Browsing by Author "Sandeep Kumar Singh"

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Algae Polysaccharides (Carrageenan and Alginate)—A Treasure-Trove of Antiviral Compounds: An In Silico Approach to Identify Potential Candidates for Inhibition of S1-RBD Spike Protein of SARS-CoV2
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023) Dikshansha Rohilla; Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava; Rahul Prasad Singh; Priya Yadav; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Dharmendra Kumar; Nikunj Bhardwaj; Mahipal Singh Kesawat; Kapil Deo Pandey; Ajay Kumar
For the last three years, the world has faced the unexpected spread of the pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The high mortality rate and ever-changing shape of the virus are the challenging factors in the effective management of SARS-CoV-2. However, in last three years, research communities have made significant progress in developing vaccines and controlling the spread of the pandemic to a certain extent. These vaccines contain the attenuated pathogens, which after application did not kill the virus but protected the human by enhancing the immune system response during pandemic exposure. However, the negative side effects and the high cost of the synthetic vaccines are always of concern for researchers, consumers, and the government. Therefore, as an alternative to synthetic drugs, natural medicines or natural plant products have piqued researchers’ interest. Algae are considered as a treasure house of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, vitamins, polysaccharides, proteins, etc. These bioactive compounds have been well documented for the treatments of various human ailments such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, sulfated polysaccharides such as alginate and carrageenan have been reported as having antiviral and immunomodulating properties. Therefore, this review addresses algal polysaccharides, especially alginate and carrageenan, and their application in the treatment of COVID-19. In addition, in silico approaches are discussed for the inhibition of the S1-RBD (receptor-binding domain) of SARS-CoV-2, which attaches to the host receptor ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), and the interaction with the network of relative proteins is also explored, which will help in drug discovery and drug design. © 2023 by the authors.
Algal Metabolites Can Be an Immune Booster against COVID-19 Pandemic
(MDPI, 2022) Ajay Kumar; Rahul Prasad Singh; Indrajeet Kumar; Priya Yadav; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Kaushalendra; Prashant Kumar Singh; Rajan Kumar Gupta; Shiv Mohan Singh; Mahipal Singh Kesawat; Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale; Sang-Min Chung; Manu Kumar
The world has faced the challenges of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for the last two years, first diagnosed at the end of 2019 in Wuhan and widely distributed worldwide. As a result, the WHO has proclaimed the illness brought on by this virus to be a global pandemic. To combat COVID-19, researcher communities continuously develop and implement rapid diagnoses, safe and effective vaccinations and other alternative therapeutic procedures. However, synthetic drug-related side effects and high costs have piqued scientists’ interest in natural product-based therapies and medicines. In this regard, antiviral substances derived from natural resources and some medicines have seen a boom in popularity. For instance, algae are a rich source of compounds such as lectins and sulfated polysaccharides, which have potent antiviral and immunity-boosting properties. Moreover, Algae-derived compounds or metabolites can be used as antibodies and vaccine raw materials against COVID-19. Furthermore, some algal species can boost immunity, reduce viral activity in humans and be recommended for usage as a COVID-19 preventative measure. However, this field of study is still in its early stages of development. Therefore, this review addresses critical characteristics of algal metabolites, their antioxidant potential and therapeutic potential in COVID-19. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
An elaborative NMR based plasma metabolomics study revealed metabolic derangements in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a study on north Indian population
(Springer, 2021) Umesh Kumar; Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh; Payal Arya; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia; Anup Singh; Dinesh Kumar
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is transition phase between cognitive decline and dementia. The current study aims to investigate altered metabolic pattern in plasma of MCI for potential biomarkers. MCI (N = 50) and healthy controls (HC, N = 50) age group 55–75 years were screened based on Mini Mental State Examination Test (MMSE) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI imaging). The MMSE score of MCI was significantly lower (25.74 ± 1.83) compared to healthy control subjects (29 ± 1). The MCI patients exhibit significant changes in white matter integrity in the right frontal lobe, right temporal lobe, left frontal lobe, forcep major, fornix, corpus callosum. Further, the plasma samples of twenty seven MCI patients (N = 27) and twenty HC subjects (N = 20; having no significant differences in any demographics) were analyzed using 1H NMR based metabolomics approach. Consistent with many previous reports, the levels of several plasma metabolites were found to be elevated in MCI patients compared to healthy controls. Further univariate and multivariate ROC curve analyses provided three plasma metabolites as a diagnostic panel of biomarker for MCI; which are lysine, glycine, and glutamine. Overall, the results of this study will help to improve the diagnostic and prognostic strategies of MCI in addition to improving our understanding about disease pathogenesis. We believe that the over-nutritional metabolic phenotype of MCI needs to be targeted for developing future dietary interventions so that the progression of MCI can be limited. Graphical abstract: Metabolic derangements associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.
An insight into the molecular docking interactions of plant secondary metabolites with virulent factors causing common human diseases
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Ajay Kumar; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Vipin Kumar Singh; Chandra Kant; Amit Kishore Singh; Vijay Tripathi; Kalpna Singh; Vijay Kumar Sharma; Joginder Singh
Plant natural products or secondary metabolites have gained significant attention globally because of discoveries of semi-synthetic drugs novel bioactive compounds. Currently, a large part of global population relies on natural products to cure ailments and even chronic diseases and to enhance their immune system. Interestingly, the commonly used drugs for the treatment of some common human diseases like cancer, ulcer, tuberculosis, asthma, etc., have been reported to be of plant origin and recognized to elicit beneficial effects in virulent factors of diseases in vivo and in vitro. The herbal drugs are economical and considered as safe upto certain extent from major side effects. But, still there is need of rapid collection, characterization, taxonomy, certification, and storage for broad, efficient and effective use in drug design or discovery. In this review, we summarized the plants derived secondary metabolites used in treating common human diseases and emphasised the protein-ligand interactions between virulent factors of diseases namely Insulin, p53, Proteasome-associated ATPase, Enterotoxin, Choleragen, IgE with secondary metabolites Aloin, Sesamin, Alliin, Flavanon, Salannin Octyl-β-d-Glucopyranoside of plants respectively, through molecular docking. This study will play a valuable and effective role in drug designing and screening plant-derived metabolites for drug designing. © 2021 SAAB
Antioxidant efficacy and curcumin content of turmeric (Curcuma-longa L.) flower
(Publishers, 2016) Ajay Kumar; Monika Singh; Prem Pratap Singh; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Pratima Raj; Kapil D. Pandey
Objective: The objective of the work is to evaluate the curcumin content, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of Curcuma longa flower. Methods: Curcumin content were analyzed through HPLC-PDA analysis. The antioxidant activity of the flower was determined by free radical scavenging activity of DPPH, and the total phenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent through standard protocols.Results: The flowers had found about (3.87±0.5μg/g) of curcumin during HPLC-PDA analysis. The antioxidant activity (DPPH free radicals scavenging activity IC50) of the turmeric flower (3.2 μg/ml) was found near to the standard ascorbic acid (2.6 μg/ml). In addition to these, a significant amount of phenolics (210.45±1.32 mg GAE/100 g) was present in the turmeric flowers. Conclusion: The flowers of curcuma longa contains a significant amount of curcumin, antioxidant activity and phenol contents. © 2016 The Authors.
Antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of alzheimer’s disease
(Springer International Publishing, 2018) Sandeep Kumar Singh; Saripella Srikrishna; Rudy J. Castellani; George Perry
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common human neurodegenerative disease that causes dementia in the elderly. A person suffering with AD shows gradual memory deterioration and other cognitive discrepancies, which eventually lead to complete incapacity and ultimately death. The major pathological characteristics of AD are the presence of senile plaques extracellularly and neurofibrillary tangles intracellularly. Growing evidences have demonstrated that oxidative stress is an important factor contributing to the initiation and progression of AD. However, the exact mechanisms that lead to the disruption of redox balance and the sources of free radicals remain elusive. The excessive reactive oxygen species may be generated from mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction and/or aberrant accumulation of transition metals, while the abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) and tau proteins appears to promote redox imbalance. The resulting oxidative stress has been implicated in Aβ or tau-induced neurotoxicity. To combat oxidative stress in AD, antioxidants have been therapeutically implicated. Within the last few years, a number of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant and neuroprotective effects have been described to possibly benefit AD patients. Many efforts have been made to explore the mechanisms behind the neuroprotective action of polyphenols. The aim of this chapter is to critically review the use of different types of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of AD. © Springer International Publishing AG 2017.
Azaphenothiazine Conjugates: A New Class of Antimicrobial Compounds
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Khushbu Kushwaha; Devan D. Buchanan; Angel Nkosi; Jatin Jangra; Rajnish Kumar; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Subhash Chand Jain; Siva S. Panda
Although phenothiazines have been widely explored in medicinal chemistry for over a century, little attention has been paid to their pyridine analogs, azaphenothiazines. This article reports the first synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of S-oxide analogs of N-aminoalkylated azaphenothiazines as antibacterials and antifungals. The optimized synthetic protocol enabled the production of the desired azaphenothiazine sulfoxides 12a–e and sulfonyls 14a–e, respectively. In addition to the x-ray crystal structure of azaphenothiazine sulfoxide intermediate 10, each target compound was characterized using spectroscopy techniques. All of these were investigated in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity against several strains of bacteria and fungi. Biological assays revealed selective antibacterial activity, with sulfoxides (12a–e) exhibiting broad inhibition and sulfones (14a–e) showing selectivity toward gram-negative bacteria. Compound 12c demonstrated fourfold higher potency against Escherichia coli than the reference drug. In antifungal studies, compound 14c showed the highest activity (MIC 1.2 µg/mL against Candida albicans). Our in silico evaluations utilized molecular dynamic (MD) and docking studies for active-site binding simulations, revealing favorable drug-like properties and pharmacokinetics. Finally, toxicology assays determined all synthesized analogs to be non-toxic to kidney and hepatic tissues. This report highlights the newly described S-oxide azaphenothiazine conjugates and their potential as potent antimicrobial agents. © 2025 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.
Bacopa monnieri and neural health: An Indian herb
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2023) Prachi Pattnaik; Chetan Panda; Tarun Minocha; Sanjeev Kumar Yadav; Namrata Dwivedi; Sandeep Kumar Singh
The disorders of the central nervous system are increasingly recognized as one of the most prevalent disorders in the present world. It has been envisaged that neurological disorders will be of great concern in the present and future populations worldwide. The different neurological disorders may be associated with signs, such as loss of memory, impaired brain function, cognitive deficits, etc. The occurrence of such degenerative diseases of the nervous system certainly imposes medical and public health burdens on populations worldwide. The multifactorial nature of such neural disorders entails the use of modern medicine in combination with conventional medicines for treatment. There has been undeniably a revolution in the foundation of existing medical facilities, which have been strengthened by the amalgamation of phytomedicine. In recent times, the use of medicinal herbs to improve mental function has come into the limelight in both developed and developing countries. Increased research is being carried out to discover Ayurvedic medications owing to their biosafety profile and utility in cognitive impairment. The current chapter deals with the depiction of one such plant, that is Bacopa monnieri, which possesses neuroprotective properties, and is considered to be Medhya Rasayana (a nootropic drug). This Indian herb, being a dietary anti-oxidant, has several modes of action to protect the brain against oxidative damage and age-related issues. A majority of the plant compounds, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenes, present in medicinal plants, have been known to have therapeutic properties against neurodegeneration mainly by virtue of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloidogenic effects. © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers. All rights reserved.
Beneficial and negative impacts of wastewater for sustainable agricultural irrigation: Current knowledge and future perspectives
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Priya Yadav; Rahul Prasad Singh; Rajan Kumar Gupta; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Hariom Verma; Prashant Kumar Singh; Kaushalendra; Kapil D. Pandey; Ajay Kumar
Currently world faces the high risk of water crisis and the rising human population and changing climatic conditions accelerate this challenge. Therefore there is urgent need of water management for the human beings and all the living organisms. Agriculture is currently the world's largest water consumer. Furthermore, it has been anticipated that by 2050, the amount of water available for agricultural irrigation will have to increased by 70% to meet the demand of food for the rising global population. In this scenario, wastewater may be a viable option as a source of water for the agricultural irrigation. Although the waste water contains various trace elements and fertilizers contents and these can be used to enhance the agricultural production. However the presence of heavy load of some toxic compounds/metals in the waste water negatively affect the quality of plant, soil as well as environment and human health. Therefore in this chapter we have discussed briefly the merit and demerits of waste water utilization for agricultural irrigation. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.
Biocontrol Potential of Microbial Consortia: Approaches in Food Security and Disease Management
(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Hariom Verma; Chandra Kant; Sandeep Kumar Singh; James F. White; Ajay Kumar; Samir Droby
In the current scenario of climate change, the uncertainty of environmental factors and adverse impacts of chemical pesticides on the texture and productivity of soil along with increasing health concerns to humans appear as a global challenge in the management of agricultural yield to meet the food demand of burgeoning global populations. However, microbial consortia applied as either plant or soil inoculants have largely been used in the last few decades for the enhancement of agricultural productivity, improvement of nutrient status in the soil, improvement of fruit quality, and as biocontrol agents to control the growth of devastating phytopathogens during harvest or postharvest storage. The functional aspects of microbial consortia have been shown effective in broader ways as compared to individual cultures. Moreover, the efficiency of microbial consortia is higher due to the presence of several strains where each strain performs specific functions and shows better performance in functional behaviours in order to withstand environmental fluctuations. In this chapter, we have tried to compile the latest aspects and advancements in the development and application of microbial consortia for effective phytopathogen control so that the goals of food security could be achieved. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
Biogas production using waste water: Methodologies and applications
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Priya Yadav; Rahul Prasad Singh; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Mahjabin; Ajay Kumar; Amit Raj; Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
Biogas is competitive, viable, and generally a sustainable energy resource due to abundant supply of cheap feedstock's and availability of a wide range of biogas applications in heating, power generation, fuel, and raw materials for further processing and production of sustainable chemicals including hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and biofuels. Biogas can also be used in fuel cells for direct conversion to electricity and raw material for hydrogen and transport fuel production which is a significant pathway to sustainable energy development. Enriched biogas or biomethane can be containerized or injected to gas supply mains for use as renewable natural gas. Biogas digesters provide an opportunity for integrated waste management systems that combine waste treatment, energy generation, and resource recovery. By integrating biogas digesters into waste management infrastructure, it becomes possible to create closed-loop systems that maximize the potential of organic waste while minimizing environmental impacts. This holistic approach promotes sustainable practices, reduces reliance on conventional waste treatment methods, and creates a more circular and resource-efficient economy. © 2024 Elsevier Inc.
Bioprospects of Endophytic Bacteria in Plant Growth Promotion and Ag-Nanoparticle Biosynthesis
(MDPI, 2022) Monika Singh; Kamal A. Qureshi; Mariusz Jaremko; Minakshi Rajput; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Kaushalendra; Kapil D. Pandey; Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira; Ajay Kumar
In this study, five endophytic bacterial strains, namely Rhizobium pusense (MS-1), Bacillus cereus MS-2, Bacillus flexus (MS-3), Methylophilus flavus (MS-4), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MS-5), were used to investigate their potential role in the enhancement of growth yields of two types of tomato varieties, viz. hybrid and local, and in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The inoculation of bacterial strains enhanced the root and shoot length, biomass, and leaf chlorophyll contents. The fruit weight of the tomato (kg/plant) was also higher in the bacteria inoculated plants of both hybrid and local varieties than in the control (untreated). A significant increase was recorded in the fruit yield (g/plant) in all the treatments, whereas Methylophilus flavus (MS-4) inoculated plants yielded nearly 2.5 times more fruit weight compared to the control in the hybrid variety and two times higher in the local variety. The response to M. flavus as a microbial inoculant was greater than to the other strains. Biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles was also carried out using all five endophytic bacterial strains. The weakest producers of AgNPs were Rhizobium pusense (MS-1) and Methylophilus flavus (MS-4), while Bacillus cereus MS-2, Bacillus flexus (MS-3), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MS-5) were strong producers of AgNPs. Nanoparticles were further characterized using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and revealed cuboidal shaped AgNPs in the Bacillus cereus MS-2 strain. In addition, the biosynthesized AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against various pathogenic and endophytic bacterial strains. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Bioremediation potential of methylotrophic bacteria
(Elsevier, 2020) Deen Dayal Giri; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Ajay Giri; Himanshu Dwivedi; Ajay Kumar
Methylotrophs are an important group of bacteria, which are being applied in expanding area of research with applications in carbon capture, chemical production, and bioremediation; they are also used to produce value-added chemicals from C1 compounds (methane, methanol, etc.) into green chemicals such as biofuels, terpenoids, and biodegradable plastics. They are capable of promoting plant growth and agriculture, degradation of pollutants (methylmercury), or recovery of critical metals for our technologies in environmentally friendly and sustainable ways. The present chapter deals with the brief introduction of methylotrophs and their few applications in combating environmental issues. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
Biosurfactant producing microbes for clean-up of soil contaminants
(Elsevier, 2020) Sandeep Kumar Singh; Manoj Kumar Singh; Hariom Verma; Prem Pratap Singh; Anand Vikram Singh; Kumari Rashmi; Ajay Kumar
Microbial synthesized biosurfactants currently utilized in remediation of various organic pollutants including hydrocarbons, petroleum products, and oil spills and appear as latest and advanced approach in bioremediation. Biosurfactant is an amphipathic molecules constituted of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, and their application reduced the surface or interfacial tensions of the immiscible fluids, which enhanced solubility and sorption potential of hydrophobic organic and inorganic compounds. Initially, chemically synthesized surfactants have been used for the remediation of hydrophobic contaminants but cost-effectiveness, toxic, and harmful residues limit their frequent use. In this regard, microbial synthesized biosurfactant emerges as a chief, eco-friendly, and best suitable alternative and frequently utilized in the environmental contamination management. In this chapter, we had summarized microbial source, limiting factors during biosurfactant production, and also discussed action mechanism against various environmental contamination. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
Biotechnological aspects of plants metabolites in the treatment of ulcer: A new prospective
(Elsevier B.V., 2018) Amit Kishore Singh; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Prem Pratap Singh; Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava; Kapil D. Pandey; Ajay Kumar; Himansu Yadav
Ulcer is one of the most common diseases affecting throughout the world population. The allopathic treatment of ulcer adversely affects the health by causing harmful side effects. Currently, many herbal plants and secondary metabolites have been used for the ulcer treatment. In the present review, many herbal plants and their parts (root, rhizome, bark, leaves and fruits) have been listed in the table are currently being used for ulcer treatment. These metabolites are responsible for ulcer-neutralization or anti-inflammatory properties. In silico study, plant metabolites showed interaction between protodioscin (secondary metabolites of Asparagus racemosus) and interferon-γ (virulent factor of gastric ulcer) during molecular docking. All the residues of interferon-γ exhibited hydrophobic interactions with plant metabolites. These interactions helps in understanding the plant secondary metabolites vis a vis will open a new door in the research field of new drug discovery and designing for the ulcer treatment. © 2018
Contamination of soil and food chain through wastewater application
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Priya Yadav; Rahul Prasad Singh; Rajan Kumar Gupta; Twinkle Pradhan; Amit Raj; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Kaushalendra; Kapil D. Pandey; Ajay Kumar
Current time, wastewater irrigation is becoming more prominent as a response to the decline in freshwater resources triggered by climate change. Globally, population density and freshwater resources are not distributed equitably. Wastewater irrigation has been identified as a severe environmental concern in many nations due to pesticides, heavy metal, etc. accumulation in food crops and soils, as well as potential health hazards to those who consume these foods. In terms of agricultural use, as well as environmental contamination and toxicological, this approach has both beneficial and negative consequences. However, wastewater is a significant necessary source of plant nutrients, the presence of harmful pollutants and bacteria in wastewater poses a number of environmental, sanitary, and health hazards after long-term agricultural irrigation. As wastewater irrigation becomes more common, human health risks become more important since the advantages to food security and livelihoods must be evaluated against exposure to various contaminants. This chapter discussed the impact of wastewater irrigation on the biological, chemical, and physical attributes of soil including pH, anions and cations, organic matter, and microbial activities. We described how potentially toxic elements (PTEs) accumulate in soil body and how they are transferred to flora and fauna. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.
Contamination removal from waste water using electrochemical approaches
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Priya Yadav; Rahul Prasad Singh; Gurudatta Singh; Hariom Verma; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Praveen Dahiya; Ajay Kumar
Every year, a substantial amount of wastewater from industrial sources is discharged into the environment. To combat this pollution, a variety of techniques are employed for wastewater treatment. Among these methods is electrocoagulation (EC), which utilizes electrochemical reactions to generate coagulant substances on-site by dissolving sacrificial anodes typically made of iron or aluminum. By applying an electric current, EC effectively disrupts and removes suspended, dissolved, or emulsified pollutants. It holds great potential for eliminating a broad spectrum of contaminants, encompassing both organic and inorganic substances, from diverse wastewater types. The efficiency of the EC process depends on multiple parameters, including pH, electrode choice, operation duration, and current density. Nonetheless, EC encounters two primary challenges: electrode passivation and energy consumption. Despite these challenges, EC demonstrates advantages over conventional methods, such as decreased energy requirements and lower operational costs. © 2024 Elsevier Inc.
Cyanobacterial availability for CRISPR-based genome editing: Current and future challenges
(Elsevier, 2022) Sandeep Kumar Singh; Ajay Kumar; Avinash Chandra Rai; Mukesh Kumar Yadav; Punuri Jayasekhar Babu; Zothanpuia; Liansangmawii Chhakchhuak; Prashant Kumar Singh; Garima Singh; Naveen Chandra Joshi; Avinash Singh; Kaushalendra; Rosie Lalmuanpuii; Esther Lalnunmawii; Bendangchuchang Longchar
Cyanobacterial genetic manipulations are optimistic for producing feedstocks, fuels, valuable chemicals, and a basic understanding of stress-induced responses. Regrettably, the newly available genome manipulation tools for cyanobacteria are far from other organisms despite their significant contributions to humanity. This chapter primarily focused on genome engineering efforts available to date for synthetic biology applications and the recent advances in investigations in the development of genome editing in cyanobacteria. Moreover, in recent years, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) dependent approaches rapidly gained engineering popularity in all life domains. Such techniques permit markerless genome editing, simultaneous manipulation of multiple genes, and transcriptional regulation of genes. However, the cyanobacterial genome manipulations by employing the CRISPR tool are still in infancy and limited to very few reports for its synthetic applications, even though the CRISPR drastically shortened the mutant selection time and the segregation advantages. In this chapter, we highlighted the studies that have implemented CRISPR-based tools for cyanobacteria’s metabolic engineering. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cyanobacterial based bioremediation of xenobiotics compounds
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Sandeep Kumar Singh; Nisha Yadav; Priya Yadav; Livleen Shukla; Twinkle Pradhan; Manish Kumar; Rachana Singh; Ajay Kumar
Cyanobacterial-based bioremediation has emerged as a promising eco-friendly approach for the degradation and removal of xenobiotic compounds, which are synthetic pollutants resistant to natural breakdown processes. Xenobiotics, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and industrial chemicals, persist in the environment and pose significant threats to ecosystems and human health due to their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic properties. Cyanobacteria, photosynthetic microorganisms, offer a sustainable solution to this problem by utilizing their metabolic versatility and adaptation to diverse environments for the detoxification and degradation of these harmful compounds. Cyanobacteria can transform or degrade xenobiotics through various enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways, such as oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions. Certain cyanobacterial strains produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which can adsorb xenobiotic molecules, reducing their bioavailability and toxicity. Additionally, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and specific enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases, and monooxygenases play crucial roles in breaking down complex organic molecules. Their potential for bioremediation is enhanced by their ability to grow in diverse environments, including freshwater, marine, and extreme conditions. In addition to degrading xenobiotics, cyanobacteria can also contribute to the recovery of polluted environments by fixing carbon and nitrogen, promoting the growth of other beneficial organisms. The integration of cyanobacterial systems in constructed wetlands, biofilms, and algal-bacterial consortia has shown promise in improving the efficiency of xenobiotic removal. However, challenges such as optimizing conditions for maximum degradation, understanding the metabolic pathways involved, and scaling up for industrial applications remain. This chapter highlights the potential of cyanobacterial-based bioremediation as a green technology for the sustainable removal of xenobiotics and emphasizes the need for further research into their practical applications in environmental restoration. © 2024
Cyanobacterial based bioremediation of xenobiotics compounds
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Sandeep Kumar Singh; Nisha Yadav; Priya Yadav; Livleen N. Shukla; Twinkle Pradhan; Manish Kumar; Rachana Singh; Ajay Kumar
Cyanobacterial-based bioremediation has emerged as a promising eco-friendly approach for the degradation and removal of xenobiotic compounds, which are synthetic pollutants resistant to natural breakdown processes. Xenobiotics, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and industrial chemicals, persist in the environment and pose significant threats to ecosystems and human health due to their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic properties. Cyanobacteria, photosynthetic microorganisms, offer a sustainable solution to this problem by utilizing their metabolic versatility and adaptation to diverse environments for the detoxification and degradation of these harmful compounds. Cyanobacteria can transform or degrade xenobiotics through various enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways, such as oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions. Certain cyanobacterial strains produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which can adsorb xenobiotic molecules, reducing their bioavailability and toxicity. Additionally, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and specific enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases, and monooxygenases play crucial roles in breaking down complex organic molecules. Their potential for bioremediation is enhanced by their ability to grow in diverse environments, including freshwater, marine, and extreme conditions. In addition to degrading xenobiotics, cyanobacteria can also contribute to the recovery of polluted environments by fixing carbon and nitrogen, promoting the growth of other beneficial organisms. The integration of cyanobacterial systems in constructed wetlands, biofilms, and algal-bacterial consortia has shown promise in improving the efficiency of xenobiotic removal. However, challenges such as optimizing conditions for maximum degradation, understanding the metabolic pathways involved, and scaling up for industrial applications remain. This chapter highlights the potential of cyanobacterial-based bioremediation as a green technology for the sustainable removal of xenobiotics and emphasizes the need for further research into their practical applications in environmental restoration. © 2025