Browsing by Author "Sanjeev Sharma"

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An Efficient Deep Learning Technique for Driver Drowsiness Detection
(Springer, 2024) Abhineet Ranjan; Sanjeev Sharma; Prajwal Mate; Anshul Verma
Deep learning techniques allow us to learn about a person’s behavior based on pictures and videos. Using digital cameras, the system can identify and classify a person’s behavior based on images and videos. This paper aims to present a method for detecting drivers’ drowsiness based on deep learning. To determine which transfer learning technique best suits this work, we used DenseNet169, MobileNetV2, ResNet50V2, VGG19, InceptionV3, and Xception on the dataset. The dataset used in this paper is the Driver Drowsiness Dataset (DDD), which is publicly available on Kaggle. This dataset consists of 41,790 RGB images, and each image has a size of 227 × 227, which has 2 classes: drowsy and not drowsy. The Drivers Drowsiness Dataset is based on the images extracted from the real-life Drowsiness dataset (RLDD). After comparing the results coming from all 6 models, the highest accuracy achieved was 100% by ResNet50V2, and various parameters are calculated like accuracy, F1 score, etc. Additionally, this work compared the results with existing methods to demonstrate its effectiveness. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Automatic Cauliflower Disease Detection Using Fine-Tuning Transfer Learning Approach
(Springer, 2024) Noamaan Abdul Azeem; Sanjeev Sharma; Anshul Verma
Plants are a major food source worldwide, and to provide a healthy crop yield, they must be protected from diseases. However, checking each plant to detect and classify every type of disease can be time-consuming and would require enormous expert manual labor. These difficulties can be solved using deep learning techniques and algorithms. It can check diseased crops and even categorize the type of disease at a very early stage to prevent its further spread to other crops. This paper proposed a deep-learning approach to detect and classify cauliflower diseases. Several deep learning architectures were experimented on our selected dataset VegNet, a novel dataset containing 656 cauliflower images categorized into four classes: downy mildew, black rot, bacterial spot rot, and healthy. We analyzed the results conducted, and the best test accuracy reached was 99.25% with an F1-Score of 0.993 by NASNetMobile architecture, outperforming many other neural networks and displaying the model’s efficiency for plant disease detection. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Design and Analysis of Suspended Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Formed by Semicircular Air Holes Near the Core
(International Academy of Microwave and Optical Technology (IAMOT), 2023) M.P. Srinivasa Rao; Vivek Singh; Sanjeev Sharma
A silica photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with three rings of air holes arranged in hexagonal lattice is proposed to modify and control the nonlinearity and dispersion properties. First time, semicircular air holes are taken near the core to obtain suspended core. High filling fraction and small suspended core are possible without disturbing other air holes in the cladding. Thus, the proposed PCF offers better properties and flexibility in fabrication than existing PCFs. Semicircles are elongated systematically towards center of the core based on eccentricity of the semicircles. The effect of core suspension on the dispersion, nonlinearity, effective area, confinement loss, dispersion penalty and bit error rate of the proposed PCFs are investigated using finite element method. This study reveals that the dispersion and zero dispersion wavelength can be modified by adjusting the eccentricity of the semicircles. It is found that the dispersion curves show two zero dispersion wavelengths at eccentricity greater than 0.2. The effect of the eccentricity of semicircles on nonlinearity, effective area and confinement loss has been observed and it is found that nonlinearity increases with an increase in eccentricity. In comparison with the reported results of the other PCFs, the proposed PCF shows similar dependence of fiber parameters on eccentricity of the semicircles. It is anticipated that the proposed PCF could reduce the fabrication difficulties due to its high pitch and semicircles of air holes near the core. Thus, these PCFs can be a new class of fabrication friendly PCFs for future applications in various field © 2023 IAMOT
Hybrid NOMA for Future Radio Access: Design, Potentials and Limitations
(Springer, 2022) Kuntal Deka; Sanjeev Sharma
Next-generation internet of things (IoT) applications need numerous low-powered wireless mobile devices to connect with each other, having ultra-reliability and low latency. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising technology to address massive connectivity for 5G and beyond by accom- modating several users within the same orthogonal resource block. Therefore, this article explores hybrid NOMA (HNOMA) for massive multiple access in the uplink scenarios due to its higher spectral efficiency. The HNOMA includes both power domain and code domain NOMA method due to diverse channel conditions in practice. We highlight that polar coded based data transmission can achieve higher reliability and lower latency in HNOMA-based wireless networks. Further, at the base station (BS), channel state information (CSI) of each link is not perfectly available or very complex to estimate due to non-orthogonal connections. Therefore, we analyze and review the performance of uplink based system involving HNOMA transmission in imperfect CSI. Furthermore, we summarize some key technical challenges and their potential solutions in futuristic IoT applications using HNOMA transmission. Finally, we offer some design guidelines for HNOMA-based systems using a deep learning approach to implement adaptive and efficient wireless networks. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Reactivity of the oxime/oximato group in ruthenium(II) complexes
(2008) Sanjay Kumar Singh; Sanjeev Sharma; Sudhakar Dhar Dwivedi; Ru-Qiang Zou; Qiang Xu; Daya Shankar Pandey
Oxime targeted reactions of the complexes trans-[(κ3- dapdOH)Ru(CO)(PPh3)2]PF6 (1) (dapdOH = diacetylpyridinedioxime) and trans-[(κ3-dapmOH)RuCl(PPh 3)2]PF6 (2) (dapmOH = diacetylpyridinemonooxime) with SOCl2, NaBH4, or HCHO led into conversion of oxime to oximato, imino, or hydroxymethylimino groups. The reaction products have been characterized by analytical and spectral studies. Molecular structures of the representative homo/heteroleptic oxime/oximato complexes trans-[(κ3-dapdOH)Ru(CO)(PPh3) 2]PF6 (1), trans-[(κ3-dapdO)Ru(CO) (PPh3)2] (11) and oximato/imino complex trans-[(κ3-dapd-NH)Ru(CO)(PPh3)2]PF 6 (13) have been authenticated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Structural studies revealed the presence of various oxime/oximato/imino based O-H⋯O, C-H⋯O, and N-H⋯F interactions in the complexes 1, 11, and 13. © 2008 American Chemical Society.
Ruthenium complexes containing pyridine-2-carbaldehyde azine as a synthon in the synthesis of bi-/trimetallic complexes
(Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2008) Sudhakar D. Dwivedi; Ashish K. Singh; Sanjay K. Singh; Sanjeev Sharma; Manish Chandra; Daya S. Pandey
Ruthenium complexes [(η5-C5H5) Ru(PPh3)(κ2-paa)]PF6 (paa = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde azine) and [(η5-C5H 5)Ru(κ1-dppm)-(κ2-paa)]BF 4 [dppm = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane] have been employed as a synthon in the synthesis of homo/hetero bi-/trimetallic complexes. It is the uncoordinated N,N-donor site on paa in complex [(η5-C 5H5)Ru(PPh3)-(κ2-paa)]PF 6, and N,N-donor site on paa and pendant phosphorus in [(η5-C5H5)Ru(κ1-dppm) (κ2-paa)]BF4 that allows for their incorporation into bi-/trimetallic systems. The resulting complexes have been characterized by analytical, spectral and electrochemical studies. Molecular structures of homobimetallic complex [(PPh3)(θ5-C 5H5)Ru(μ-paa)Ru(θ6-C 10H14)Cl](PF6)2 and hetero-bimetallic complex [(PPh3)(θ5-C 5H5)-Ru(μ-paa)Rh(θ5-C 5Me5)Cl](PF6)2 have been authenticated crystallographically. Complexes exhibit absorptions throughout the visible region and complicated electrochemical behaviour. Metal-based Ru II/RuIII oxidations in the bimetallic complexes do not vary as in the trimetallic complexes. © Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2008.
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: Potential precursors, metalloligands, and topo II inhibitors
(2008) Sanjeev Sharma; Sanjay K. Singh; Daya S. Pandey
Neutral and cationic mononuclear complexes containing both group 15 and polypyridyl ligands [Ru(κ3-tptz)(PPh3)-Cl 2] [1; tptz = 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-thazine], [Ru(κ3-tptz)(κ2-dppm)CI]BF4 [2; dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)-methane], [Ru(κ3-tptz)(PPh 3)(pa)]Cl (3; pa = phenylalanine), [Ru(κ3-tptz) (PPh3)(dtc)]Cl (4; dtc = diethyldithiocarbamate), [Ru(κ3-tptz)(PPh3)(SCN)2] (5) and [Ru(κ3-tptz)(PPh3)(N3)2] (6) have been synthesized. Complex 1 has been used as a metalloligand in the synthesis of homo- and heterodinuclear complexes [Cl2(PPh 3)Ru(μ-tptz)Ru-(η6-C6H 6)Cl]BF4 (7), [Cl2(PPh3)Ru(μ- tptz)Ru(η6-C10H14)Cl]PF6 (8), and [Cl2(PPh3)Ru(μ-tptz)Rh(η5-C 5Me5)Cl]BF4 (9). Complexes 7-9 present examples of homo- and heterodinuclear complexes in which a typical organometallic moiety [(η6-C6H6)RuCl]+, [(η6-C10H14)RuCl]+, or [(η5-C5Me5)RhCl]+ is bonded to a ruthenium(II) polypyridine moiety. The complexes have been fully characterized by elemental analyses, fast-atom-bombardment mass spectroscopy, NMR ( 1H and 31P), and electronic spectral studies. Molecular structures of 1-3, 8, and 9 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Complex 1 functions as a good precursor in the synthesis of other ruthenium-(II) complexes and as a metalloligand. All of the complexes under study exhibit inhibitory effects on the Topoisomerase II-DNA activity of filarial parasite Setaria cervi and β-hematin/hemozoin formation in the presence of Plasmodium yoelii lysate. © 2008 American Chemical Society.
Structures, preparation and catalytic activity of ruthenium cyclopentadienyl complexes based on pyridyl-phosphine ligand
(2009) Prashant Kumar; Ashish Kumar Singh; Sanjeev Sharma; Daya Shankar Pandey
Ruthenium complexes [(η5-C5H5)Ru(κ1-P-PPh2Py)(PPh3)Cl] (1) and [(η5-C5H5)Ru(κ2-P-N-PPh2Py)(PPh3)]+ (1a) containing diphenyl-2-pyridylphosphine (PPh2Py) are reported. Coordinated PPh2Py in the complex [(η5-C5H5)Ru(κ1-P-PPh2Py)(PPh3)Cl] (1) exhibits monodentate behavior. In presence of NH4PF6 in methanol at room temperature it afforded chelated complex [(η5-C5H5)Ru(κ2-P,N-PPh2Py)(PPh3)]+ (1a). Further, 1 reacted with various species viz., CH3CN, NaCN, NH4SCN and NaN3 to afford cationic and neutral complexes [(η5-C5H5)Ru(κ1-P-PPh2Py)(PPh3)L]+ and [(η5-C5H5)Ru(κ1-P-PPh2Py)(PPh3)L] [L = CH3CN (1b); CN- (1c); N3- (1d) and SCN- (1e)] and it's reaction with N,N-donor chelating ligands dimethylglyoxime (H2dmg) and 1,2-phenylenediamine (pda) gave cationic complexes [(η5-C5H5)Ru(κ1-P-PPh2Py)(κ2-N-N)]PF6 [κ2-N-N = dmg (1f) and pda (1g)]. The complexes 1-1g have been characterized by physicochemical techniques and crystal structures of 1, 1a, 1c, 1e and 1f have been determined by single crystal X-ray analyses. Catalytic potential of the complex 1 has been evaluated in water under aerobic conditions. It was observed that the complex 1 selectively catalyzes reduction of aldehyde into alcohol. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Surface Angle Effect on Sensing Performance of the V-Shaped SPR Photonic Crystal Fiber for theDetection of Refractive Index
(International Academy of Microwave and Optical Technology (IAMOT), 2024) M. P. Srinivasa Rao; Vivek Singh; N. Nageswara Rao; Sanjeev Sharma
A V-shaped sensing surface photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance is designed and investigated numerically in the refractive index detection range of 1.32 to 1.41 by applying the finite element method. The V-shaped surface can reduce the distance between the fiber core and the analyte, which enhances the coupling between surface plasmon mode and the fundamental core mode. The effect of the surface angle of the proposed sensor on the mode characteristics and sensing performances is analyzed in detail. The simulation results show that the surface angle of the PCF has a remarkable influence on the sensitivity of the sensor and detection range of the analyte retractive index. This sensor offers maximum sensitivity of 14000 nm/RIU which is approximately 55% larger than the other similar structure for the surface angle of 160o without sacrificing the detection range of the analyte refractive index. The above analysis and results demonstrate that this sensor is feasible and promising in environmental, biological, and chemical sensing. © 2024 IAMOT
Synthesis and reactivity of homo-bimetallic Rh and Ir complexes containing a N,O-donor Schiff base
(2009) Ashish Kumar Singh; Sudhakar Dhar Dwivedi; Santosh Kumar Dubey; Sanjay Kumar Singh; Sanjeev Sharma; Daya Shankar Pandey; Ru-Qiang Zou; Qiang Xu
Binuclear complexes [{(η5-C5Me5)RhCl}2(μ-bsh)] (1) and [{(η5-C5Me5)IrCl}2(μ-bsh)] (2) containing N,N′-bis(salicylidine)hydrazine (H2bsh) are reported. The complexes 1 and 2 reacted with EPh3 (E = P, As) to afford cationic complexes [(η5-C5Me5)Rh(PPh3)(κ2-Hbsh)]PF6 (3), [(η5-C5Me5)Rh(AsPh3)(κ2-Hbsh)]PF6 (4), [(η5-C5Me5)Ir(PPh3)(κ2-Hbsh)]PF6 (5), and [(η5-C5Me5)Ir(AsPh3)(κ2-Hbsh)]PF6 (6) which were isolated as their hexafluorophosphate salts. Representative complexes 3 and 5 have been used as a metallo-ligand in the synthesis of binuclear complexes [(η5-C5Me5)RhCl(μ-bsh)Ru(η6-C10H14)Cl]PF6 (7) and [(η5-C5Me5)IrCl(μ-bsh)Ru(η6-C10H14)Cl]PF6 (8). The complexes under study have been fully characterized by analytical and spectral (FAB/ESI-MS, IR, NMR, electronic and emission) studies. Molecular structures of 1, 2, 3 and 5 have been determined crystallographically. Structural studies on 1 and 2 revealed the presence of extensive inter- and intra-molecular C-H···O and C-H···π weak bonding interactions. The complexes 1, 2, 3 and 5 moderately emit upon excitation at their respective MLCT bands. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Synthesis of electroactive multinuclear dipyrrinato complexes and Fe(iii) assisted formation of α-alkoxy substituted 5-ferrocenyldipyrromethenes
(2012) Rakesh Kumar Gupta; Rampal Pandey; Sanjeev Sharma; Daya Shankar Pandey
The synthesis and characterization of multinuclear complexes [Pd(acac)(fcdpm)] (1), [Pd(fcdpm) 2] (2), [Co(acac)(fcdpm) 2] (3), [Co(fcdpm) 3] (4) and α-alkoxy derivatives [α-OMe-fcdpm] (5), [α-OEt-fcdpm] (6), [α-OPr n-fcdpm] (7) and [α-OBu n-fcdpm] (8) (fcdpm = 5-ferrocenyldipyrromethene; acac = acetylacetone) have been described. Formation of alkoxy derivatives 5-8 takes place from highly selective Fe(iii) mediated alkoxylation of fcdpm in alcohol. It has been established that yield of α-alkoxy derivatives depend on the alcohol chain length. The compounds under study have been characterized by elemental analyses, spectral (IR, 1H, 13C NMR, ESI-MS, UV-vis) and electrochemical studies (CV and DPV). Structures of 1, 3 and 5 have been verified by X-ray single crystal analyses. Structural studies revealed distorted square planar and octahedral geometry about Pd(ii) and Co(iii) centres. All the compounds exhibited oxidation wave due to Fc/Fc + redox couple (0.34-0.36, 1-4; 0.24-0.25 V, 5-8). © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry.