Browsing by Author "S.B. Singh"

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A generation mechanism for discrete very low frequency emissions observed at Varanasi
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2005) A.K. Singh; S.B. Singh; R.P. Singh
A new type of discrete VLF emissions recorded at the low-latitude ground station Varanasi (geomag. lat. 14°55′ N, geomag. long. 154°E; L = 1.07) during the strong magnetic activity on 29-30 April 1990 have been reported. A generation mechanism for various temporal and spectral features of discrete VLF emissions recorded at Varanasi is presented on the basis of cyclotron resonance interaction between whistler mode wave and energetic electrons ejected by substorm electric fields. An attempt is also made to determine parallel energy and wave growth relevant to the generation process of discrete VLF emissions. Finally, our results are discussed with other published works. © Indian Academy of Sciences.
An explanation of the observation of whistler-mode chorus emissions at the Indian Antarctic station, Maitri (L = 4.5)
(2010) A.K. Singh; S.B. Singh; R.P. Patel
Observation of whistler-mode chorus emissions recorded at the Indian Antarctic station, Maitri (lat=70°46′S, long=11°50′E, L=4.5), during a quiet period on 5 February 2001 has been reported. The detailed spectral analysis of recorded chorus emissions shows that each chorus element originates from the upper edge of the underlying hiss band. To explain the observed dynamic spectra of these chorus emissions, a possible generation mechanism is presented based on the recent nonlinear theory. It is observed that the seeds of chorus emissions with rising frequency are generated near the magnetic equator as a result of a nonlinear growth mechanism that depends on the wave amplitude. On the basis of this theory, the frequency sweep rate of chorus emission is computed and compared with that of our experimentally observed values, which in general shows good agreement. © 2010 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Bio-efficacy and selectivity of sulfosulfuron and metribuzin before and after irrigation in wheat (Triticum aestivum) under zero-tillage system
(2009) R.K. Singh; S.K. Verma; Rajvir Sharma; S.B. Singh
A field experiment was conducted during winter(rabi) season of 2003-04 and 2004-05 at agronomy reasearch farm, BHU, Varanasi, to study the bio-efficacy and selectivity of sulfosulfuron and metribuzin before and after irrigation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) underzerotillage system. Eight ween control treatments, viz metribuzin 0.21 kg/ha before first irrigation (BFI), Metribuzin 0.21 kg/ha after first irrigation (AFI), sulfosulfuron 0.025 kg/ha BFI sulfosulfuron 0.025 kg/ha AFI, isoproturon +2, 4-D0.75+0.5 kg/ha AFI, 1 hand weeding at 30 days after sowing (DAS), 2 were tested in randomized block design with 3 replications. Sulfosulfuron (AFI) significantly reduced weed density, dry weight and NPK depletion by weeds with maximum weed control efficiency (79.4%) and improved the NPK uptake by crop which cause significant impact on crop growth and yield attributes which resulted higher grain yield (3.24 and 3.53 tonnes/ha), being at par with that of one hand weeding at 30 days after sowing. Isoproturon + 2, 4-D (AFI) significantly reduced density and dry weight of weeds over metribuzin (BFI) and sulfosulfuron (BFI) and it was at par with metribuzin (AFI) and 1 hand weeding. Among the herbicidal treatments, maximum net returns (Rs 7564 and 9165/ha) and benefit: cost ration (1.54 and 1.63) were recorded under isoproturon + 2, 4-D (AFI). Hand weeding twice at 30 and 45 DAS recorded significantly higher yield attributes, grain yield, nutrients uptake with maximum weed control efficiency, net returns and benefits : cost ration over all other weed control treatments.
Causes responsible for intense and severe storms during the declining phase of Solar Cycle 24
(Springer, 2019) Kalpana Patel; Abha Singh; S.B. Singh; A.K. Singh
The occurrence of total 113 geomagnetic storms during declining phase of Solar Cycle 24 (2015–2017) subdivided as about 105 moderate storms (Dst=-50nT to - 100 nT), 6 intense storms (Dst=-100nT to - 200 nT) and 2 severe storms (Dst<-200nT) has been diagnosed on the basis of 5 day active window through the CACTus (Computer aided CME tracking) software. A detailed study has been carried out for the 6 intense and 2 severe storms. It is inferred that CMEs are the major source of geomagnetic storms to occur. Out of the 6 intense and 2 severe storms, only 1 has been observed with the origin of CIR. Thus, all analyzed intense geomagnetic storms are due to coronal mass ejection at the Sun. Most of our results are in good accordance with other reported results. © 2019, Indian Academy of Sciences.
Characteristics of modulating VLF hiss observed at Indian Antarctic Station, Maitri (L = 4.5)
(2010) A.K. Singh; S.B. Singh; R.P. Patel; R.P. Singh
Very low frequency (VLF) hiss emissions were observed for the first time at the Indian Antarctic Station, Maitri (geographic lat. 70°46′S, long. 11°50′E, geomagnetic lat. 66°.03′S, long. 53°.21′E) with the modulating intensity variations. Various spectrograms of modulating VLF hiss emissions clearly show band limited spectra regularly modulating its intensity with almost equal period of the order of few seconds in the frequency range of 9-12.8 kHz. To explain these modulating characteristics of VLF hiss, we propose that the hiss emissions are generated through Doppler-shifted cyclotron interactions near the geomagnetic equator and propagate towards the Earth in the whistlermode. Further, the micropulsations propagating along the geomagnetic field lines could modulate the growth rate of the wave. The growth rates of the waves are also computed.
Day time whistlers observed at low latitude Varanasi (L= 1.078)
(Springer, 2019) S.B. Singh; S.S. Rao; A.K. Singh
We present results of the first time observations of whistlers during day time (sunrise) on 4th January 2017 at 01 UT (UT + 5.30 = IST) at Indian low latitude ground station Varanasi (geomag. lat. 14 ∘55 ′N , geomag. long. 153∘54′E, L.1.078). The main goal of analysis is to study the propagation characteristic of the observed whistlers during the day time (sunrise). These whistlers were observed during the quiet geomagnetic conditions (Dst-index = –8 nT). The dispersions of the observed whistlers are found between 11.16 and 14.78s1/2, which shows that the observed whistlers have propagated in the ducted mode and the whole propagation path of whistlers lies in the ionosphere. Their columnar ionospheric electron contents lie between 23.57 TECU and 39.44 TECU. The ionospheric parameters derived from whistler data at Varanasi compare well with other measurements made by other techniques. © 2019, Indian Academy of Sciences.
Effect of 21 June 2020 solar eclipse on the ionosphere using VLF and GPS observations and modeling
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Gaurish Tripathi; S.B. Singh; Sanjay Kumar; Ashutosh K. Singh; Rajesh Singh; A.K. Singh
A solar eclipse event provides a great opportunity to examine the behavioral concept of the ionospheric electron density (Ne) variability in the low latitude region. The current work presents our outcomes from the simultaneous assessment of Tweeks (radio atmospherics) and radio signals (fixed frequency of the transmitter's signal) from multifarious VLF transmitters observed at Varanasi (Geog. Lat. 25.270N, Geog. Long. 82.980 E, Geomag. Lat. 140 55′N). To find the presence of disturbances in the ionosphere Global Positioning System (GPS) data at Hyderabad (geog. lat. 170 20/ N, long. 780 30/ E) and Bangalore (geog. lat. 120 58/ N, long. 770 33/ E) is also analyzed during the period of the solar eclipse on 21 June 2020. As the Sun was eclipsed, the nighttime phenomenon of ‘Tweeks' was also observed in the daytime through the annular solar eclipse due to nighttime conditions as the solar disc was dusked. Tweek analysis shows the variation in the ionospheric reflection heights (∼8–11 km) and electron density (∼3–2 cm−3) in the D-region during the eclipse. The reflection height of the D-region ionosphere increases from ∼84 km and goes to ∼95 km and then decreases to ∼87 km. Electron concentration (electron density) decreased throughout the eclipse from 24 cm−3 to 21 cm−3 and then increases to 23 cm−3. Eclipse-imposed modifications in VLF transmitter's (HWU and NWC) signals displays an average change (decrease) of 2.8 dB and 0.8 dB in the signal strength of 18.3 kHz (HWU) and 19.8 kHz (NWC) transmitters respectively and a rise in virtual reference height (H′) and sharpness factor (β), as compared with normal days. The de-trended value of total electron content (DTEC) variations at both stations clearly shows the presence of travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) having wave-like features. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis shows that periodicity at both the station lies in two regimes one belongs to a period between 20 and 50 min and the other belongs to 50–90 min indicating such oscillation observed in the ionosphere are induced by atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) generated during the period of the solar eclipse. © 2021 COSPAR
Effect of geomagnetic storms on VHF scintillations observed at low latitude
(Springer India, 2018) S.B. Singh; Kalpana Patel; A.K. Singh
A geomagnetic storm affects the dynamics and composition of the ionosphere and also offers an excellent opportunity to study the plasma dynamics. In the present study, we have used the VHF scintillations data recorded at low latitude Indian station Varanasi (Geomag. latitude=14∘55′N, long. = 154∘E) which is radiated at 250 MHz from geostationary satellite UFO-02 during the period 2011–2012 to investigate the effects of geomagnetic storms on VHF scintillation. Various geomagnetic and solar indices such as Dst index, Kp index, IMF Bz and solar wind velocity (Vx) are used to describe the geomagnetic field variation observed during geomagnetic storm periods. These indices are very helpful to find out the proper investigation and possible interrelation between geomagnetic storms and observed VHF scintillation. The pre-midnight scintillation is sometimes observed when the main phase of geomagnetic storm corresponds to the pre-midnight period. It is observed that for geomagnetic storms for which the recovery phase starts post-midnight, the probability of occurrence of irregularities is enhanced during this time and extends to early morning hours. © 2018, Indian Academy of Sciences.
Effect of mulching and herbicides on weeds, yield and economics of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) grown under eight-year old agrihorti system
(Gaurav Publications, 2017) S.K. Verma; S.K. Prasad; Sushil Kumar; S.B. Singh; Ravi Prakash Singh; Y.V. Singh
A field experiment with the objectives to understand the effect of mulching and herbicides on weed infestation and greengram yield involving two factors viz., mulching (no mulching, dust mulching and paddy straw mulching) and herbicidal treatments (weedy check, hand weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing, pendimethalin pre-emergence @1000 g/ha, imazethapyr post-emergence @ 100 g/ha, and pendimethalin pre-emergence @ 1000 g/ha followed by imazethapyr post-emergence @ 100 g/ha) was undertaken in splitplot design with three replications at South Campus, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Results revealed that dust mulching and sequential application of pendimethalin followed by imazethapyr recorded lower weed density, weed dry weight, nutrients depletion by weed and maximum crop yield as well as net returns over rest of the mulching and herbicidal treatments. Therefore, it is suggested that the combination of mulching and herbicides may be used for effective weed management and optimal yield of greengram under agri-horti system.
Effects of Gamma-Rays on the Chromosomes of Nitella Flagelliformis BR
(1974) Y.S.R.K. Sarma; S.B. Singh
The effects of gamma-rays on a member of Charophyta viz. Nitella flagelliformis have been studied, subejcting the antheridia to (60CO) gamma-rays treatment (100-500 rads). A study of nuclear division in the spermatogenous filaments of treated antheridia, revealed chromsome fragments both at metaphase and anaphase, formation of rings, anaphase bridges and rarely of micronuclei. A linear increase in the number of cells showing chromosomal aberrations with increase in dose has been observed. It is significant to note that this alga is more sensitive to gammarays in comparison to Eudorina elegans and Euglena gracilis studied by other workers. The cytological effects of gamma-rays observed in the present work are almost identical with those produced by X-rays (100-500 rads) on the same species as reported earlier by Sarma and Khan (1967). © 1974, Japan Mendel Society, International Society of Cytology. All rights reserved.
Explanation of observation of multi-component ELF whistlers at low latitude
(World Scientific Publishing Co., 2011) S.B. Singh; Ashutosh K. Singh; K.K. Singh; A.K. Singh; L. Lalmani
The paper represents first time observation of an unusual Multi-component natural event in the ELF range named “ELF whistlers” along with a precursor. Event is recorded during day time at a low latitude Indian station Jammu (geomag.lat. 19 26’N; L = 1.17). The detailed structure of this observed unusual event clearly show that such type of “multi-component ELF whistlers” with a low cutoff frequency, around 600Hz, well below the waveguide cutoff frequency along with a precursor emission has never been obtained at any of the mid and high latitudes during normal days where most VLF/ELF activity occurs. Generation and propagation mechanism of these events are discussed briefly. Plasma parameters are further derived from the dispersion analysis of whistlers. © 2011 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved.
Factors influencing the pain relief obtained with epidural methylprednisolone in low-back pain and sciatica
(1994) V. Rastogi; M. Krishna; S.K. Saraf; S.C. Goel; S.B. Singh
One hundred and twenty-four patients suffering from low-back pain were allocated to two groups: a study group comprised of 104 patients to be treated with epidural Depomedrol (methylprednisolone depot) in saline and a control group of 20 patients who were to be given only saline. Seventy-nine patients (75.3 per cent) in the study group showed good relief of pain in comparison with five patients (25 per cent) in the control group, a statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05). Patients with localized pathology responded better (86.5 per cent) than those with generalized pathology (65.4 per cent). Response was also better in patients in whom the pain was of an acute (84.6 per cent) rather than chronic (48 per cent) nature (P ≤ 0.05). The caudal route of medication had an edge over the lumbar epidural one as 87 per cent showed good relief. A higher concentration of drug (8 mg/ml) showed slightly better but statistically insignificant (P ≤ 0.05) relief of pain. Thirty-six (34.6 per cent) patients who were given epidural methylprednisolone showed pain relief lasting for more than 1 year.
Genetic diversity analysis and heterotic grouping of Indian white maize inbred lines using combining ability and SNP markers
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Arushi Arora; Abhijit Kumar Das; Shubhank Dixit; K.R. Yathish; S.B. Singh; J.C. Sekhar; R. Ravikesavan; J.P. Sahi; I. Sudhir Kumar; P. Mahadevu; Digbijaya Swain; R.M. Kachapur; Mitchell R. Tuinstra; Sreya Venadan; Sujay Rakshit
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a versatile crop with high genetic yield potential and various uses. While yellow maize is primarily used for animal feed, white maize is preferred as a food by rural and tribal populations in India. However, white maize landraces suffer immensely in terms of low yield. Heterotic grouping is an excellent method to develop hybrids with increased yield potential in maize. The heterotic grouping of 78 white maize inbred lines was performed using combining ability and molecular diversity analysis. The lines were crossed with two testers, and the resulting hybrids were evaluated for grain yield at three locations representing different agroecological zones in India. The combining ability analysis based on specific combining ability effects on mean grain yield was used to classify the inbred lines into heterotic groups (HG-A: 18 inbreds; HG-B: 33 inbreds). Additionally, marker-based clustering using 62,470 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated through genotyping by sequencing was also employed to determine the genetic relationships among these lines. The combining ability information was superimposed on marker-based clustering data to obtain the heterotic grouping information, and two distinct HGs with 7 (HG-1) and 18 inbred lines (HG-2) were developed. The results of this study will contribute to the development of high-performing white maize hybrids through the efficient utilization of clear-cut and well-defined HGs. Hence, the use of SNP markers along with the combining ability of inbred lines is a useful method for heterotic grouping and understanding of genetic relationships of white maize. © 2024 The Authors. Crop Science © 2024 Crop Science Society of America.
Genetic gains with rapid-cycle genomic selection for combined drought and waterlogging tolerance in tropical maize (Zea mays L.)
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2020) Reshmi R. Das; M.T. Vinayan; Manish B. Patel; Ramesh K. Phagna; S.B. Singh; J.P. Shahi; Akashi Sarma; N.S. Barua; Raman Babu; K. Seetharam; Juan A. Burgueño; P.H. Zaidi
Rapid cycle genomic selection (RC-GS) helps to shorten the breeding cycle and reduce the costs of phenotyping, thereby increasing genetic gains in terms of both cost and time. We implemented RC-GS on two multi-parent yellow synthetic (MYS) populations constituted by intermating ten elite lines involved in each population, including four each of drought and waterlogging tolerant donors and two commercial lines, with proven commercial value. Cycle 1 (C1) was constituted based on phenotypic selection and intermating of the top 5% of 500 S2 families derived from each MYS population, test-crossed and evaluated across moisture regimes. C1 was advanced to the next two cycles (C2 and C3) by intermating the top 5% selected individuals with high genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for grain yield under drought and waterlogging stress. To estimate genetic gains, population bulks from each cycle were test-crossed and evaluated across locations under different moisture regimes. Results indicated that the realised genetic gain under drought stress was 0.110 t ha−1 yr−1 and 0.135 t ha−1 yr−1, respectively, for MYS-1 and MYS-2. The gain was less under waterlogging stress, where MYS-1 showed 0.038 t ha−1 yr−1 and MYS-2 reached 0.113 t ha−1 yr−1. Genomic selection for drought and waterlogging tolerance resulted in no yield penalty under optimal moisture conditions. The genetic diversity of the two populations did not change significantly after two cycles of GS, suggesting that RC-GS can be an effective breeding strategy to achieve high genetic gains without losing genetic diversity. © 2020 The Authors. The Plant Genome published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Crop Science Society of America
Immunodiagnosis in Bone and Joint Tuberculosis
(Evangel Publishing, 2000) S.B. Singh; S.C. Goel
Fifty patients of bone and joint tuberculosis (age 15-70 years) and 30 healthy controls were studied for levels of immunoglobulin G (IsG), immunoglobulin A (IsA), immunoglobulin M (IsM), T cells and circulating immune complexes (CICs) in different stages of disease. Levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, T cells and CICs were significantly raised in fresh and healed tuberculosis patients, compared to control.
Immunological parameters in leprosy patients with and without arthritis.
(1995) S. Pal; S.B. Singh; S.K. Bhattacharya
Twelve patients of leprosy with arthritis and 161 patients without arthritis were studied for immunological parameters like immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA), C-reactive proteins and rheumatoid factor. There was increase in the levels of IgG, IgA value in leprosy patients with and without arthritis compared to healthy control. IgM level was decreased in both the groups compared to control, but significant decrease was observed (p < .01) in patients with arthritis. C-reactive protein was significantly positive in leprosy with arthritis group (p < .01) and positive in 12 cases of leprosy without arthritis group compared to negative control group. Rheumatoid factor was present in leprosy with arthritis (16.6%) compared to both the control group and leprosy without arthritis group. This study concluded the presence of arthritis in leprosy patients as a definite entity which showed changes in immunological parameters.
Influence of irrigation regimes and weed management practices on water use and nutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Emend. Fiori and Paol.)
(Bangladesh Botanical Society, 2015) S.K. Verma; S.B. Singh; S.K. Prasad; R.N. Meena; R.S. Meena
A field experiment was conducted in sandy clay loam soil during winter season of 2012-13. The lowest weed dry weight and the highest nutrient content were recorded under 80 mm CPE. Significantly the highest grain and straw yield, total nutrients uptake, and the highest consumptive use of water (57.8 cm), rate of water use (4.52 mm/day), water use efficiency (87.3 kg/ha-cm) and soil profile moisture was extracted with irrigation at 40 mm CPE. Application of sulfosulfuron recorded significantly lowest weed biomass and the highest nutrient content and their uptake, grain and straw yield, and maximum consumptive use of water (51.5 cm), rate of water use (4.02 mm/day), water use efficiency (91.3 kg/ha-cm) and soil profile moisture extraction over metribuzin and it was at par with metsulfuron-methyl. Grain (6.57 kg/ha) and straw yield (12.3 kg/ha) will be reduced by an increased in unit dry matter production in weeds. © 2015 Bangladesh Botanical Society. All rights reserved.
Ionospheric irregularities at low latitude using VHF scintillations during extreme low solar activity period (2008–2010)
(Springer Netherlands, 2017) S.B. Singh; V.S. Rathore; Ashutosh K. Singh; A.K. Singh
In the present study, we have used 250 MHz radio signal radiated by geostationary satellite UFO-02 to study the occurrence characteristics of very high frequency scintillations associated with ionospheric irregularities during recent extreme low solar activity period from 2008 to 2010 at low latitude Indian station Varanasi (Geomag. latitude = 14°55′N, long. = 154°E, Dip angle = 37.3°, Sub-ionospheric dip = 34°). The impact of this recent extreme low solar activity period on ionosphere is investigated. It is observed that the scintillation occurrence is low having maximum percentage occurrence during pre-midnight periods. With increasing interest in understanding the behavior of ionospheric irregularities, an effort has been made to examine also the influence of solar and magnetic activity over the occurrence of scintillations. During the extreme low solar activity years the scintillation occurrences do not vary linearly with the sunspot number. The inhibition and generation of irregularities during enhanced magnetic activity period are explained by considering changes in the electric field. The spectral analysis provide spectral index for irregularities which varied between −1.5 and −8 and characteristic length of irregularities varied between 400 and 1200 m which confirms that 250 MHz scintillations observed over Varanasi were associated with intermediate scale irregularities. © 2016, Akadémiai Kiadó.
Irradiation Studies on the Karyology of Charophyta I. X-Rays and gamma-rays
(1977) Y.S.R.K. Sarma; S.B. Singh
The present study deals with the effects of X-rays, gamma-rays on the karyology of some selected taxa of charophyta, antheridia having being exposed to radiations. Species of Nitella viz., N. opaca (n=6), N. flagelliformis (n=9) and N. acuminata (n=18) and four of Chara viz., C. fzbrosa (n=14), C. globularis var. virgata (n=14), C. setosa (n=28) and C. zeylanica var. diaphora f.oerstidiana (n=42) were employed as experimental materials in various irradiation experiments. X-ray and gamma-ray doses ranged from 100 to 2000 rads. The materials in each case, after exposure to required amount of radiation, were transferred to fresh culture medium and were examined cytologically at varying periods of time. In all experiments controls were maintained. The qualitative changes that were observed in all the taxa with both types of radiations to a greater or lesser extent were: stickiness and of clumping of chromo somes at metaphase and anaphase, chromosome erosion, chromatid gaps, chromo some and chromatid breaks at metaphase and anaphase, anaphase bridges, lag gards, unequal grouping of chromosomes, unequal separation, ring chromosomes and rarely, formation of micronuclei. The quantitative estimates of affected cells, based on percentages of those show ing chromosome breakage at metaphase and anaphase and cells showing anaphase bridges, showed that levels of radiosensitivity of different taxa differed. The chromo somes of N. opaca having the lowest chromosome number (n=6) and of N. flagelli formis (n=9) with longest chromosomes seem to be more sensitive in comparison to other taxa, while C. zeylanica, with highest chromosome number in the series (n=42) as also with shortest chromosomes, was found to be more radioresistant of all the taxa investigated. However, charophyte taxa in the present study were shown to be more sensitive to radiations as compared with many other algal taxa belonging to other groups investigated earlier. The irradiation studies lend further support to the now more widely held view that Charophyta constitute a very dis tinctive group amongst algae. The generally held view that algae in general are more resistant to radiations in comparison to higher plants does not seem to apply to the members of Charophyta. On the basis of the present study it has been shown that the chromosomes of N. opaca and N. flagelliformis are as sensitive as to radi ations as those of higher plants. The results obtained in the study were adequately discussed. © 1977, Japan Mendel Society, International Society of Cytology. All rights reserved.
Irradiation Studies on the Karyology of Charophyta II. Ultraviolet light
(1977) Y.S.R.K. Sarma; S.B. Singh
The experimental materials that were subjected to UV light are antheridium of N. opaca, N. flagelliformis and C. fibrosa, collected from local ponds of Varanasi district. The exposure time of UV ranged from 1mt to 4mt (3.06X103 ergs/mm2 to 12.24X103 ergs/mm2). The cytological effects under each experiment were quan titatively and qualitatively estimated at metaphase and anaphase stages. The quali tative changes were very much similar to those found with X-rays and gamma-rays. A comparative assessment of chromosomal effects on Tradescentia by earlier workers and of those on charophyte taxa recorded in the present study revealed more or less similar radioresponse to UV light. © 1977, Japan Mendel Society, International Society of Cytology. All rights reserved.