Browsing by Author "Sakshi"

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Determinants of decision-making among ever-married women in Indian households: A cross-sectional study based on binary logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression
(Public Library of Science, 2025) Riti Deshmukh; Sabina Bano; Sakshi
Empowerment of women is intrinsically linked to their participation in household decision-making, a crucial component for achieving gender equality and improving family well-being. Women’s decision-making is frequently cited as a proxy for empowerment and recognized as goal 5 of sustainable development goals. It remains a significant challenge in Indian households to achieve gender parity and poor concentration has been given in the studies of the Indian context. This study evaluates the types of decision-making among ever-married women in Indian households by investigating the socio-demographic factors that influence their role in household decisions. Utilizing data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019–21), which includes a sample of 51,758 women aged 15–49 years. This study employs a bivariate analysis to explore the association between predictive factors and women’s decision-making status. Before implementing a valid conclusion of multinomial logistic regression dealing with multinomial outcome variables, such as independent, joint, and dependent decisions, binary logistic regression was applied in the context of binary outcomes, specifically not making decisions alone and making decisions alone. Results reveal that only 3% of women make decisions independently. In contrast, 15% of women relied on dependently making decisions, and a majority of 82% of respondents reported jointly making decisions within their households. The conclusive model reveals that the likelihood of independent decision-making relative to joint decisions for rural women in India is 25% lower than for urban women, while dependent decision-making is 23% more often in rural areas than in urban ones as compared to jointly made decisions. Working women were 1.52 times more likely to make independent decisions, apart from that, the result indicates that 25% lower relative risk (RRR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.69–0.81) of dependent decisions compared to joint ones. In contrast to the poorest households, women in the richest households are 42% less likely to make decisions independently as opposed to jointly. Regional variations are also evident, compared to women in northern regions, women from the South had the highest prevalence of independent decision-making power than joint decisions, with a relative risk ratio of 2.53 (RRR = 2.53, 95% CI= 2.04–3.14) and the lowest in central regions (RRR = 0.92, 95% CI= 0.73–1.17). Age emerges as a significant factor, compared to jointly making decisions, individuals in the age group of 35–45 have a relative risk ratio of 1.44 (RRR = 1.44, 95% CI= 1.18–1.77), and women over 45 years of 1.67 (RRR = 1.67, 95% CI=1.30–2.13) times greater autonomy than those in the age group below 25. Furthermore, compared to their counterparts who do not consume substances, women whose husbands do so have 1.44 (RRR = 1.44, 95% CI= 1.27–1.64) times higher probability of autonomy in making decisions relative to decisions made jointly. The study underscores the necessity for comprehensive educational programs, financial literacy workshops, improvement of transportation and healthcare decision-making, and region-specific cultural interventions among discriminatory castes by improving employment scenarios. Especially for rural women under the 25-age group can be a significant step in household decisions toward attaining gender equality. © 2025 Deshmukh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Gender disparity in literacy in Uttar Pradesh: a spatial analysis
(Springer Nature, 2023) Sakshi; Sabina Bano
Literacy, being one of the most important demographic elements, is a crucial indicator used to measure human progress towards development. It acts as a catalyst for social progress, maximising return on investment in almost all developmental initiative areas. Moreover, female education contributes significantly to raising the state’s standard of living. This study delves into the prevalent gender disparity in literacy rates within Uttar Pradesh, India, with a particular focus on the enrolment of girl children in elementary schools. It assesses the spatial variation in gender disparity in literacy across the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh and finds a correlation between enrolment of girl children (x) and total elementary schools (y) across the districts. The Sopher Disparity Method is used to determine the spatial variation of gender disparity in literacy. Jaunpur, Bhadohi and Mathura are the states with the highest gender disparity level in literacy, while Amroha and Kanpur Nagar account for the lowest disparity level. The dot method is used to show the distribution of total number of elementary schools per district in Uttar Pradesh, presenting that Baghpat, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Mahoba, Shrawasti and Bhadohi are the districts with the lowest concentration of elementary schools, while Azamgarh, Bijnor, Sitapur, Hardoi and Jaunpur are those with the highest concentration. A correlation coefficient of 0.89 has been found between elementary schools and girl child enrolment, which shows a strong positive association. The research highlights the cultural, socio-economic, and infrastructural barriers that impede the enrolment and retention of girl children in elementary schools. By examining existing policies and their impact, the study aims to provide insights into the complexities of gender-based educational disparities. Furthermore, it explores the role of societal norms and economic constraints in shaping the educational landscape for girls in Uttar Pradesh. The ultimate goal is to inform targeted interventions that address the root causes of gender disparity in literacy, fostering a more inclusive and equitable educational environment in Uttar Pradesh. © 2023, The Author(s).
GOAT MILK AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN CURRENT SCENARIO AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE: A REVIEW
(Veterinary Practitioner, 2022) Utkarsh K. Tripathi; Sakshi; D. Jena
Goats are one of the earliest domesticated animals since primeval time period and it plays a pivotal role in rural livelihood owing to its multifaceted income source from meat, milk, skin and other related byproducts. Taking into consideration that India is a developing country and close to seventy percentage of its population still heavily relies on agrarian sector, livestock farming and specifically goat farming carries significant weightage. In that context, goat milk which accounts roughly twenty-two percentages as compared to global level holds a large chunk of nutritional values as well as other crucial macro and micro minerals which are very pertinent to our bodily function. Moreover, the essential amino acids, essential fatty acids found in goat milk are superior to that of the cow’s milk. In a nutshell, the goat milk and milk products carry huge potential due to its high nutritional contents. This review briefs about the historical aspects of domestication of goats, its significance in Indian economy and aspects of goat milk and its nutritional values. © 2022, Veterinary Practitioner. All rights reserved.