological properties of soil, i. e., soil aeration, water-holding capacity and ecological balance of microbial soil biota. Aqueous extracts of vermicompost (AVC) inhibited spore germination of several fungi. They also affected the development of powdery mildews on balsam (Impatiens balsamina) and pea (Pisum sativum) caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum and Erysiphe pisi, respectively, in the field at very low concentrations (0.1-0.5 %). Soil amendment with VC (1-5%) induced synthesis of phenolic acids in pea. Maximum phenolic acids were detected in pea plants treated with 4% VC followed by 3% as compared to control. The induction of phenolic acids in plants was correlated with the degree of resistance in treated as compared to non-treated (control) pea plants. The growth of plants grown in VC-amended soil was much better than the growth of plants raised in non-amended soil.
Antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of Archu (Rheum emodi) on powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and its role in the induction of resistance in balsam (Impatiens balsamania)
(2010) S. Maurya; Rashmi Singh; U.P. Singh
Rheum emodi, vernacularly known as Archu, is one of the important high altitude medicinal plants widely distributed in Himalayan regions. Though widely used in Ayurveda for curing various human diseases, its use in plant diseases is limited. Ethanolic extract of Rheum rhizome was assayed against spore germination of Alternaria solani, Heliminthosporium penniseti and Curvularia palliscens. The inhibition of spore germination was concentration dependent. Maximum inhibition was obtained at 4000 and 5000 ppm followed by 3000, 2000 and 1000 ppm. However, the extract was highly effective in the pre-inoculation treatment against powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) of balsam (Impatiens balsamania) under field conditions. High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of balsam leaves showed increased synthesis of phenolic acids, which has been correlated with induced resistance in inhibiting the disease intensity of balsam powdery mildew. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.
Antifungal activity of neem (Azardirachta indica) toddy
(2010) U.P. Singh; S. Maurya; Amitabh Singh; Mandavi Singh
Neem (Azardirachta indica) is regarded as 'village pharmacy' in India due to its enormous use in the Indian villages as a folk medicine. Its different parts have been explored scientifically, except 'Neem toddy', which is a white secretion that exudes from the angle formed between the two major branches of old neem trees. The exact age of the tree upon the secretion of this white fluid is not known, nor why such a secretion occurs. It is normal, though rare, for such secretions to occur in old trees. The taste of neem toddy is bitter. The white milky liquid secretion, the 'neem toddy', was collected from the tree and assayed for the presence of phenolic acids by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The phenolic acids detected were caffeic, vanillic, o-coumaric, cinnamic and salicylic acids. It was further fractionated by ethyl acetate and this fraction was tested against some fungi for antifungal activity. It was observed to be highly antifungal in vitro. Field experiments also showed its high efficacy against balsam (Impatiens balsamina) powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum). © 2010 Taylor & Francis.
Antifungal efficacy of some ethyl acetate extract fractions of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes against spore germination of some fungi
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2011) Amitabh Singh; S. Maurya; Rashmi Singh; U.P. Singh
Plant products play an important role as safe and ecofriendly method in controlling various plant diseases. Ethyl acetate fractions of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes have been found highly effective against some species of Alternaria (A. alternata, A. brassicola, A. solani, Alternaria chearanthi), Colletotrichum (C. musae, Colletotrichum sp.), Curvularia (C. lunata, C. maculans, C. pallescens, C. pennisetti), Helminthosporium (H. pennissetti, H. spiciferum, H. echinoclova and Heterosporium colocasiae) in vitro. A. brassisicola was highly sensitive to all the fractions at all the concentrations. Fractions 4-7 inhibited complete spore germination at 2000 and 3000 μg/ml as compared to control. However, 100% spore germination inhibition was found in Colletotrichum species in all the fractions at 2000 and 3000 μg/ml but at lower concentrations 50-60% spore germination and 90% reduction of germ tube elongation were observed. Curvularia species was highly sensitive to all concentrations of all the fractions as 50-100% spore germination inhibition was recorded at 500 μg/ml dose. Some species of Helminthosporium were sensitive at 3000 μg/ml in some fractions but other test fractions showed least efficacy. Fractions 4-7 were 100% inhibitory for H. colocasiae. Germ tube elongation was also affected by 60-90%. The germ tube branching and their elongation were affected in almost all species at 30 to 95%. The high efficacy of ethyl acetate fractions of rhizomes of C. rotundus against some fungi indicates that they can be very well tried under field conditions against some important plant diseases as an ecofriendly method of plant disease control. © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Characterization of phenolic compounds in some Indian mango cultivars
(2004) U.P. Singh; D.P. Singh; Mandavi Singh; S. Maurya; J.S. Srivastava; R.B. Singh; S.P. Singh
Mangoes (Mangifera indica) are rich in phenolic acids as detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The phenolics have prominent medicinal properties. Among six important commercial mango cultivars (Deshi, Langra, Chausa, Mallika, Dashahari and Amrapali) tannic acid was maximal in Mallika, while gallic acid was maximal in Chausa and all other varieties. Caffeic acid was maximal in Langra followed by Chausa and Amrapali. Many of the pharmacological properties attributed to mango might be due to the presence of phenolic acids in fairly significant amounts. © 2004 Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Chemotaxonomic variability in Zizyphus mouritiana varieties and its pharmacological properties in relation to human health
(2007) D.P. Singh; S. Maurya; S.P. Singh; Mandavi Singh; U.P. Singh
Twenty varieties of ber (Zizyphus mouritiana), namely umaran, katha, bilayati, kaithli, ZG-3, gola, safeda rohtak, takadi, tikari, banarasi karaka, seo, sonaur-2, sonaur-3, ilaichi, mundia murahra, pathan, kakrola gola, seb, golden yellow and chhuhara, were investigated for the presence of phenolic acids in stem bark, leaves and fruits using high performance liquid chromatograph. Results indicated the presence of tannic (retention time (Rt.) 2.76 min), gallic (Rt. 2.86 min), caffeic (Rt. 3.12 min), vanillic (Rt. 3.26 min), ferulic (Rt. 3.42 min), chlorogenic (Rt. 4.16 min) and cinnamic acids (Rt. 4.45 min) in varying amounts in different parts in of these varieties. In fruits of seven varieties, namely, kaithly, sonaur-2, sonaur-3, mundia murahra, pathan, golden yellow and chhuhara, oxalic acid (Rt. 3.00 min) was also detected. Pharmacological properties of phenolic acids of fruits in relation to human health and the possible implications of different phenolic acids in chemotaxonomy of different varieties of ber are discussed. © 2008 by Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effects of exudate depletion on sclerotial development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and of oxalic acid on the synthesis of phenolic acids in egg plant (Solanum melongena L.)
(2004) U.P. Singh; B.K. Sarma; D.P. Singh; S. Maurya; P.K. Mishra; H.B. Singh
Exudate depletion from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia caused poor development of sclerotia, causing reduced sclerotial size and less compactness of the peripheral cell layers. Exudate also showed antifungal activity against some parasitic as well as saprophytic fungi. Aspergillus flavus, Cercospora blumea, Colletotrichum capsici and Fusartum udum showed maximum sensitivity to exudate in undiluted form where less than 40 % conidial germination was recorded. High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction of exudate showed that it consisted of tannic, gallic, ferulic and cinnamic acids along with many other unidentified compounds. The exudate-depleted sclerotia were able to cause infection in egg plants (Solanum melongena) in glasshouse. Foliar application of oxalic acid and sclerotial exudate of S. sclerotiorum induced the synthesis of phenolic acids (gallic and cinnamic acid) in treated egg plant leaves. Maximum induction of gallic acid was seen in leaves treated with 0.1 % oxalic acid after 96 h, whereas maximum induction of cinnamic acid was observed in leaves treated with undiluted exudate after 48 h. The lesser amount of cinnamic acid synthesis in leaves in presence of mycelia of S. sclerotiorum indicates the operation of some other resistant reactions other than the phenyl propanoid pathway.
Efficacy of alkaloid (-)-corypalmine against spore germination of some fungi
(Czech Academy of Sciences, 2002) S. Maurya; J.S. Srivastava; R.N. Jha; V.B. Pandey; U.P. Singh
Inhibition activity of the alkaloid (-)-corypalmine on spore germination of plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungi (Alternaria solani, A brassicicola, A. brassicae, A. melongenae, Curvularia pallescens, C. lunata, C. maculans, Curvularia sp., Colletotrichum sp., Helminthosporium speciferum, H. frumentacei, H. pennisetti, Heterosporium sp., Penicillum sp., Ustilago cynodontis) was determined. Spore germination of all the tested fungi was inhibited, Heterosporium sp. and Ustilago cynodontis being the most sensitive (complete inhibition of spore germination was observed at the very low concentration of 200 ppm). Curvularia palliscens, C. maculans and Curvularia sp. were less sensitive; complete inhibition of spore germination occurred at 400 ppm.
Exogenous application of L-phenylalanine and ferulic acid enhance phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and accumulation of phenolic acids in pea (Pisum sativum) to offer protection against Erysiphe pisi
(2010) D.P. Singh; Amar Bahadur; B.K. Sarma; S. Maurya; H.B. Singh; U.P. Singh
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity was measured using HPLC in pea leaves following exogenous application of L-phenylalanine and ferulic acid. Treatment with different concentrations (50, 100, 150 ppm) of L-phenylalanine caused increased activity of PAL activity in comparison to control. In pea leaves treated with 50 ppm L-phenylalanine, maximum PAL activity was observed after 72 h of treatment. Application of ferulic acid first reduced PAL activity at lower concentration (50 ppm) but it further increased at higher concentrations of the compound (100 and 150 ppm) in pea leaves compared to control. Minimum PAL activity was 0.19 nM cinnamic acid/ min/g fresh wt after 24 h at 50 ppm and then increased with time. Treatment with both compounds significantly increased the accumulation of phenolic acids and salicylic acid and reduced conidial germination of Erysiphe pisi on pea leaves. They were equally effective at 100 and 150 ppm in reducing conidial germination. Conidial germination on L-phenylalanine-treated leaves was 26% after 24 h and that on ferulic acid treated leaves 34% compared to control (46%). Foliar application of different concentrations of L-phenylalanine increased the level of ferulic acid in the leaves of pea plants. Maximum enzyme activity in terms of the accumulation of cinnamic acid (79.3 and 83.5 μg/g fresh wt) was observed following the application of L-phenylalanine after 24 and 48 h respectively. At 50 ppm, cinnamic acid accumulation in pea leaves was 35.6 and 39.4 μg/g fresh wt and 74.3 and 86.5 mg/g fresh wt at 100 ppm. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.
Foliar spray of aqueous extract of neem (azadirachta indica) cake to control balsam (Impatiens balsaminia) powdery mildew
(2010) U.P. Singh; S. Maurya; Amitabh Singh; Leena Gohain
Neem cake is used as a soil amendment. It releases nutrient into the soil very slowly. It is also an insect repellent. It improves the physical as well as biological conditions of the soil such as soil aeration, water holding capacity and also the microflora in the rhizosphere. Aqueous extract of neem cake was used against powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) of balsam (Impatiens balsaminia) in the field at 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The efficacy was observed even at low concentrations (25%). Foliar application of aqueous extract of neem cake induced synthesis of phenolic acids in balsam. Maximum phenolic acid was detected in balsam plant leaves treated with 50% neem cake followed by 75% in both pre-and post-inoculation treatments. The induction of phenolic acid in plants was correlated with the induction of resistance in treated plants against powdery mildew. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.
Improvement of antagonistic capability of Trichoderma harzianum by UV-Irradiation for management of Macrophomina phaseolina
(2010) Rashmi Singh; S. Maurya; R.S. Upadhyay
Antagonistic capability of Trichoderma harzianum was improved through UV-irradiation. Four different type of mutants, T. harzianum - Ma (Th-Ma), T. harzianum - Mb(Th-Mb), T. harzianum - Mc (Th-Mc), T. harzianum - Md (Th-Md) of T. harzianum and the parent strain (Th-P) were selected for further studies. Th-Ma and Th-Mb showed more antagonistic capability against Macrophomina phaseolina than its parent strain Th-P in dual culture. Biochemical analysis of these four mutants and the parent strain showed that Th-Ma releases higher level of two lytic enzymes i.e. chitinases and cellulases and Th-Mb produces more β-1,3-glucanase activity than the parent strain. Culture filtrate of Th-Ma also showed antifungal properties. Study of the competitive saprophytic ability (CSA) of these four mutants and the parent strain were also made. Th-Ma exhibited higher CSA than the parental isolate while Th-Md had less CSA than all other mutants and the parent strain of T. harzianum. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.
Investigation on the phenolics of some spices having pharmacotherapeutic properties
(2004) U.P. Singh; D.P. Singh; S. Maurya; Ruchi Maheshwari; Mandavi Singh; R.S. Dubey; R.B. Singh
Spices are an important group of agricultural commodities being used by many civilizations all over the world to aid flavor, taste and nutritional values in the food. In traditional medical systems, their ability to heal various physical, mental and emotional problems has widely been reported. With this view, HPLC analysis was performed to estimate phenolic acids in 21 spices (asafetida, Bishop's weed, black mustard, coriander, cinnamon, clove, curry leaf, cumin black, cumin, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, ginger, Indian cassia, Indian dill or dill large cardamom, onion, saffron, tamarind, true cardamom, yellow mustard) commonly used in India in different forms. In all, 7 phenolic acids; viz., tannic, gallic, caffeic, cinnamic, chlorogenic, ferulic and vanillic acids could be identified on the basis of their retention time with standard compounds and co-chromatography. Several parts of the spices, for instance, seeds, leaves, barks, rhizomes, latex, stigmas, floral buds and modified stems were used in the study. Maximum amount of tannic and gallic acids was observed in black mustard and clove. Caffeic, chlorogenic and ferulic acids were found maximum in cumin while vanillic and cinnamic acids in onion seeds. The spices are known to significantly contribute to the flavor, taste, and medicinal properties of food because of phenolics. © 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Management of Collar Rot of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum) by Trichoderma Harzianum and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
(2008) S. Maurya; Rashmi Singh; D.P. Singh; H.B. Singh; U.P. Singh; J.S. Srivastava
Collar rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is one of the devastating soil-borne diseases of fungal origin, due to which 10-30% yield loss is recorded annually according to severity of the disease. Management of collar rot of chickpea is not feasible in the absence of effective soil fungicides. However, Trichoderma harzianum and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have shown high efficacy against this disease in vitro as well as in the field. We used T. harzianum (104, 106 and 10-8 spore/ml) and two PGPRs (Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 4 and P. aeruginosa) as foliar spray with the fresh and heat inactivated microorganisms. Foliar application of T. harzianum (10-8. spore/ml) and P. fluorescens strain 4 (108 cfu/ml) showed maximum efficacy in reducing plant mortality as compared to the control. Foliar application of fresh-and heat-inactivated (121°C for 10 min) P. fluorescens strain 4, and T. harzianum reduced 15-25% plant mortality but P. aeruginosa showed very little disease control of 10-15%. However, regarding plant growth promotion, it was observed that fresh-and heatinactivated P. fluorescens strain 4 showed maximum efficacy followed by fresh and heat inactivated P. aeruginosa and T. harzianum as compared to the control. The disease-controlling efficacy was also associated with the increase in phenolic acid synthesis in chickpea plants. The control of chickpea collar rot by biocontrol agents is safe and ecologically sound and appears to be a healthy approach to the disease control. © 2008, Versita. All rights reserved.
Phenolic acid changes in mycelia of Sclerotium rolfsii as influenced by neem (Azadirachta indica) cake and Zephyarenthes citrina bulb
(2010) U.P. Singh; Leena Gohain; Amitabh Singh; S. Maurya; S. Sahni
High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of mycelia of Sclerotium rolfsii grown on neem cake, and Zephyarenthes citrina bulb incorporated media was carried out. Several phenoloic acids, e.g., gallic, tannic, caffeic, cinnamic, chlorogenic and O-coumeric acids, were found in considerable amounts in treated mycelial mat as compared to the control. The amount of phenloic acids increased with increased concentration of both the materials in mycelia of 7 and 14 day-old cultures. Due to anti-oxidant and several other properties of phenolic acids, the senescence of the fungus has been prolonged which may be one probable reason of sustaining the virulence of the pathogen. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.
Phenolic acids in neem (Azadirachta indica): A major pre-existing secondary metabolites
(2005) U.P. Singh; S. Maurya; D.P. Singh
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) analyses of various parts (fresh and dry bark of stem, mature and tender leaves, flower and different parts of fruit, i.e., raw and ripe fruit epicarp, mesocarp and seed) of neem (Azadirachta indica), which occupies an important place in socio-cultural-religious life in Indian communities, indicate that neem is rich in pre-existing secondary metabolites (phenolic acids). Dry bark showed only tannic acid but in fresh bark three phenolic acids were observed, i.e., gallic, tannic, and ferulic acids. In tender leaves only gallic and ferulic acids were detected, but the levels of these phenolic acids in mature leaves were about three times and fifty times greater, respectively. Flowers had only two phenolic acids in which gallic acid was maximum followed by chlorogenic acid. The level of phenolic acid was maximum in seeds followed by epicarp and pulp. In raw and ripe fruit seeds four phenolic acids were detected. Raw fruit seeds were rich in phenolic acids than ripe fruit seeds. Fruit epicarp was relatively richer than seed, seed pulp and flowers of the plants. Neem flowers were also rich in gallic and chlorogenic acids. © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Phenolic compounds of Sorghum vulgare in response to Sclerotium rolfsii infection
(2007) S. Maurya; Rashmi Singh; D.P. Singh; H.B. Singh; J.S. Srivastava; U.P. Singh
Identification of individual phenolic acids of Sorghum vulgare Pers. cv. M.P. after interaction with Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. using high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) showed the presence of phenolics namely tannic, gallic, ferulic, chlorogenic and cinnamic acids in varying amounts. After 72 h inoculation with S. rolfsii, a maximum amount of ferulic acid (166.6 μg g-1 fresh wt) was present in the collar of inoculated plants, followed by leaves and roots and its level decreased gradually with time. Similarly, the presence of chlorogenic acid was traced after 48 h, while that of cinnamic acid was traced after 72 h of inoculation. Reddish-brown pigmentation at the collar region of inoculated plants was also observed along with the high content of tannic acid. Among other phenolics, the presence of gallic acid was recorded consistently and maximum accumulation (139.3 μg g-1 fresh wt) was noticed at the zone of interaction (collar region) after 72 h of inoculation. In contrast, maximum lignin deposition was observed at collar region after 96 h of inoculation. Induction of phenolic acids in S. vulgare along with the lignin deposition and red pigmentation at collar region is considered a key biomarker in the non-host-pathogen interaction in the S. valgare-S. rolfsii pathosystem. © 2007 Taylor & Francis.
Plant growth promotion and management of collar rot of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) by mycelial protein of Sclerotium rolfsii
(2009) S. Maurya; D.P. Singh; U.P. Singh; J.S. Srivastava
Investigations on the total protein content of seven isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii and the effect of the total protein of different isolates on growth promotion and management of collar rot disease of chickpea was carried out. Various concentrations (0.07, 0.14, 0.21 and 0.28mg/ml in terms of BSA fraction V equivalents) of fungal protein isolated from BHU-3 isolate, which contained maximum total protein, was sprayed on 20-day-old chickpea (Cicer arietinum) plants. After four days, the sprayed potted plants were inoculated with S. rolfsii and observations were taken on the growth, mortality and phenolic acid content of plants. Among different concentrations of fungal protein, 0.21 and 0.28mg/ml showed maximum efficacy in plant growth promotion. Also, plant mortality was reduced significantly compared to control following treatment of fungal protein. Phenolic acid content of plant leaves after spray of fungal protein increased compared to control. Further, the level of phenolic acids in plants inoculated with S. rolfsii increased, indicating an important role of the fungal protein in inducing resistance in plants. The results suggest a functional role of fungal protein of the isolate BHU-3 in plant growth promotion as well as resistance induction analogous to phytoimmunoproteins responsible for induction of immune response in plants.
Secondary metabolites of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and their role in pathogenesis after infection by Sclerotium rolfsii
(2005) S. Maurya; U.P. Singh; D.P. Singh; K.P. Singh; J.S. Srivastava
HPLC analysis of various parts of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after infection with Sclerotium rolfsii indicates that the plants contain high amount of secondary metabolites. Analysis of 24 h-colonized rot collar region, plant leaves and roots of chickpea showed that gallic, o-coumaric and salicylic acids were maximum in these parts as compared to control (uninoculated) plant parts. In the collar region after 48 h, gallic acid was maximum followed by tannic, chlorogenic, salicylic and o-coumaric acids but vanillic and cinnamic acids were in traces. The un-inoculated collar region contained only five phenolic acids. After 72 h of colonization, the level of phenolic acids was drastically changed in collar, leaves and roots. Gallic acid was maximum followed by vanillic and other phenolic acids as compared to un-inoculated leaves. However, in collar the number and amount of phenolic acids was drastically reduced with increased amount of gallic and tannic acids. The chlorogenic and salicylic acids were in traces as compared to the control. Roots of inoculated and un-inoculated plants had four phenolic acids. In 96 h-colonized chickpea plants, leaves had only four phenolic acids in which gallic acid was maximum followed by vanillic, coumaric and salicylic acids. In the un-inoculated plant leaves, six phenolic acids were present in which gallic acid was maximum followed by vanillic, tannic, chlorogenic, salicylic and coumaric acids. In colonized and un-inoculated collar regions, gallic and tannic acids were maximum but others in traces. The un-inoculated roots were rich in phenolic acids as compared to inoculated. © Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co.
Two Plant Alkaloids Isolated from Corydalis longipes as Potential Antifungal Agents
(Czech Academy of Sciences, 2003) N.V. Singh; S. Azmi; S. Maurya; U.P. Singh; R.N. Jha; V.B. Pandey
The alkaloids N-methylhydrasteine hydroxylactam and 1-methoxyberberine chloride were isolated from Corydalis longipes. Both alkaloids showed high efficacy individually (in concentration of 50-150 ppm) and also in a 1 : 1 mixture against spore germination of some fungi, viz. Alternaria alternata, A. brassicae, Curvularia maculans, Curvularia sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum sp., Helminthosporium speciferum, H. pennisetti, Helminthosporium sp. and Ustilago cynodontis. The antifungal effect of single compounds was dose-dependent. If the mutual ratio of the two components in the mixture was changed from 1 : 1 to a major content of any of the two compounds, the inhibitory effect on spore germination decreased.