Browsing by Author "S. Misra"

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A comparative study of acetylcholinesterase activity in bovine (S. cervi) and human (B. malayi, W. bancrofti) filaria
(1992) S. Rathaur; S. Misra; T.M. Mohapatra; V. Taneja
Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite, contains a significant amount of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with microfilaria having five to ten times more AChE activity than female and male adult worms, respectively. Because AChE shows substrate specificity and hydrolyzes acetylthiocholine but not butrylthiocholine, this parasitic enzyme is likely a true acetylcholinesterase. The latter also resembles an AChE enzyme in the human filarial parasite B. malayi which hydrolyzes acetylthiocholine iodide three times faster than butrylthiocholine iodide. The S. cervi AChE, like its counterpart, also exhibit inhibition with eserine, a specific inhibitor of this enzyme. Subcellular localization of AChE in adult female worms shows enzyme activity both in the mitochondrial and post-mitochondrial fraction. However, enzyme activity in the soluble fraction is twenty-seven times greater than in the mitochondrial fraction.
Acute peripheral neuropathy following mumps
(1994) B. Bhatia; S. Misra
Acute peripheral neuropathy, for the first time in a young female following mumps is reported. The patient showed almost complete recovery with supportive therapy.
Acute polymyositis associated with W. bancrofti
(1994) S.K. Poddar; S. Misra; N.K. Singh
Two cases of acute polymyosotis associated with W. bancrofti, presented with generalised painful swelling and weakness of the muscles. These patients had elevated muscle enzymes, a myopathic EMG pattern, inflammatory myopathy on biopsy and W. bancrofti in the peripheral blood smear. The clinical, improvement of the disorder and total clearance of microfilariae was obtained with the combination therapy of steroid and diethyl‐carbamazine in comparison with steroid alone. Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
Adult polio‐like syndrome following Enterovirus 70 conjunctivitis (natural history of the disease)
(1983) B.C. Katiyar; S. Misra; R.B. Singh; A.K. Singh; Saroj Gupta; A.K. Gulati; Mrs.S. Christopher; T. Jacob John
ABSTRACT‐ During the Indian EV 70 conjunctivitis epidemic in 1981, 79 patients with neurological complications were evaluated by clinical, electro‐physiological, histopathological and virological studies. The disease was heralded by an attack of conjunctivitis and was followed, after a variable latent period, by a pre‐paralytic, paralytic, and post‐paralytic stage of slow recovery. The above events occurred in an orderly sequence. The paralysis affected the cranial nerves, limbs or both. The clinical course closely simulated poliomyelitis, without any evidence of radiculopathy or myelo‐pathy. Cranial nerve palsies were seen in approximately half of the patients. The electrophysiological and histological studies pointed towards the affection of anterior horn cells. The raised neutralizing antibody titres to Enterovirus 70, confirmed the aetiology of the disease. On the available data, we believe that this nosological entity should be considered under the general title of “polio‐like syndrome” following EV 70 conjunctivitis. On account of two epidemics in 1971 and 1981 with unfavourable prognosis and high resultant disability, and because of lack of specific therapy, it has become imperative to develop, as a top priority, a vaccine for immunization. 1983 Blackwell Munksgaard
Assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Guillain‐Barré syndrome and its prognostic implications
(1987) N.K. Singh; A.K. Jaiswal; S. Misra; P.K. Srivastava
ABSTRACT— Twenty‐four patients with Guillain‐Barré syndrome were prospectively evaluated for evidence of autonomic dysfunction. It occurred in 16 (66.7%) patients, usually during the peak period of paralysis, in the form of either excess or inadequate activity of sympathetic and/or parasympathetic nervous systems. Its clinical manifestations comprised of sinus tachycardia (33.3%), bradycardia (8.3%), hypertension (33.3%), postural hypotension (35%), urinary sphincteric disturbances (20.8%) and anhydrosis of lower limbs (12.5%). Assessment of cardiovascular responses to autonomic function tests revealed impaired alterations in heart rate during deep breathing (31.6%), Valsalva's manoeuvre (28.6%), sustained handgrip (25%), cold‐pressor test (36.4%), postural change (35%) and atropine test (20%); and impaired rise in blood pressure during firm handgrip (25%) and cold‐pressor test (36.6%). ECG abnormalities were noticed in 8 (33.3%) patients. They comprised of depressed ST segment in 5, inverted T wave in 3, tall T wave in 2 and prolonged QTc in 2 patients. Two patients died of respiratory failure. Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain‐Barré syndrome did not appear to have any prognostic significance as there was no significant difference in autonomic dysfunction between good—and bad—outcome groups of patients. Copyright © 1987, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
Atypical systemic manifestation of scorpion envenomation
(2009) D. Kishore; S. Misra
[No abstract available]
Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia following head injury
(2004) Archana Verma; S. Misra
A 40-year-old female after a closed head injury presented with bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Attempted convergence was abnormal and MRI revealed the focal hemorrhage in the medial longitudinal fasciculus region by showing bright signal in the a pontomesencephalic region in the midline on both T1 and T2 weighted images. The patient regained normal ocular mobility after six months of the injury. The medial longitudinal fasciculus, which is believed to be lesioned in cases of internuclear ophthalmoplegia, is an unusual and rare finding, particularly in patients victims of head injury without further neurological signs. Isolated internuclear ophthalmoplegia should be considered in the differential diagnosis when one encounters an adduction deficit in a patient suffering head injury. © JAPI 2004.
Cauda-conus syndrome resulting from neurocysticercosis
(2003) N.N. Singh; R. Verma; B.K. Pankaj; S. Misra
A 60-year-old male, presented with insidious onset, gradually progressive, burning paresthesia over the saddle area, sphincteric disturbance, impotence and paraparesis. Investigations revealed a ring-enhancing lesion in the conus medullaris suggestive of neurocysticercosis . This was supported by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay from purified cell fraction of taenia solium cysticerci. On treatment with steroids he showed marked improvement.
Cerebellar ataxia and total albinism
(1987) R. Bamezai; S.A. Husajn; S. Misra; A.K. Thacker
In this report a family is described where cerebellar ataxia occurred along with total albinism. A possibility of syntenic condition of the two genes responsible for the traits could explain the occurrence of the two conditions. The presence of two traits singly in the sibs reflects a recombinant event and suggests that the linkage is not absolute. Chromosomal study did not show any structural or numerical anomalies except in 1/30 metaphase plates scored in the proband (with cerebellar ataxia) where in chromosome No. 14 proximal intense band (21) seemed to be shifted, inv. (14) (q13q23?). The affected sibs with ataxia and albinism or ataxia alone depicted relatively a lower sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rate than their parents and age matched controls. Copyright © 1987, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
Cerebral Infarction in the Territory of Anterior Cerebral Artery in a Woman with Antiphospholipid Syndrome
(2000) R.K. Garg; S. Misra
[No abstract available]
Congestive cardiomyopathy in a family of Becker's X-linked muscular dystrophy
(BMJ Publishing Group, 1977) B.C. Katiyar; S. Misra; P.N. Somani; A.M. Chaterji
The dissociation of gross congestive cardiomyopathy and muscle disease in different members of a family affected with Becker's benign X-linked muscular dystrophy is described. The possibility that cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy may be the expressions of the same mutant gene has been suggested.
Cryoglobulinemia presenting as acute polyneuropathy
(2008) D. Kishore; S. Misra
A 48 years male presented with acute axonal neuropathy and palpable purpura over bilateral lower limb, RA factor, and cryoglobulins were present in the serum. Nerve biopsy revealed myelinated fibre loss, axonal degeneration and necrotizing vasculitis of epineural vessels. © JAPI 2008.
Diethylcarbamazine: Effect on lysosomal enzymes and acetylcholine in Wuchereria bancrofti infection
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 1997) C. Bhattacharya; R.N. Singh; S. Misra; S. Rathaur
We measured the levels of lysosomal enzymes and acetylcholine in Wuthereria bancrofti-infected asymptomatic microfilaraemic human serum, and found a significant decrease in the activity of β-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase compared to normal serum. Acetylcholine levels were also decreased during infection. However, after giving diethylcarbamazine (6 mg/kg body wt/day) the level of lysosomal enzymes and acetylcholine increased and reached a normal value after two weeks of therapy. It is proposed that parasites secrete acetylcholinesterase in the circulation which degrades acetylcholine. Since acetylcholine stimulates the release of lysosomal enzymes and phagocytosis, the immune response of the host is suppressed during infection. During diethylcarbamazine (DLC) therapy the parasitic enzyme is inhibited by the drug and the normal level of acetylcholine is resumed, which again stimulates the release of lysosomal enzyme and the process of phagocytosis.
Early white matter changes in Wilson disease
(2004) Archana Verma; N.N. Singh; S. Misra
We describe a 12 years old male who presented with one year history of cognitive decline with extrapyramidal features. Wilson disease was diagnosed on basis of biochemical studies and MRI. MRI showed increased signal intensity on T2 weighted images in basal ganglia and supratentorial with infratentorial gray and white matter. Our patient developed white matter changes early in course of disease. © JAPI 2004.
Etiological spectrum of non-traumatic myelopathies: Experience from a tertiary care centre
(2006) R.N. Chaurasia; A. Verma; D. Joshi; S. Misra
Aim: This study aimed to identify the clinical and radiological profile of non-traumatic myelopathies and various etiologies associated with them. Material and Methods: Two hundred and four patients of non-traumatic myelopathy were prospectively studied in different wards of Sir Sundar Lal Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, from September 2002 to March2004. Patients underwent a detailed clinical evaluation followed by laboratory investigation and neuroimaging studies. Results: Among 204 patients of non-traumatic myelopathy, 108 patients presented with paraplegia and 96 patients with quadriplegia. Tuberculosis was the commonest cause of compression paraplegia in this series and was observed in 42 cases (33.33%) while quadriplegia was seen in only 3 cases (2.38%). In the present study, acute transverse myelitis formed the major bulk of non-compressive myelopathy. Conclusion: Tuberculosis of spine was the most common cause of compressive myelopathy and among the non-compressive group acute transverse myelitis and SACD were the important etiology. © JAPI 2006.
Heart and muscular dystrophy
(1973) S. Misra; B.C. Katiyar; P.N. Somani
This study deals with clinical, radiological and electrocardiographic assessment of patients, carriers and unaffected brothers in families affected with muscular dystrophy. Electrocardiographic abnormalities are common in patients, their carriers and unaffected brothers. It is hoped that with the study of a larger number of carriers and unaffected brothers the role of electrocardiography may emerge as a simple test with high rate of accuracy in the detection of preclinical muscular dystrophy and the carrier state.
In vitro and in vivo effect of diethylcarbamazine on the activity of acetylcholinesterase from Wuchereria bancrofti infected human serum
(1992) S. Misra; V. Taneja; S. Rathaur
The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in human serum from persons infected with the filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti. The asymptomatic microfilaremic serum showed five times increase in AChE activity as compared with normal serum, whereas only little difference was observed in serum from patients with elephantiasis. Similar results were obtained when the enzyme activity was measured in the immune complexes precipitated with polyethyleneglycol. Further, the effect of the antifilarial drug diethylcarbamazine (DEC), on the AChE activity of infected and normal serum was studied in in vivo and in vitro experiments. In vitro, DEC was found to be effective only with respect to AChE from asymptomatic microfilaremic serum where 75% decrease in enzyme activity was observed at 100 μmol. The oral administration of DEC (5 mg/kg of body weight/day) effected the activity of AChE from microfilaremic serum as shown after 1 hr, 1 and 3 weeks. A regular decrease in enzyme activity of asymptomatic microfilaremic serum was observed. By increasing time periods and after three weeks the level of AChE reaches the normal value. In vitro and in vivo the same concentration of DEC has negligible effect on the normal serum suggesting that in cases of asymptomatic microfilaremic serum the increased activity of AChE is different in nature than the host acetylcholinesterase.
Isozymic pattern of lactate dehydrogenase in cases of bancroftian filariasis
(1992) S. Misra; S. Rathaur
Isozymic patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.27) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) were observed in various categories of filariasis and controls, i.e. asymptomatic microfilaraemia and symptomatic amicrofilaraemia, endemic normal and non-endemic normal. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was also observed amongst the above categories of patients. An increase in enzyme activity and change in the isozymic pattern was observed in the above categories of filaria infected serum. LDH activity doubled in asymptomatic microfilaraemia whereas in symptomatic amicrofilaraemia the increase in LDH activity was thirtyfold. The isozymic pattern of microfilaraemic cases showed the presence of three bands B4, A1B3, A2B2, which are quite thick as compared to normal healthy subjects, whereas the patients with symptomatic amicrofilaraemia showed marked elevation of serum LDH-4 or A3B1. The LDH was partially purified by combined treatment of (NH4)2S04fractionation and gel filtration. The isozymic pattern of purified LDH showed a similar pattern. © 1992, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Natalie C Galles; Patrick Y Liu; Rachel L Updike; Nancy Fullman; Jason Nguyen; Sam Rolfe; Alyssa N Sbarra; Megan F Schipp; Ashley Marks; Gdiom Gebreheat Abady; Kaja M Abbas; Sumra Wajid Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Amir Abdoli; Hassan Abolhassani; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Maryam Adabi; Abdu A Adamu; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Shailesh M Advani; Saira Afzal; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sohail Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Sepideh Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Yusra Ahmed Salih; Yonas Akalu; Addis Aklilu; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Luciana Albano; Yosef Alemayehu; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Liaqat Ali; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Sami Almustanyir; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Hubert Amu; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Adnan Ansar; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo; Benny Antony; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Judie Arulappan; Asma Tahir Awan; Mamaru Ayenew Awoke; Muluken Altaye Ayza; Ghasem Azarian; Ahmed Y Azzam; Darshan B B; Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Maciej Banach; Simachew Animen Bante; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Amadou Barrow; Quique Bassat; Narantuya Bayarmagnai; Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez; Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma; Habtamu Gebrehana Belay; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Dinesh Bhandari; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Sonu Bhaskar; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Antonio Biondi; Archith Boloor; Dejana Braithwaite; Danilo Buonsenso; Zahid A Butt; Paulo Camargos; Giulia Carreras; Felix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Raja Chandra Chakinala; Jaykaran Charan; Souranshu Chatterjee; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury; Devasahayam J Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Sheng-Chia Chung; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Rosa A S Couto; Omid Dadras; Amare Belachew Dagnew; Baye Dagnew; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Jan-Walter De Neve; Meseret Derbew Molla; Behailu Tariku Derseh; Rupak Desai; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Meghnath Dhimal; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Daniel Diaz; Shirin Djalalinia; Fariba Dorostkar; Bassey Edem; Hisham Atan Edinur; Sahar Eftekharzadeh; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Muhammed Elhadi; Shaimaa I El-Jaafary; Aisha Elsharkawy; Shymaa Enany; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu; Sayeh Ezzikouri; Jawad Fares; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Berhanu Elfu Feleke; Tomas Y Ferede; Eduarda Fernandes; João C Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Mark Rohit Francis; Takeshi Fukumoto; Mohamed M Gad; Shilpa Gaidhane; Silvano Gallus; Tushar Garg; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Teshome Gebre; Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Berhe Gebremichael; Bradford D Gessner; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Mansour Ghafourifard; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Syed Amir Gilani; Ionela-Roxana Glăvan; Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova; Mahaveer Golechha; Kebebe Bekele Gonfa; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Houman Goudarzi; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Yuming Guo; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Emily Haeuser; Rabih Halwani; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Shafiul Haque; Harapan Harapan; Arief Hargono; Abdiwahab Hashi; Shoaib Hassan; Mohamed H Hassanein; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Simon I Hay; Khezar Hayat; Mohamed I Hegazy; Golnaz Heidari; Kamal Hezam; Ramesh Holla; Mohammad Enamul Hoque; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Vivian Chia-rong Hsieh; Junjie Huang; Ayesha Humayun; Rabia Hussain; Nawfal R Hussein; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Sumant Inamdar; Usman Iqbal; Lalu Muhammad Irham; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Ramaiah Itumalla; Ravi Prakash Jha; Farahnaz Joukar; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Rohollah Kalhor; Zul Kamal; Stanley M Kamande; Himal Kandel; André Karch; Getinet Kassahun; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Patrick DMC Katoto; Bayew Kelkay; Andre Pascal Kengne; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Junaid Khan; Maseer Adnan Khan; Moien AB Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Abdullah T Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Gyu Ri Kim; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Soewarta Kosen; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Vaman Kulkarni; Avinash Kumar; G Anil Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Alexander Kwarteng; Carlo La Vecchia; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Savita Lasrado; Zohra S Lassi; Hankil Lee; Yeong Yeh Lee; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Xuefeng Liu; Stany W Lobo; Platon D Lopukhov; Rafael Lozano; Ricardo Lutzky Saute; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Alaa Makki; Ahmad Azam Malik; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Philippa C Matthews; John Robert Carabeo Medina; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Tuomo J Meretoja; Amanual Getnet Mersha; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; George J Milne; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Hamid Reza Mirzaei; Sanjeev Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Teroj Abdulrahman Mohamed; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Arif Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Archisman Mohapatra; Ali H Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Ahmed Al Montasir; Catrin E Moore; Ghobad Moradi; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Sandra B Munro; Mohsen Naghavi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Muhammad Naveed; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Ionut Negoi; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Molly R Nixon; Chukwudi A Nnaji; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Vincent Ebuka Nwatah; Bogdan Oancea; Chimedsuren Ochir; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Andrew T Olagunju; Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde; Obinna E Onwujekwe; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S Otstavnov; Mayowa O Owolabi; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Keyvan Pakshir; Eun-Cheol Park; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Mona Pathak; Rajan Paudel; Shrikant Pawar; Jeevan Pereira; Mario F P Peres; Arokiasamy Perianayagam; Marina Pinheiro; Majid Pirestani; Vivek Podder; Roman V Polibin; Richard Charles G Pollok; Maarten J Postma; Faheem Hyder Pottoo; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Setyaningrum Rahmawaty; Aashish Rajesh; Rebecca E Ramshaw; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R Rao; Sowmya J Rao; Priya Rathi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Andre M N Renzaho; Negar Rezaei; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Maria Rios-Blancas; Emma L B Rogowski; Luca Ronfani; Godfrey M Rwegerera; Anas M Saad; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Mohammad Reza Saeb; Umar Saeed; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Nasir Salam; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Mehrnoosh Samaei; A.M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Francesco Sanmarchi; Milena M Santric-Milicevic; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Deepak Saxena; Sonia Saxena; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Allen Seylani; Masood Ali Shaikh; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Pavanchand H Shetty; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Ambrish Singh; Jasvinder A Singh; Smriti Sinha; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Amin Soheili; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Ker-Kan Tan; Yohannes Tekalegn; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Bhaskar Thakur; Rekha Thapar; Aravind Thavamani; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Bach Xuan Tran; Manjari Tripathi; Berhan Tsegaye; Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye; Anayat Ullah; Saif Ullah; Sana Ullah; Brigid Unim; Marco Vacante; Diana Zuleika Velazquez; Bay Vo; Sebastian Vollmer; Giang Thu Vu; Linh Gia Vu; Yasir Waheed; Andrea Sylvia Winkler; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Vahit Yiğit; Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw; Dong Keon Yon; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Deniz Yuce; Ismaeel Yunusa; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Dejene Tesfaye Zewdie; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Chenwen Zhong; Alimuddin Zumla; Christopher J L Murray; Stephen S Lim; Jonathan F Mosser; J. Nguyen; A. Marks; C.J.L. Murray; S.S. Lim; R. Dandona; C.J.L. Murray; S.S. Lim; L. Ali; A. Ullah; B.E. Feleke; A. Elsharkawy; H. Abolhassani; S. Ahmad; T. Ahmad; S. Sabour; H. Ahmed; M.B. Ahmed; T. Ahmed Rashid; D. Saxena; B. Dagnew; M. Derbew Molla; A. Aklilu; Y. Alemayehu; L. Albano; A. Al-Eyadhy; M. Temsah; Y. Mohammad; R.K. Alhassan; M. Hostiuc; I. Negoi; I. Glăvan; A. Ansar; I. Antonazzo; P. Ferrara; A. Singh Mtech; J. Arabloo; A. Ghashghaee; A. Ghashghaee; A. Sarveazad; K.D. Artanti; J. Arulappan; M.A. Awoke; P. Rathi; Z. Babar; B. Gebremichael; M. Zamani; A. Barrow; A. Barrow; V. Kulkarni; D. Saxena; J. Shin; S. Misra; K. Bhattacharyya; S. Bibi; S. Ullah; A. Boloor; S. Sinha; D. Braithwaite; D. Braithwaite; D. Buonsenso; D. Buonsenso; G.W. Tsegaye; J. De Neve; P. Camargos; M. Pinheiro; R. Chakinala; S. Chatterjee; V. Chattu; V. Chattu; I. Bill; D. Chu; S. Chung; S. Chung; L. Dandona; R. Dandona; A. Ansar; G. Kumar; R. Desai; M. Dhimal; S. Eftekharzadeh; M. Elhadi; S. Enany; A.T. Olagunju; P.S. Faris; B. Tsegaye; I. Filip; F. Fischer; M.R. Francis; M.R. Francis; T. Fukumoto; X. Liu; A.M. Saad; S. Gaidhane; T. Garg; Y. Tekalegn; S. Mohammed; T. Gebre; K. Ghadiri; K. Ghadiri; M. Ghafourifard; M. Moghadaszadeh; S. Gilani; S. Gilani; P.D. Lopukhov; M. Golechha; S.V. Gopalani; H. Goudarzi; M.B. Ahmed; H. Goudarzi; Y. Guo; S. Li; Y. Guo; V. Gupta; V.K. Gupta; R.A. Gutiérrez; A. Hargono Dr; S. Hassan; S. Hassan; G. Heidari; S. Islam; V. Hsieh; J. Huang; C. Zhong; A. Humayun; R. Hussain; A. Makki; J. Noubiap; U. Iqbal; S.N. Irvani; S. Islam; R. Kalhor; R. Kalhor; Z. Kamal; Z. Kamal; A. Karch; J. Khan; G. Kim; M. Kim; M. Kim; Y. Kim; S. Kosen; A. Kumar; A. Kwarteng; C. La Vecchia; I. Landires; V. Nuñez-Samudio; I. Landires; S. Lasrado; M. Levi; M. Levi; C.E. Moore; X. Liu; J. Sanabria; A. Thavamani; P.C. Matthews; J.C. Medina; J.C. Medina; W. Mendoza; R.G. Menezes; M.K. Mesregah; T. Mestrovic; M. Mohammadi; A. Mohammed; S. Mohammed; A. Mohapatra; M. Molokhia; E. Traini; H. Mirzaei; M. Zamanian; S.B. Munro; N. Otstavnov; M. Naveed; I. Negoi; T.H. Nguyen; T.H. Nguyen; B.O. Olakunde; M. Pathak; S. Pawar; M. Pirestani; M. Rabiee; M. Rahman; S. Rahmawaty; A. Rajesh; S. Rawaf; S. Rawaf; M. Saeb; U. Saeed; U. Saeed; M. Samaei; J. Sanabria; F. Sanmarchi; M. Sawhney; A. Seidu; A. Seidu; M.A. Shaikh; M. Shigematsu; A. Soheili; K. Tan; B. Thakur; A. Thavamani; E. Traini; M. Tripathi; S. Ullah; S. Ullah; B. Vo; G.T. Vu; A.S. Winkler; A.S. Winkler; C. Yu; D. Yuce
Background: Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods: For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dose-specific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in country-reported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings: By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81·6% [95% uncertainty interval 80·4–82·7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39·9% [37·5–42·1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38·5% [35·4–41·3] in 1980 to 83·6% [82·3–84·8] in 2019). Third-dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42·6% (41·4–44·1) in 1980 to 79·8% (78·4–81·1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56·8 million (52·6–60·9) to 14·5 million (13·4–15·9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation: After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Muscle dysfunction in male hypogonadism
(1986) A.K. Chauhan; B.C. Katiyar; S. Misra; A.K. Thacker; N.K. Singh
ABSTRACT Twenty‐eight consecutive male patients with primary and secondary hypogonadism (14 each) were evaluated clinically and electrophysiologically for muscle dysfunction. Although generalised muscle weakness was initially reported by only 9 patients, on direct questioning, it was recorded in 19. Objective weakness was found in 13 patients and it involved both the proximal and distal limb muscles. Quantitative electromyography showed evidence of myopathy in the proximal muscle in 25 patients, i.e., reduced MUP duration and amplitude with increased polyphasia in the deltoid and the gluteus maximus. There were no denervation potentials. None of the patients showed clinical neuropathy or NCV abnormalities. Thus, the profile of muscle involvement in hypogonadism closely simulates limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy and other endocrine myopathies. The incidence of muscle involvement was higher in secondary hypogonadism. Diminished androgens in primary hypogonadism and diminished growth hormone in the secondary hypogonadism are probably responsible for the myopathy. 1986 Blackwell Munksgaard