Browsing by Author "Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari"

Now showing 1 - 12 of 12

Adolescent transport and unintentional injuries: a systematic analysis using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Amy E. Peden; Patricia Cullen; Kate Louise Francis; Holger Moeller; Margaret M. Peden; Pengpeng Ye; Maoyi Tian; Zhiyong Zou; Susan M. Sawyer; Amirali Aali; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Michael Abdelmasseh; Meriem Abdoun; Rami Abd-Rabu; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Ame Mehadi Abdurehman; Getachew Abebe; Ayele Mamo Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abidi; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu Gharbieh; Denberu Eshetie Adane; Tigist Demssew Adane; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Ololade Grace Adewole; Sangeet Adhikari; Mohammad Adnan; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Bachelor Afolabi; Saira Afzal; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Zahra Babaei Aghdam; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Araz Ramazan Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Jivan Qasim Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Janardhana P. Aithala; Budi Aji; Meisam Akhlaghdoust; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Astawus Alemayehu; Hanadi Al Hamad; Syed Shujait Ali; Liaqat Ali; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Louay Almidani; Sami Almustanyir; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami; Sohrab Amiri; Hoda Amiri; Tadele Fentabil Anagaw; Tudorel Andrei; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Davood Anvari; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Asrat Arja; Judie Arulappan; Ashokan Arumugam; Armin Aryannejad; Saeed Asgary; Tahira Ashraf; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Alok Atreya; Sameh Attia; Avinash Aujayeb; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Samad Azari; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Hosein Azizi; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Ashish D. Badiye; Nayereh Baghcheghi; Sara Bagherieh; Atif Amin Baig; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Asaminew Birhanu Balta; MacIej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Hansi Bansal; Mainak Bardhan; Francesco BaroneAdesi; Amadou Barrow; Azadeh Bashiri; Pritish Baskaran; Saurav Basu; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Abebe Ayalew Bekel; Alehegn Bekele Bekele; Salaheddine Bendak; Isabela M. Bensenor; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Devidas S. Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Nikha Bhardwaj; Sonu Bhaskar; Ajay Nagesh Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Bagas Suryo Bintoro; Saeid Bitaraf; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Archith Boloor; Souad Bouaoud; Julie Brown; Katrin Burkart; Nadeem Shafique Butt; Muhammad Hammad Butt; Luis Alberto CÃ¡mera; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Chao Cao; Andre F. Carvalho; MÃ¡rcia Carvalho; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Eeshwar K. Chandrasekar; Jung-Chen Chang; Periklis Charalampous; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bitew Mekonnen Chekole; Abdulaal Chitheer; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Hitesh Chopra; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; NatÃ¡lia Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Gary L. Darmstadt; Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Saswati Das; Anna Dastiridou; Sisay Abebe Debela; Amin Dehghan; Getnet Makasha Demeke; Andreas K. Demetriades; Solomon Demissie; Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Nancy Diao; Diana Dias Da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Lankamo Ena Digesa; Mengistie Diress; Shirin Djalalinia; Linh Phuong Doan; Milad Dodangeh; Paul Narh Doku; Deepa Dongarwar; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa Elagali; Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Farshid Etaee; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Abbas Farmany; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Ali Fatehizadeh; Seyed Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Getahun Fetensa; Bikila Regassa Feyisa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Behzad Foroutan; Masoud Foroutan; Kayode Raphael Fowobaje; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Peter Andras Gaal; Muktar A. Gadanya; Yaseen Galali; Nasrin Galehdar; Balasankar Ganesan; Tushar Garg; Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot; Yosef Haile Gebremariam; Yibeltal Yismaw Gela; Urge Gerema; Mansour Ghafourifard; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Reza Ghanbari; Mohammad Ghasemi Nour; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Ali Gholami; Ali Gholamrezanezhad; Sherief Ghozy; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Iago GinÃ©-VÃ¡zquez; Zeleke Abate Girma; James C. Glasbey; Franklin N. Glozah; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Michal Grivna; Habtamu Alganeh Guadie; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Yuming Guo; Veer Bala Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Bhawna Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Sajid Hameed; Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore; Asif Hanif; Arief Hargono; Netanja I. Harlianto; Mehdi Harorani; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; S.M. Mahmudul Hasan; Amr Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Mohammad Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Yuta Hiraike; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Sheikh Jamal Hossain; Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain; Sedighe Hosseini Shabanan; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Amir Human Hoveidaei; Alexander Kevin Hsiao; Salman Hussain; Amal Hussein; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Behzad Imani; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Rakibul M. Islam; Mohammad Mainul Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; J. Linda Merin; Haitham Jahrami; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Umesh Umesh Jayarajah; Sudha Jayaraman; Jayakumar Jeganathan; Bedru Jemal; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk JÃ¼risson; Ali Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Dler Hussein Kadir; Laleh R. Kalankesh; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Vineet Kumar Kamal; Rajesh Kamath; Himal Kandel; Rami S. Kantar; Neeti Kapoor; Hassan Karami; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Samad Karkhah; Patrick D.M.C. Katoto; Joonas H. Kauppila; Gbenga A. Kayode; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Cumali Keskin; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Yusra H. Khan; Imteyaz A. Khan; Abbas Khan; Moien A.B. Khan; Javad Khanali; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani; Habibolah Khazaie; Jagdish Khubchandani; Zemene Demelash Kifle; Jihee Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Sezer Kisa; Adnan Kisa; Cameron J. Kneib; Farzad Kompani; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Nithin Kumar; Naveen Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Lucie Laflamme; Judit LÃ¡m; IvÃ¡n Landires; Bagher Larijani; Savita Lasrado; Paolo Lauriola; Carlo La Vecchia; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Yo Han Lee; Sang-Woong Lee; Wei Chen Lee; Samson Mideksa Legesse; Shanshan Li; Stephen S. Lim; LÃ¡szlÃ³ Lorenzovici; Amana Ogeto Luke; Farzan Madadizadeh; Áurea M. Madureira-Carvalho; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Soleiman Mahjoub; Ata Mahmoodpoor; Razzagh Mahmoudi; Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh; Azeem Majeed; Alaa Makki; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Ahmad Azam Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Elezebeth Mathews; Sazan Qadir Maulud; Dennis Mazingi; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Oliver Mendoza-Cano; Ritesh G. Menezes; Dechasa Adare Mengistu; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Atte Meretoja; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá; Ted R. Miller; Seyed Peyman Mirghaderi; Andreea Mirica; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Moonis Mirza; Sanjeev Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Chaitanya Mittal; Madeline E. Moberg; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Soheil Mohammadi; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Shafiu Mohammed; Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed; Mohammad Mohseni; Ali H. Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Rafael Silveira Moreira; Shane Douglas Morrison; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Haleh Mousavi Isfahani; Sumaira Mubarik; Lorenzo Muccioli; Soumyadeep Mukherjee; Francesk Mulita; Ghulam Mustafa; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Hasan Nassereldine; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Ionut Negoi; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Samata Nepal; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Nafise Noroozi; Virginia NuÃ±ez-Samudio; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Chimedsuren Ochir; Julius Nyerere Odhiambo; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Andrew T. Olagunju; Ahmed Omar Bali; Emad Omer; Adrian Otoiu; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Nikita Otstavnov; Bilcha Oumer; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Mohammad Taha Pahlevan Fallahy; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Shahina Pardhan; Eun-Kee Park; Sangram Kishor Patel; Aslam Ramjan Pathan; Siddhartha Pati; Uttam Paudel; Shrikant Pawar; Paolo Pedersini; Mario F.P. Peres; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Michael R. Phillips; Julian David Pillay; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Mohsen Poursadeqiyan; Naeimeh Pourtaheri; Ibrahim Qattea; Amir Radfar; Ata Rafiee; Pankaja Raghav Raghav; Fakher Rahim; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Firman Suryadi Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Sheetal Raj Moolambally; Sheena Ramazanu; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Juwel Rana; Saleem Muhammad Rana; Chythra R. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Mohammad Mahdi Rashidi; Prateek Rastogi; Azad Rasul; Salman Rawaf; David Laith Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Negar Rezaei; Nazila Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Aziz Rezapour; Abanoub Riad; Muhammad Riaz; Jennifer Rickard; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Bedanta Roy; S. Manjula; Aly M.A. Saad; Siamak Sabour; Leila Sabzmakan; Basema Saddik; Malihe Sadeghi; Mohammad Reza Saeb; Umar Saeed; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Sher Zaman Safi; Biniyam Sahiledengle; Harihar Sahoo; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Morteza Saki; Payman Salamati; Sana Salehi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib; Yaser Sarikhani; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider; David C. Schwebel; Hamed Seddighi; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Allen Seylani; Hosein Shabaninejad; Melika Shafeghat; Pritik A. Shah; Saeed Shahabi; Ataollah Shahbandi; Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Mohd Shanawaz; Mohammed Shannawaz; Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew; Neeraj Sharma; Bereket Beyene Shashamo; Maryam Shayan; Rahim Ali Sheikhi; Jiabin Shen; B. Suresh Kumar Shetty; Pavanchand H. Shetty; Jae Il Shin; Nebiyu Aniley Shitaye; K.M. Shivakumar; Parnian Shobeiri; Seyed Afshin Shorofi; Sunil Shrestha; Soraya Siabani; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Wudneh Simegn; Ehsan Sinaei; Paramdeep Singh; Robert Sinto; Md Shahjahan Siraj; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; David A. Sleet; S.N. Chandan; Bogdan Socea; Marco Solmi; Yonatan Solomon; Yi Song; Raúl A.R.C. Sousa; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Mark A. Stokes; Muhammad Suleman; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Jing Sun; Rafael TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos; Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei; Mohammad Tabish; Ensiyeh Taheri; Moslem Taheri Soodejani; Mircea Tampa; KerKan Tan; Ingan Ukur Tarigan; Md Tariqujjaman; Nathan Y. Tat; Vivian Y. Tat; Arash Tavakoli; Belay Negash Tefera; Yibekal Manaye Tefera; Gebremaryam Temesgen; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Pugazhenthan Thangaraju; Rekha Thapar; Nikhil Kenny Thomas; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Marius Belmondo Tincho; Amir Tiyuri; Munkhsaikhan Togtmol; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Sana Ullah; Saif Ullah; Irfan Ullah; Srikanth Umakanthan; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Siavash Vaziri; Massimiliano Veroux; Dominique Vervoort; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Linh Gia Vu; Yasir Waheed; Yanzhong Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Cong Wang; Taweewat Wiangkham; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Abay Tadesse Woday; Ai-Min Wu; Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Lin Yang; Sanni Yaya; Arzu Yigit; Vahit Yigit; Eshetu Yisihak; Naohiro Yonemoto; Yuyi You; Mustafa Z. Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Hossein Yusefi; Mazyar Zahir; Sojib Bin Zaman; Iman Zare; Kourosh Zarea; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Yunquan Zhang; Arash Ziapour; Sanjay Zodpey; Mohammad Zoladl; George C. Patton; Rebecca Q. Ivers
Background: Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10–24 years during the past three decades. Methods: Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 Study, we analysed mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to transport and unintentional injuries for adolescents in 204 countries. Burden is reported in absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population by sex, age group (10–14, 15–19, and 20–24 years), and sociodemographic index (SDI) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We report percentage changes in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019. Findings: In 2019, 369 061 deaths (of which 214 337 [58%] were transport related) and 31·1 million DALYs (of which 16·2 million [52%] were transport related) among adolescents aged 10–24 years were caused by transport and unintentional injuries combined. If compared with other causes, transport and unintentional injuries combined accounted for 25% of deaths and 14% of DALYs in 2019, and showed little improvement from 1990 when such injuries accounted for 26% of adolescent deaths and 17% of adolescent DALYs. Throughout adolescence, transport and unintentional injury fatality rates increased by age group. The unintentional injury burden was higher among males than females for all injury types, except for injuries related to fire, heat, and hot substances, or to adverse effects of medical treatment. From 1990 to 2019, global mortality rates declined by 34·4% (from 17·5 to 11·5 per 100 000) for transport injuries, and by 47·7% (from 15·9 to 8·3 per 100 000) for unintentional injuries. However, in low-SDI nations the absolute number of deaths increased (by 80·5% to 42 774 for transport injuries and by 39·4% to 31 961 for unintentional injuries). In the high-SDI quintile in 2010–19, the rate per 100 000 of transport injury DALYs was reduced by 16·7%, from 838 in 2010 to 699 in 2019. This was a substantially slower pace of reduction compared with the 48·5% reduction between 1990 and 2010, from 1626 per 100 000 in 1990 to 838 per 100 000 in 2010. Between 2010 and 2019, the rate of unintentional injury DALYs per 100 000 also remained largely unchanged in high-SDI countries (555 in 2010 vs 554 in 2019; 0·2% reduction). The number and rate of adolescent deaths and DALYs owing to environmental heat and cold exposure increased for the high-SDI quintile during 2010–19. Interpretation: As other causes of mortality are addressed, inadequate progress in reducing transport and unintentional injury mortality as a proportion of adolescent deaths becomes apparent. The relative shift in the burden of injury from high-SDI countries to low and low–middle-SDI countries necessitates focused action, including global donor, government, and industry investment in injury prevention. The persisting burden of DALYs related to transport and unintentional injuries indicates a need to prioritise innovative measures for the primary prevention of adolescent injury. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Avina Vongpradith; Sarah Brooke Sirota; Amanda Novotney; Christopher E Troeger; Matthew C Doxey; Rose G Bender; Jorge R Ledesma; Molly H Biehl; Samuel B Albertson; Joseph Jon Frostad; Katrin Burkart; Fiona B Bennitt; Jeff T Zhao; William M Gardner; Hailey Hagins; Dana Bryazka; Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez; Semagn Mekonnen Abate; Michael Abdelmasseh; Amir Abdoli; Gholamreza Abdoli; Aidin Abedi; Vida Abedi; Tadesse M Abegaz; Hassan Abidi; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Yonas Derso Abtew; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Kidist Adamu; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Oyelola A Adegboye; Mohammad Adnan; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Saira Afzal; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Araz Ramazan Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Jivan Qasim Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi; Hanadi Al Hamad; Luciana Albano; Mamoon A Aldeyab; Bezatu Mengistie Alemu; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Abdelazeem M Algammal; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Liaqat Ali; Musa Mohammed Ali; Syed Shujait Ali; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Adel Al-Jumaily; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Sami Almustanyir; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Rami H Hani Al-Rifai; Saif Aldeen S AlRyalat; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi; John H Amuasi; Dickson A Amugsi; Etsay Woldu Anbesu; Adnan Ansar; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Demelash Areda; Ayele Mamo Argaw; Zeleke Gebru Argaw; Judie Arulappan; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba; Mulusew A Asemahagn; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Daniel Atlaw; Engi F Attia; Sameh Attia; Avinash Aujayeb; Tewachew Awoke; Tegegn Mulatu Ayana; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Samad Azari; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Muhammad Badar; Ashish D Badiye; Nayereh Baghcheghi; Sara Bagherieh; Atif Amin Baig; MacIej Banach; Indrajit Banerjee; Mainak Bardhan; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Amadou Barrow; Azadeh Bashiri; Quique Bassat; Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha; Abate Bekele Belachew; Melaku Ashagrie Belete; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Parth Bhatt; Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Soumitra S Bhuyan; Ali Bijani; Saeid Bitaraf; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Danilo Buonsenso; Muhammad Hammad Butt; Jiao Cai; Paulo Camargos; Luis Alberto Cámera; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Muluken Genetu Chanie; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Patrick R Ching; Sungchul Choi; Yuen Yu Chong; Sonali Gajanan Choudhari; Enayet Karim Chowdhury; Devasahayam J Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Natalie L Cobb; Aaron J Cohen; Natália Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; An Thi Minh Dao; Sisay Abebe Debela; Biniyam Demisse; Fitsum Wolde Demisse; Solomon Demissie; Diriba Dereje; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Belay Desye; Sameer Dhingra; Nancy Diao; Daniel Diaz; Lankamo Ena Digesa; Linh Phuong Doan; Milad Dodangeh; Deepa Dongarwar; Fariba Dorostkar; Wendel Mombaque Dos Santos; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Eleonora Dubljanin; Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye; Hisham Atan Edinur; Elham Ehsani-Chimeh; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Eman D El Desouky; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Muhammed Elhadi; Ahmed Mahmoud Rabie Elkhapery; Amir Emami; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Farshid Etaee; Mohamad Ezati Asar; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Shahab Falahi; Aida Fallahzadeh; Anwar Faraj; Emerito Jose A Faraon; Ali Fatehizadeh; Pietro Ferrara; Allegra Allegra Ferrari; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Joanne Flavel; Masoud Foroutan; Peter Andras Gaal; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Santosh Gaihre; Nasrin Galehdar; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Tushar Garg; Mesfin Damtew Gebrehiwot; Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael; Yibeltal Yismaw Gela; Belete Negese Belete Gemeda; Bradford D Gessner; Melaku Getachew; Asmare Getie; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Mohammad Ghasemi Nour; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Ali Gholamrezanezhad; Abdolmajid Gholizadeh; Rakesh Ghosh; Sherief Ghozy; Pouya Goleij; Mohamad Golitaleb; Giuseppe Gorini; Alessandra C Goulart; Girma Garedew Goyomsa; Habtamu Alganeh Guadie; Zewdie Gudisa; Rashid Abdi Guled; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Alemu Guta; Parham Habibzadeh; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Samer Hamidi; Md Abdul Hannan; Mehdi Harorani; Ahmed I Hasaballah; Hamidreza Hasani; Abbas M Hassan; Shokoufeh Hassani; Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Behzad Heibati; Mohammad Heidari; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Ramesh Holla; Sung Hwi Hong; Nobuyuki Horita; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh; Junjie Huang; Nawfal R Hussein; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Kevin S Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Masao Iwagami; Jalil Jaafari; Elham Jamshidi; Sung-In Jang; Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani; Tahereh Javaheri; Fatemeh Javanmardi; Javad Javidnia; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Umesh Jayarajah; Shubha Jayaram; Alelign Tasew Jema; Wonjeong Jeong; Jost B Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; V. K; Zubair Kabir; Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi; Vidya Kadashetti; Laleh R Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Ashwin Kamath; Bhushan Dattatray Kamble; Himal Kandel; Tesfaye K Kanko; Ibraheem M Karaye; André Karch; Samad Karkhah; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Patrick D M C Katoto; Harkiran Kaur; Rimple Jeet Kaur; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Imteyaz A Khan; Maseer Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Moien A B Khan; Yusra H Khan; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Mina Khosravifar; Jagdish Khubchandani; Min Seo Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Niranjan Kissoon; Luke D Knibbs; Sonali Kochhar; Farzad Kompani; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; G Anil Kumar; Om P Kurmi; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Judit Lám; Iván Landires; Caterina Ledda; Sang-Woong Lee; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Gang Liu; Wei Liu; Rakesh Lodha; László Lorenzovici; Mojgan Lotfi; Joana A Loureiro; Farzan Madadizadeh; Ata Mahmoodpoor; Razzagh Mahmoudi; Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh; Jamal Majidpoor; Alaa Makki; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Ahmad Azam Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Yosef Manla; Clara N Matei; Alexander G Mathioudakis; Richard James Maude; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Addisu Melese; Ziad A Memish; Oliver Mendoza-Cano; Alexios-Fotios A Mentis; Tuomo J Meretoja; Mehari Woldemariam Merid; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira De Sá; Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena; Le Huu Nhat Minh; Shabir Ahmad Mir; Reza Mirfakhraie; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Agha Zeeshan Mirza; Moonis Mirza; Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari; Abay Sisay Misganaw; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Arif Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Syam Mohan; Mohammad Mohseni; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Md Moniruzzaman; Fateme Montazeri; Catrin E Moore; Abdolvahab Moradi; Lidia Morawska; Jonathan F Mosser; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Majid Motaghinejad; Haleh Mousavi Isfahani; Seyed Ali Mousavi-Aghdas; Sumaira Mubarik; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Ghulam Mustafa; Sanjeev Nair; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Houshang Najafi; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Zuhair S Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Huy Van Nguyen Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Antonio Tolentino Nogueira De Sá; Hasti Nouraei; Ali Nowroozi; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Chimedsuren Ochir; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Andrew T Olagunju; Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa; Ahmed Omar Bali; Emad Omer; Eyal Oren; Erika Ota; Nikita Otstavnov; Abderrahim Oulhaj; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Keyvan Pakshir; Reza Pakzad; Tamás Palicz; Anamika Pandey; Suman Pant; Shahina Pardhan; Eun-Cheol Park; Eun-Kee Park; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Rajan Paudel; Shrikant Pawar; Minjin Peng; Gavin Pereira; Simone Perna; Navaraj Perumalsamy; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; David M Pigott; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Vivek Podder; Roman V Polibin; Maarten J Postma; Hamid Pourasghari; Naeimeh Pourtaheri; Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir; Mathieu Raad; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Saber Raeghi; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Mehran Rahimi; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Azizur Rahman; Md Obaidur Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Pradhum Ram; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Juwel Rana; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Usha Rani; Sowmya J Rao; Sina Rashedi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Azad Rasul; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Marissa B Reitsma; Andre M N Renzaho; Mohsen Rezaeian; Abanoub Riad; Reza Rikhtegar; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Emma L B Rogowski; Luca Ronfani; Kristina E Rudd; Basema Saddik; Erfan Sadeghi; Umar Saeed; Azam Safary; Sher Zaman Safi; Maryam Sahebazzamani; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Sateesh Sakhamuri; Sana Salehi; Muhammad Salman; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Abdallah M Samy; Milena M Santric-Milicevic; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Maryam Sarkhosh; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Allen Seylani; Amira A Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Hina Shamshad; Mequannent Melaku Sharew; Asaad Sharhani; Azam Sharifi; Purva Sharma; Ali Sheidaei; Suchitra M Shenoy; Jeevan K Shetty; Damtew Solomon Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski; K.M. Shivakumar; Siddharudha Shivalli; Parnian Shobeiri; Wudneh Simegn; Colin R Simpson; Harpreet Singh; Jasvinder A Singh; Paramdeep Singh; Samarjeet Singh Siwal; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar; Suhang Song; Yimeng Song; Prashant Sood; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Muhammad Suleman; Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh; Alireza Tahamtan; Majid Taheri; Moslem Taheri Soodejani; Elahe Taki; Iman M Talaat; Mircea Tampa; Sarmila Tandukar; Nathan Y Tat; Vivian Y Tat; Yibekal Manaye Tefera; Gebremaryam Temesgen; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Azene Tesfaye; Degefa Gomora Tesfaye; Belay Tessema; Rekha Thapar; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Amir Tiyuri; Imad I Tleyjeh; Munkhsaikhan Togtmol; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Derara Girma Tufa; Irfan Ullah; Era Upadhyay; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R Valdez; Rohollah Valizadeh; Constantine Vardavas; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Bay Vo; Linh Gia Vu; Birhanu Wagaye; Yasir Waheed; Yu Wang; Abdul Waris; T Eoin West; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Xiaoyue Xu; Sajad Yaghoubi; Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Dong Keon Yon; Naohiro Yonemoto; Burhan Abdullah Zaman; Alireza Zandifar; Moein Zangiabadian; Heather J Zar; Iman Zare; Zahra Zareshahrabadi; Armin Zarrintan; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Wu Zeng; Mengxi Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Chenwen Zhong; Mohammad Zoladl; Alimuddin Zumla; Stephen S Lim; Theo Vos; Mohsen Naghavi; Michael Brauer; Simon I Hay; Christopher J L Murray
Background: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings: Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths. Interpretation: The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks, 1990-2022
(Elsevier Inc., 2023) George A. Mensah; Valentin Fuster; Christopher J.L. Murray; Gregory A. Roth; George A. Mensah; Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate; Mohammadreza Abbasian; Foad Abd-Allah; Ashkan Abdollahi; Mohammad Abdollahi; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Auwal Abdullahi; Ayele Mamo Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Armita Abedi; Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; Salahdein Aburuz; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Tigist Demssew Adane; Nicola J. Adderley; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Bashir Aden; Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa; Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Fatemeh Afrashteh; Shadi Afyouni; Saira Afzal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Antonella Agodi; Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Arriagada; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Danish Ahmad; Firdos Ahmad; Muayyad M. Ahmad; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Syed Anees Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Karolina Akinosoglou; Moein Ala; Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal; Samer O. Alalalmeh; Ziyad Al-Aly; Nazmul Alam; Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer; Alaa Alashi; Mohammed Albashtawy; Mohammad T. AlBataineh; Haileselasie Berhane Alema; Sharifullah Alemi; Yihun Mulugeta Alemu; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Khalid F. Alhabib; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Reyhaneh Alikhani; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Wael Almahmeed; Sabah Al-Marwani; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Farrukh Jawad Alvi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Hassan Alwafi; Hany Aly; Prince M. Amegbor; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Alireza Amindarolzarbi; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Sohrab Amiri; Enrico Ammirati; Tanu Anand; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Abhishek Anil; Golnoosh Ansari; Philip Emeka Anyanwu; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Geminn Louis Carace Apostol; Jalal Arabloo; Mosab Arafat; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Olatunde Aremu; Benedetta Armocida; Johan Ärnlöv; Oluwaseyi Olalekan Arowosegbe; Anton A. Artamonov; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Judie Arulappan; Idowu Thomas Aruleba; Ashokan Arumugam; Zahra Aryan; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Thomas Astell-Burt; Mahshid Ataei; Mohammad Athar; Alok Atreya; Avinash Aujayeb; Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe; Amdehiwot A. Aynalem; Zahra Azizi; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Abraham Samuel Babu; Muhammad Badar; Feras Bader; Ashish D. Badiye; Arvind Bagga; Sara Bagherieh; Farshad Bahrami Asl; Ruhai Bai; Jennifer L. Baker; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Ravleen Kaur Bakshi; Saliu A. Balogun; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; Kiran Bam; MacIej Banach; Soham Bandyopadhyay; Biswajit Banik; Palash Chandra Banik; Kannu Bansal; Hamid Reza Baradaran; Franca Barbic; Martina Barchitta; Mainak Bardhan; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Sandra Barteit; Lingkan Barua; Azadeh Bashiri; Mohsen Bayati; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Emad Behboudi; Amir Hossein Behnoush; Yannick Béjot; Sefealem Assefa Belay; Melaku Ashagrie Belete; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Michelle L. Bell; Luis Belo; Salaheddine Bendak; Bright Benfor; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Catherine P. Benziger; Azizullah Beran; Adam E. Berman; Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Habtamu B. Beyene; Kebede A. Beyene; Akshaya Srikanth Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Prarthna V. Bhardwaj; Vivek Bhat; Gurjit Kaur Bhatti; Jasvinder Singh Bhatti; Boris Bikbov; Andras Bikov; Marina G. Birck; Bijit Biswas; Saeid Bitaraf; Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin; Eyob Ketema Bogale; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Archith Boloor; Milad Bonakdar Hashemi; Hamed Borhany; Edward J. Boyko; Dejana Braithwaite; Luisa C. Brant; Michael Brauer; Susanne Breitner; Andrey Briko; Lemma N. Bulto; Yasser Bustanji; Zahid A. Butt; Daniela Calina; Fan Cao; Rosario Cárdenas; Sinclair Carr; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Márcia Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Luca Cegolon; Ester Cerin; Yaacoub Chahine; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Mei Yen Chan; Raymond N.C. Chan; Periklis Charalampous; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; An-Tian Chen; Catherine S. Chen; Haowei Chen; Suma Sri Chennapragada; Derek S. Chew; Gerald Chi; Patrick R. Ching; Abdulaal Chitheer; So Mi Jemma Cho; William C.S. Cho; Bryan Chong; Hitesh Chopra; Rahul Choudhary; Enayet Karim Chowdhury; Rajiv Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero; Zinhle Cindi; Iolanda Cioffi; Kaleb Coberly; Sean Coffey; Alyssa Columbus; Joao Conde; Sara Conti; Barbara Corso; Sandra Cortés; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Rosa A.S. Couto; Emma Johnson Cowart; Michael H. Criqui; Jessica A. Cruz; Sriharsha Dadana; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Zhaoli Dai; Maxwell Ayindenaba Dalaba; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Saswati Das; Subasish Das; Mohsen Dashti; Mohammad Dashtkoohi; Maedeh Dastmardi; Kairat Davletov; Aklilu Tamire Debele; Shayom Debopadhaya; Nicole K. DeCleene; Ivan Delgado-Enciso; Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit; Berecha Hundessa Demessa; Andreas K. Demetriades; Xinlei Deng; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nebiyu Dereje Dereje; Awoke Masrie Asrat Derese; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Rupak Desai; Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu; Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan; Sourav Dey; Vishal R. Dhulipala; Daniel Diaz; Michael J. Diaz; Delaney D. Ding; Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira; Thanh Chi Do; Thao Huynh Phuong Do; Saeid Doaei; Sushil Dohare; Wanyue Dong; Mario D'Oria; Wendel Mombaque Dos Santos; Abdel Douiri; Robert Kokou Dowou; Ashel Chelsea Dsouza; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Viola Dsouza; Mi Du; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye; Sulagna Dutta; Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic; Alireza Ebrahimi; Defi Efendi; Ferry Efendi; Diyan Ermawan Effendi; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Iman El Sayed; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Frank J. Elgar; Islam Y. Elgendy; Muhammed Elhadi; Waseem El-Huneidi; Mehdi Emamverdi; Theophilus I. Emeto; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Tesfahun C. Eshetie; Juan Espinosa-Montero; Farshid Etaee; Natalia Fabin; Ibtihal Fadhil; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Luca Falzone; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris; Andre Faro; Mithila Faruque; Medhat Farwati; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Ali Fatehizadeh; Pooria Fazeli; Valery L. Feigin; Xiaoqi Feng; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Pietro Ferrara; Nuno Ferreira; Irina Filip; Laura Fleszar; David Flood; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Diogo A. Fonseca; Carla Fornari; Matteo Foschi; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Blima Fux; Peter Andras Gaal; Muktar A. Gadanya; Shilpa Gaidhane; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Emmanuela Gakidou; Yaseen Galali; Silvano Gallus; Aravind P. Gandhi; Balasankar Ganesan; Rupesh K. Gautam; Miglas W.W. Gebregergis; Kahsu Gebrekirstos Gebrekidan; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Urge Gerema; Alireza Ghajar; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Mohammad Reza Ghasemi; Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi; Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh; Ramy Mohamed Ghazy; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Arun Digambarrao Ghuge; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Ali Golchin; Pouya Goleij; Giuseppe Gorini; Alessandra C. Goulart; Anmol Goyal; Kashish Goyal; Shi-Yang Guan; Giovanni Guarducci; Mesay Dechasa Gudeta; Avirup Guha; Stefano Guicciardi; David Gulisashvili; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Cui Guo; Anish Kumar Gupta; Bhawna Gupta; Indarchand Ratanlal Gupta; Kartik Gupta; Mohak Gupta; Rajat Das Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Renu Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vijai Kumar Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Lami Gurmessa; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Farrokh Habibzadeh; Mostafa Hadei; Helia Sadat Haeri Boroojeni; Aram Halimi; Sebastian Haller; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Nadia M. Hamdy; Samer Hamidi; Chieh Han; Qiuxia Han; Graeme J. Hankey; Md. Abdul Hannan; Arief Hargono; Josep Maria Haro; Faizul Hasan; Ikramul Hasan; Hamidreza Hasani; Maryam Hashemian; Md Saquib Hasnain; Amr Hassan; Ikrama Hassan; Johannes Haubold; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Youssef Hbid; Omar E. Hegazi; Tadele Yohannes Hegena; Mohammad Heidari; Bartosz Helfer; Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna; Claudiu Herteliu; Hamed Hesami; Kamran Hessami; Keyvan Heydari; Kamal Hezam; Yuta Hiraike; Nguyen Quoc Hoan; Ramesh Holla; Md Mahbub Hossain; Md. Belal Hossain; Hassan Hosseinzadeh; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mohamed Hsairi; Junjie Huang; Michael Hultström; Hong-Han Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Khalid S. Ibrahim; Oluwatope Olaniyi Idowu; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Muhammad Iqhrammullah; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Faisal Ismail; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Gaetano Isola; Masao Iwagami; J. Linda Merin; Jalil Jaafari; Louis Jacob; Abdollah Jafarzadeh; Khushleen Jaggi; Haitham Jahrami; Akhil Jain; Nityanand Jain; Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Roland Dominic G. Jamora; Nilofer Javadi; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Rime Jebai; Rebuma Sorsa Jeben; Sun Ha Jee; Anil K. Jha; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; Heng Jiang; Yinzi Jin; Yash B. Jobanputra; Catherine Owens Johnson; Mohammad Jokar; Tamas Joo; Abel Joseph; Nitin Joseph; Charity Ehimwenma Joshua; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Farima Kahe; Rizwan Kalani; Laleh R. Kalankesh; Farnaz Kalantar; Yogeshwar Kalkonde; Sanjay Kalra; Ashwin Kamath; Sagarika Kamath; Arun Kamireddy; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; Arun R. Kanmanthareddy; Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi; Sushil Kumar Kansal; Daniel John Kapner; Sitanshu Sekhar Kar; Paschalis Karakasis; Prabin Karki; Faizan Zaffar Kashoo; Hengameh Kasraei; Eskeziaw Abebe Kassahun; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Patrick D.M.C. Katoto; Neda Kaydi; Foad Kazemi; Sina Kazemian; Sara Kazeminia; Jessica A. Kerr; Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot; Mohammad Keykhaei; Mohamad Mehdi Khadembashiri; Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Himanshu Khajuria; Amirmohammad Khalaji; Nauman Khalid; Alireza Khalilian; Rovshan Khalilov; Asaduzzaman Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Junaid Khan; M. Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Mohammad Jobair Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Yusra H. Khan; Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb; Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi; Khaled Khatab; Sorour Khateri; Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani; Khalid A. Kheirallah; Feriha Fatima Khidri; Saeid Kian; Zemene Demelash Kifle; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Farzad Kompani; Gerbrand Koren; Ashwin Laxmikant Kotnis; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Hare Krishna; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; Md Abdul Kuddus; Mohammed Kuddus; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Vishnutheertha Kulkarni; Akshay Kumar; Ashish Kumar; Naveen Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Rahul Kumar; Netsanet Bogale Kumsa; Kunle Rotimi Kunle; Dian Kusuma; Ilias Kyriopoulos; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Muhammad Awwal Ladan; Lucie Laflamme; Chandrakant Lahariya; Arista Lahiri; Daphne Teck Ching Lai; Tea Lallukka; Qing Lan; Iván Landires; Francesco Lanfranchi; Bagher Larijani; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Kamaluddin Latief; Kaveh Latifinaibin; Jerrald Lau; Paolo Lauriola; Khuong Le; Long Khanh Dao Le; Nhi Huu Hanh Le; Thao Thi Thu Le; Trang Diep Thanh Le; Trang Thi Bich Le; Caterina Ledda; Munjae Lee; Paul H. Lee; Seung Won Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yo Han Lee; Kate E. LeGrand; Mall Leinsalu; Matilde Leonardi; Temesgen L. Lerango; An Li; Ming-Chieh Li; Wei Li; Xiaopan Li; Yichong Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S. Lim; Ro-Ting Lin; Megan Lindstrom; Shai Linn; Gang Liu; Simin Liu; Xiaofeng Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Katherine M. Livingstone; Erand Llanaj; Platon D. Lopukhov; Arianna Maever Loreche; László Lorenzovici; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Alessandra Lugo; Zheng Feei Ma; Farzan Madadizadeh; Ralph Maddison; Javier A. Magaña Gómez; Julien Magne; D.R. Mahadeshwara Prasad; Mehrdad Mahalleh; Mansour Adam Mahmoud; Elham Mahmoudi; Behnaz Mahmoudvand; Omar Mohamed Makram; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Reza Malekzadeh; Kashish Malhotra; Iram Malik; Muhammad Sajeel Ahmed Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Aseer Manilal; Yosef Manla; Yasaman Mansoori; Borhan Mansouri; Pejman Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Hamid Reza Marateb; Mirko Marino; Daniela Martini; Santi Martini; Sharmeen Maryam; Roy Rillera Marzo; Alireza Masoudi; Sahar Masoudi; Clara N. Matei; Yasith Mathangasinghe; Elezebeth Mathews; Manu Raj Mathur; Jishanth Mattumpuram; Richard James Maude; Andrea Maugeri; Mahsa Mayeli; Mohsen Mazidi; John J. McGrath; Steven M. McPhail; Enkeleint A. Mechili; John Robert Carabeo Medina; Jitendra Kumar Meena; Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad; Max Alberto Mendez Mendez-Lopez; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Belayneh Mengist; Sultan Ayoub Meo; Haftu Asmerom Meresa; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Kukulege Chamila Dinushi Mettananda; Sachith Mettananda; Laurette Mhlanga; Tianyue Mi; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; Le Huu Nhat Minh; Neema W. Minja; Pouya Mir Mohammad Sadeghi; Niloofar Mirdamadi; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Moonis Mirza; Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari; Prasanna Mithra; Zahra Moghimi; Jama Mohamed; Mouhand F.H. Mohamed; Nouh Saad Mohamed; Soheil Mohammadi; Hussen Mohammed; Mustapha Mohammed; Salahuddin Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Hossein Molavi Vardanjani; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Fateme Montazeri; AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf; Yousef Moradi; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Negar Morovatdar; Shane Douglas Morrison; Jakub Morze; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Amirmahdi Mostofinejad; Vincent Mougin; Parsa Mousavi; Seyed Ehsan Mousavi; Dariush Mozaffarian; Ahmed Msherghi; Lorenzo Muccioli; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Sumoni Mukherjee; Kavita Munjal; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Ghulam Mustafa; Sathish Muthu; Julius C. Mwita; Woojae Myung; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Shankar Prasad Nagaraju; Ganesh R. Naik; Gurudatta Naik; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Mohammad Sadeq Najafi; Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari; Vinay Nangia; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Shumaila Nargus; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Gustavo G. Nascimento; Hadis Nasoori; Zuhair S. Natto; Javaid Nauman; Muhammad Naveed; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Vinod C. Nayak; Hadush Negash; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Reza Nejad Shahrokh Abadi; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Chakib Nejjari; Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi; Samata Nepal; Nawi Ng; Dang H. Nguyen; Phat Tuan Nguyen; Van Thanh Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Shawn S. Nijjar; Muhammad A. Nizam; Efaq Ali Noman; Shuhei Nomura; Mamoona Noreen; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi; Mpiko Ntsekhe; Dieta Nurrika; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Kehinde O. Obamiro; Martin James O'Donnell; Onome Bright Oghenetega; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; James Odhiambo Oguta; Sylvester Reuben Okeke; Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle; Lawrence Okidi; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Patrick Godwin Okwute; Andrew T. Olagunju; Muideen Tunbosun Olaiya; Matifan Dereje Olana; Matthew Idowu Olatubi; Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira; Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba; Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa; Yinka Doris Oluwafemi; Gideon Olamilekan Oluwatunase; Goran Latif Omer; Mohammad Mehdi Ommati; Kanyin Liane Ong; Sokking Ong; Kenneth Ikenna Onyedibe; Michal Ordak; Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano; Alberto Ortiz; Esteban Ortiz-Prado; Wael M.S. Osman; Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu; Adrian Otoiu; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh Padukudru; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Mahsa Pahlavikhah Varnosfaderani; Tamás Palicz; Raffaele Palladino; Feng Pan; Hai-Feng Pan; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Paraskevi Papadopoulou; Seoyeon Park; Roberto Passera; Jay Patel; Shankargouda Patil; Dimitrios Patoulias; Venkata Suresh Patthipati; Shrikant Pawar; Amy E. Peden; Paolo Pedersini; Minjin Peng; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Emmanuel K. Peprah; Marcos Pereira; Maria Odete Pereira; Mario F.P. Peres; Arokiasamy Perianayagam; Norberto Perico; Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha; Hoang Tran Pham; Anil K. Philip; David M. Pigott; Thomas Pilgrim; Michael A. Piradov; Evgenii Plotnikov; Dimitri Poddighe; Roman V. Polibin; Ramesh Poluru; Ghazaleh Pourali; Akram Pourshams; Pranil Man Singh Pradhan; Manya Prasad; Elton Junio Sady Prates; Bharathi M. Purohit; Jagadeesh Puvvula; Ibrahim Qattea; Gangzhen Qian; Maryam Faiz Qureshi; Mehrdad Rabiee Rad; Amir Radfar; Seyedeh Niloufar Rafiei Alavi; Ibrar Rafique; Alberto Raggi; Fakher Rahim; Md Jillur Rahim; Mehran Rahimi; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Bita Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Pramila Rai; Sathish Rajaa; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Prashant Rajput; Pradhum Ram; Prasanna Ram; Sudha Ramalingam; Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy; Sheena Ramazanu; Pushkal Sinduvadi Ramesh; Juwel Rana; Kritika Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Nemanja Rancic; Amey Rane; Shubham Ranjan; Annemarei Ranta; Indu Ramachandra Rao; Mithun Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Sina Rashedi; Vahid Rashedi; Ahmed Mustafa Rashid; Azad Rasul; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu; Nakul Ravikumar; Salman Rawaf; Iman Razeghian-Jahromi; Christian Razo; Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Luis Felipe Reyes; Nazila Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro; Daniela Ribeiro; Reza Rikhtegar; Leonardo Roever; Debby Syahru Romadlon; Luca Ronfani; Himanshu Sehar Sekhar Rout; Nitai Roy; Priyanka Roy; Andrzej Rynkiewicz; Aly M.A. Saad; Zahra Saadatian; Siamak Sabour; Simona Sacco; Rajesh Sachdeva; Basema Saddik; Erfan Sadeghi; Umar Saeed; Fahimeh Safaeinejad; Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Soumya Swaroop Sahoo; Seyed Aidin Sajedi; Mirza Rizwan Sajid; Joseph W. Sakshaug; Nasir Salam; Afeez Abolarinwa Salami; Mohamed A. Saleh; Sana Salehi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Mohammed Z.Y. Salem; Sara Samadzadeh; Saad Samargandy; Vijaya Paul Samuel; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Rama Krishna Sanjeev; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib; Made Ary Sarasmita; Aswini Saravanan; Yaser Sarikhani; Tanmay Sarkar; Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez; Gargi Sachin Sarode; Sachin C. Sarode; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Anudeep Sathyanarayan; Monika Sawhney; Mehdi Sayyah; Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt
[No abstract available]
Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Sara Momtazmanesh; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Negar Rezaei; Parnian Shobeiri; Amirali Aali; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Michael Abdelmasseh; Meriem Abdoun; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abolhassani; Zahra Abrehdari-Tafreshi; Basavaprabhu Achappa; Denberu Eshetie Adane Adane; Tigist Demssew Adane; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Mohammad Adnan; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Sajjad Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Keivan Ahmadi; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Astawus Alemayehu; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Sami Almustanyir; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Javad Aminian Dehkordi; Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami; Robert Ancuceanu; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Catherine M Antony; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Judie Arulappan; Tahira Ashraf; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Engi F Attia; Meshesha Tsegazeab Ayele; Sina Azadnajafabad; Abraham Samuel Babu; Sara Bagherieh; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; MacIej Banach; Mainak Bardhan; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Amadou Barrow; Saurav Basu; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Isabela M Bensenor; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Ajay Nagesh Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Souad Bouaoud; Dejana Braithwaite; Michael Brauer; Muhammad Hammad Butt; Zahid A Butt; Daniela Calina; Luis Alberto Cámera; Gashaw Sisay Chanie; Periklis Charalampous; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Dinh-Toi Chu; Aaron J Cohen; Natália Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Saswati Das; Sisay Abebe Debela; Laura Delgado-Ortiz; Diriba Dereje; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Nancy Diao; Daniel Diaz; Lankamo Ena Digesa; Gebisa Dirirsa; Paul Narh Doku; Deepa Dongarwar; Abdel Douiri; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa Elagali; Muhammed Elhadi; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Farshid Etaee; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Andre Faro; Ali Fatehizadeh; Ginenus Fekadu; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Richard Charles Franklin; Peter Andras Gaal; Santosh Gaihre; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Mesfin Gebrehiwot; Urge Gerema; Motuma Erena Getachew; Tamiru Getachew; Mansour Ghafourifard; Reza Ghanbari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Ali Gholami; Artyom Urievich Gil; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Davide Golinelli; Habtamu Alganeh Guadie; Bhawna Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Mostafa Hadei; Rabih Halwani; Asif Hanif; Arief Hargono; Mehdi Harorani; Risky Kusuma Hartono; Hamidreza Hasani; Abdiwahab Hashi; Simon I Hay; Mohammad Heidari; Merel E Hellemons; Claudiu Herteliu; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Mohammad Hoseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Junjie Huang; Salman Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Sufyan Ibrahim; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Linda Merin J; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Elham Jamshidi; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Ravi Prakash Jha; Olatunji Johnson; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Vaishali Kraghuabr; Billingsley Kaambwa; Zubair Kabir; Laleh R Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Himal Kandel; Shama D Karanth; Ibraheem M Karaye; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Gizat M Kassie; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Mohammad Keykhaei; Himanshu Khajuria; Imteyaz A Khan; Moien A B Khan; Yusra H Khan; Haneen Khreis; Min Seo Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Luke D Knibbs; Pavel Kolkhir; Somayeh Komaki; Farzad Kompani; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Ali Koolivand; Oleksii Korzh; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Kris J Krohn; Naveen Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Om P Kurmi; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Carlo La Vecchia; Judit Lám; Qing Lan; Savita Lasrado; Kamaluddin Latief; Paolo Lauriola; Sang-Woong Lee; Yo Han Lee; Samson Mideksa Legesse; Jacopo Lenzi; Ming-Chieh Li; Ro-Ting Lin; Gang Liu; Wei Liu; Chun-Han Lo; László Lorenzovici; Yifei Lu; Soundarya Mahalingam; Elham Mahmoudi; Narayan B Mahotra; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Ahmad Azam Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Borhan Mansouri; Elezebeth Mathews; Sazan Qadir Maulud; Enkeleint A Mechili; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Ritesh G Menezes; Dechasa Adare Mengistu; Alexios-Fotios A Mentis; Mahboobeh Meshkat; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira De Sá; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Prasanna Mithra; Javad Moghadasi; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Marita Mohammadshahi; Shafiu Mohammed; Syam Mohan; Nagabhishek Moka; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Md Moniruzzaman; Fateme Montazeri; Maryam Moradi; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Christopher J L Murray; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Vinay Nangia; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Aparna Ichalangod Narayana; Zuhair S Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Wogene Wogene Negash; Evangelia Nena; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Robina Khan Niazi; Antonio Tolentino Nogueira De Sá; Ali Nowroozi; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Rahman Md Obaidur; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Andrew T Olagunju; Ahmed Omar Bali; Sergej M Ostojic; P.A. Mahesh; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Mohammad Taha Pahlevan Fallahy; Tamás Palicz; Adrian Pana; Eun-Kee Park; Jay Patel; Rajan Paudel; Uttam Paudel; Paolo Pedersini; Marcos Pereira; Renato B Pereira; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Majid Pirestani; Maarten J Postma; Akila Prashant; Mohammad Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Sima Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Prashant Rajput; Juwel Rana; Chythra R Rao; Sowmya J Rao; Sina Rashedi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Maryam Rezaei; Nazila Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Mónica Rodrigues; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; David Rojas-Rueda; Kristina E Rudd; Aly M A Saad; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Erfan Sadeghi; Masoumeh Sadeghi; Umar Saeed; Maryam Sahebazzamani; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Harihar Sahoo; Mirza Rizwan Sajid; Sateesh Sakhamuri; Sana Salehi; Abdallah M Samy; Milena M Santric-Milicevic; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Allen Seylani; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohd Shanawaz; Mohammed Shannawaz; Rahim Ali Sheikhi; Shashank Shekhar; Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat; Colin R Simpson; Jasvinder A Singh; Paramdeep Singh; Surjit Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar; Suhang Song; Ireneous N Soyiri; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Leo Stockfelt; Jing Sun; Ken Takahashi; Iman M Talaat; Ker-Kan Tan; Nathan Y Tat; Vivian Y Tat; Birhan Tsegaw Taye; Pugazhenthan Thangaraju; Rekha Thapar; Friedrich Thienemann; Amir Tiyuri; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Lorainne Tudor Car; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Irfan Ullah; Sana Ullah; Marco Vacante; Pascual R Valdez; Rohollah Valizadeh; Job F M Van Boven; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Siavash Vaziri; Francesco S Violante; Bay Vo; Ning Wang; Melissa Y Wei; Ronny Westerman; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Suowen Xu; Xiaoyue Xu; Lalit Yadav; Yazachew Yismaw; Dong Keon Yon; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Mazyar Zahir; Moein Zangiabadian; Zahra Zareshahrabadi; Armin Zarrintan; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Zelalem Banjaw Zegeye; Yunquan Zhang; Mohsen Naghavi; Bagher Larijani; Farshad Farzadfar
Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Authors
Global, regional, and national burden of allergic disorders and their risk factors in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023) Youn Ho Shin; Jimin Hwang; Rosie Kwon; Seung Won Lee; Min Seo Kim; Jae Il Shin; Dong Keon Yon; Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Michael Abdelmasseh; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Elissa M. Abrams; Yonas Derso Abtew; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Denberu Eshetie Adane Adane; Tigist Demssew Adane; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Rishan Adha; Amin Adibi; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Anurag Agrawal; Sohail Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Sayer Al-Azzam; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Vahid Alipour; Zaid Altaany; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Hany Aly; Adnan Ansar; Judie Arulappan; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Tahira Ashraf; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Daniel Atlaw; Avinash Aujayeb; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mahsa Babaei; Hassan Babamohamadi; Alaa Badawi; Nayereh Baghcheghi; Sara Bagherieh; Khuloud Bajbouj; Maciej Banach; Mainak Bardhan; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Amadou Barrow; Azadeh Bashiri; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Isabela M. Bensenor; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Kebede A. Beyene; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Ajay Nagesh Bhat; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Ali Bijani; Andras Bikov; Jiao Cai; Paulo Camargos; Josip Car; Sinclair Carr; Andrea Carugno; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Periklis Charalampous; Mohammadreza Chashmyazdan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Barbara Corso; Natália Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Dessalegn Demeke; Biniyam Demisse; Daniel Diaz; Mengistie Diress; Deepa Dongarwar; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Muhammed Elhadi; Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy; Habtamu Esubalew; Farshid Etaee; Azin Etemadimanesh; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev; Ali Fatehizadeh; Syeda Anum Fatima Fatima; Xiaoqi Feng; Mohammad Fereidouni; Nuno Ferreira; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Yibeltal Yismaw Gela; Abera Getachew Obsa; Fataneh Ghadirian; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Sherief Ghozy; Richard F. Gillum; Abraham Tamirat Gizaw; Admasu Belay AB Gizaw; Mohamad Goldust; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Sapna Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Samer Hamidi; Md Abdul Hannan; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Hamidreza Hasani; Abdiwahab Hashi; Mohammed Bheser Hassen; Behzad Heibati; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Md Shakhaoat Hossain; Salman Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Rana Irilouzadian; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Zhanat Bakhitovna I. Z. B. Ispayeva; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Linda Merin J; Maziar Jajarmi; Elham Jamshidi; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Shubha Jayaram; Rime Jebai; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Billingsley Kaambwa; Zubair Kabir; Feroze Kaliyadan; Himal Kandel; Rami S. Kantar; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Hanie Karimi; Harkiran Kaur; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Imteyaz A. Khan; Maseer Khan; Moien A. B. Khan; Saval Khanal; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Jagdish Khubchandani; Biruk Getahun Kibret; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Pavel Kolkhir; Farzad Kompani; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Oleksii Korzh; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Claudia E. Kuehni; G. Anil Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; L. V. Simhachalam Kutikuppala; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Judit Lám; Bagher Larijani; Kamaluddin Latief; Paolo Lauriola; Thao Thi Thu Le; Yo Han Lee; Jacopo Lenzi; Ming-Chieh Li; Shanshan Li; Virendra S. Ligade; Stephen S. Lim; Gang Liu; Wei Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Chun-Han Lo; Graciliana Lopes; Soundarya Mahalingam; Sandeep B. Maharaj; Mansour Adam Mahmoud; Azeem Majeed; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Ahmad Azam Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Andrea Maugeri; John Robert Carabeo Medina; Ritesh G. Menezes; George A. Mensah; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Tomislav Mestrovic; Irmina Maria Michalek; Le Huu Nhat Minh; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Manish Mishra; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Md Moniruzzaman; Temesgen Mulugeta; Daniel Munblit; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Ghulam Mustafa; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Vinay Nangia; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Hasan Nassereldine; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Tze Pin Ng; Dang H. Nguyen; Van Thanh Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Hasti Nouraei; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Rahman Md Obaidur; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Patrick Godwin Okwute; Andrew T. Olagunju; Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa; Hans Orru; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Anamika Pandey; Shahina Pardhan; Eun-Kee Park; Jay Patel; Shankargouda Patil; Venkata Suresh Patthipati; Uttam Paudel; Marcos Pereira; Renato B. Pereira; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Indrashis Podder; Vivek Podder; Arash Pour Mohammad; Ibrahim Qattea; Navid Rabiee; Mehran Rahimi; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Prashant Rajput; Pradhum Ram; Premkumar Ramasubramani; Indu Ramachandra Rao; Ahmed Mustafa Rashid; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; Nakul Ravikumar; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Aavishkar Raj Regmi; Nazila Rezaei; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Saeid Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez; Luca Ronfani; Aly M. A. Saad; Basema Saddik; Umar Saeed; Dominic Sagoe; Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Harihar Sahoo; Mirza Rizwan Sajid; Joseph W. Sakshaug; Saina Salahi; Sana Salehi; Abdallah M. Samy; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Made Ary Sarasmita; Maryam Sarkhosh; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Humaira Shah; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohd Shanawaz; Aziz Sheikh; Shashank Shekhar; Mika Shigematsu; Parnian Shobeiri; Seyed Afshin Shorofi; Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat; Colin R. Simpson; Jasvinder A. Singh; Paramdeep Singh; Surjit Singh; Virendra Singh; Md Shahjahan Siraj; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Yonatan Solomon; Suhang Song; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Mindy D. Szeto; Iman M. Talaat; Jacques J. L. Lukenze Tamuzi; Ker-Kan Tan; Nathan Y. Tat; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Dufera Rikitu Terefa; Riki Tesler; Pugazhenthan Thangaraju; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Tala Tillawi; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Sana Ullah; Era Upadhyay; Seyed Mohammad Vahabi; Job F. M. van Boven; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Georgios-Ioannis Verras; Rafael José Vieira; Francesco S. Violante; Theo Vos; Ronny Westerman; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Hywel C. Williams; Dereje Y. Yada; Yazachew Yismaw; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Mazyar Zahir; Heather J. Zar; Iman Zare; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Mohammad A. Zeineddine; Getachew Assefa Zenebe; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Hanqing Zhao; Mohammad Zoladl
Background: Asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) are chronic allergic conditions, along with allergic rhinitis and food allergy and cause high morbidity and mortality both in children and adults. This study aims to evaluate the global, regional, national, and temporal trends of the burden of asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019 and analyze their associations with geographic, demographic, social, and clinical factors. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, we assessed the age-standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of both asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019, stratified by geographic region, age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI). DALYs were calculated as the sum of years lived with disability and years of life lost to premature mortality. Additionally, the disease burden of asthma attributable to high body mass index, occupational asthmagens, and smoking was described. Results: In 2019, there were a total of 262 million [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 224–309 million] cases of asthma and 171 million [95% UI: 165–178 million] total cases of AD globally; age-standardized prevalence rates were 3416 [95% UI: 2899–4066] and 2277 [95% UI: 2192–2369] per 100,000 population for asthma and AD, respectively, a 24.1% [95% UI: −27.2 to −20.8] decrease for asthma and a 4.3% [95% UI: 3.8–4.8] decrease for AD compared to baseline in 1990. Both asthma and AD had similar trends according to age, with age-specific prevalence rates peaking at age 5–9 years and rising again in adulthood. The prevalence and incidence of asthma and AD were both higher for individuals with higher SDI; however, mortality and DALYs rates of individuals with asthma had a reverse trend, with higher mortality and DALYs rates in those in the lower SDI quintiles. Of the three risk factors, high body mass index contributed to the highest DALYs and deaths due to asthma, accounting for a total of 3.65 million [95% UI: 2.14–5.60 million] asthma DALYs and 75,377 [95% UI: 40,615–122,841] asthma deaths. Conclusions: Asthma and AD continue to cause significant morbidity worldwide, having increased in total prevalence and incidence cases worldwide, but having decreased in age-standardized prevalence rates from 1990 to 2019. Although both are more frequent at younger ages and more prevalent in high-SDI countries, each condition has distinct temporal and regional characteristics. Understanding the temporospatial trends in the disease burden of asthma and AD could guide future policies and interventions to better manage these diseases worldwide and achieve equity in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. © 2023 EAACI and John Wiley and Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Rajesh Sharma; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Rami Abd-Rabu; Hassan Abidi; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Juan Manuel Acuna; Sangeet Adhikari; Shailesh M. Advani; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sajjad Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Luai A. Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Motasem Alkhayyat; Sami Almustanyir; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Saba Alvand; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Saeed Amini; Robert Ancuceanu; Amir Anoushiravani; Ali Arash Anoushirvani; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Jalal Arabloo; Armin Aryannejad; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Mamaru Ayenew Awoke; Tegegn Mulatu Ayana; Sina Azadnajafabad; Hiva Azami; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Ashish D. Badiye; Sara Bagherieh; Saeed Bahadory; Atif Amin Baig; Jennifer L. Baker; Maciej Banach; Amadou Barrow; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Sima Besharat; Devidas S. Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Neeraj Bhala; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Antonio Biondi; Tone Bjørge; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Dejana Braithwaite; Hermann Brenner; Daniela Calina; Chao Cao; Yin Cao; Giulia Carreras; Felix Carvalho; Ester Cerin; Raja Chandra Chakinala; William C.S. Cho; Dinh-Toi Chu; Joao Conde; Vera Marisa Costa; Natália Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Anna Danielewicz; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Getu Debalkie Demissie; Rupak Desai; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Daniel Diaz; Mojtaba Didehdar; Saeid Doaei; Linh Phuong Doan; Milad Dodangeh; Fatemeh Eghbalian; Debela Debela Ejeta; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Iman El Sayed; Muhammed Elhadi; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Tahir Eyayu; Rana Ezzeddini; Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev; Umar Farooque; Hossein Farrokhpour; Farshad Farzadfar; Ali Fatehizadeh; Hamed Fattahi; Nima Fattahi; Masood Fereidoonnezhad; Eduarda Fernandes; Getahun Fetensa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Peter Andras Gaal; Mohamed M. Gad; Silvano Gallus; Tushar Garg; Tamiru Getachew; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Nermin Ghith; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq; Abraham Tamirat Gizaw; James C. Glasbey; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Kebebe Bekele Gonfa; Giuseppe Gorini; Avirup Guha; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Rasool Haddadi; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Shafiul Haque; Sanam Hariri; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Soheil Hassanipour; Simon I. Hay; Claudiu Herteliu; Ramesh Holla; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Junjie Huang; Ayesha Humayun; Ivo Iavicoli; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Farhad Islami; Masao Iwagami; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Tahereh Javaheri; Ranil Jayawardena; Rime Jebai; Ravi Prakash Jha; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Ali Kabir; Rohollah Kalhor; Ashwin Kamath; Neeti Kapoor; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Amirali Karimi; Joonas H. Kauppila; Asma Kazemi; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Rovshan Khalilov; Javad Khanali; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Mahmoud Khodadost; Hanna Kim; Min Seo Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Jacek A. Kopec; Rajasekaran Koteeswaran; Ai Koyanagi; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; G. Anil Kumar; Manoj Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Carlo La Vecchia; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Caterina Ledda; Sang-Woong Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yeong Yeh Lee; Elvynna Leong; Bingyu Li; Stephen S. Lim; Stany W. Lobo; Joana A. Loureiro; Raimundas Lunevicius; Farzan Madadizadeh; Ata Mahmoodpoor; Azeem Majeed; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Reza Malekzadeh; Ahmad Azam Malik; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Miquel Martorell; Sahar Masoudi; Prashant Mathur; Jitendra Kumar Meena; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Walter Mendoza; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Tomislav Mestrovic; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari; Hamed Mirzaei; Sanjeev Misra; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Saeed Mohammadi; Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafiu Mohammed; Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Zeinab Mokhtari; Mariam Molokhia; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Ghobad Moradi; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Joana Morgado-Da-Costa; Sumaira Mubarik; Francesk Mulita; Mohsen Naghavi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Hae Sung Nam; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad; Ionut Negoi; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Son Hoang Nguyen; Nurulamin M. Noor; Maryam Noori; Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Sokking Ong; Samuel M. Ostroff; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Reza Pakzad; Adrian Pana; Anamika Pandey; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Urvish K. Patel; Uttam Paudel; Renato B. Pereira; Navaraj Perumalsamy; Richard G. Pestell; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Richard Charles G. Pollok; Akram Pourshams; Naeimeh Pourtaheri; Akila Prashant; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Sima Rafiei; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Nazanin Rajai; Aashish Rajesh; Vajiheh Ramezani-Doroh; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Kamal Ranabhat; Sina Rashedi; Amirfarzan Rashidi; Mahsa Rashidi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Mandana Rastegar; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Saeid Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem; Gholamreza Roshandel; Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad; Bahar Saberzadeh-Ardestani; Basema Saddik; Hossein Sadeghi; Umar Saeed; Maryam Sahebazzamani; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Amir Salek Farrokhi; Amir Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Pouria Samadi; Mehrnoosh Samaei; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider; Mario Šekerija; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Feng Sha; Sayed Mohammad Shafiee; Zahra Shaghaghi; Saeed Shahabi; Elaheh Shaker; Maedeh Sharifian; Javad Sharifi-Rad; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Jeevan K. Shetty; Reza Shirkoohi; Parnian Shobeiri; Sudeep K. Siddappa Malleshappa; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Guilherme Silva Julian; Achintya Dinesh Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Md Shahjahan Siraj; Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Bogdan Socea; Marco Solmi; Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar; Suhang Song; Viktória Szerencsés; Miklós Szócska; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Elnaz Tabibian; Majid Taheri; Yasaman Taheri Abkenar; Amir Taherkhani; Iman M. Talaat; Ker-Kan Tan; Abdelghani Tbakhi; Bekele Tesfaye; Amir Tiyuri; Daniel Nigusse Tollosa; Mathilde Touvier; Bach Xuan Tran; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Marco Vacante; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Massimiliano Veroux; Bay Vo; Theo Vos; Cong Wang; Ronny Westerman; Melat Woldemariam; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Lin Yang; Fereshteh Yazdanpanah; Chuanhua Yu; Deniz Yuce; Ismaeel Yunusa; Vesna Zadnik; Mazyar Zahir; Iman Zare; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Mohammad Zoladi
Background: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given the recent increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence globally, up-to-date information on the colorectal cancer burden could guide screening, early detection, and treatment strategies, and help effectively allocate resources. We examined the temporal patterns of the global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors in 204 countries and territories across the past three decades. Methods: Estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for colorectal cancer were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 by age, sex, and geographical location for the period 1990–2019. Mortality estimates were produced using the cause of death ensemble model. We also calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. Findings: Globally, between 1990 and 2019, colorectal cancer incident cases more than doubled, from 842 098 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 810 408–868 574) to 2·17 million (2·00–2·34), and deaths increased from 518 126 (493 682–537 877) to 1·09 million (1·02–1·15). The global age-standardised incidence rate increased from 22·2 (95% UI 21·3–23·0) per 100 000 to 26·7 (24·6–28·9) per 100 000, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 14·3 (13·5–14·9) per 100 000 to 13·7 (12·6–14·5) per 100 000 and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 308·5 (294·7–320·7) per 100 000 to 295·5 (275·2–313·0) per 100 000 from 1990 through 2019. Taiwan (province of China; 62·0 [48·9–80·0] per 100 000), Monaco (60·7 [48·5–73·6] per 100 000), and Andorra (56·6 [42·8–71·9] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised incidence rates, while Greenland (31·4 [26·0–37·1] per 100 000), Brunei (30·3 [26·6–34·1] per 100 000), and Hungary (28·6 [23·6–34·0] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised mortality rates. From 1990 through 2019, a substantial rise in incidence rates was observed in younger adults (age <50 years), particularly in high Socio-demographic Index (SDI) countries. Globally, a diet low in milk (15·6%), smoking (13·3%), a diet low in calcium (12·9%), and alcohol use (9·9%) were the main contributors to colorectal cancer DALYs in 2019. Interpretation: The increase in incidence rates in people younger than 50 years requires vigilance from researchers, clinicians, and policy makers and a possible reconsideration of screening guidelines. The fast-rising burden in low SDI and middle SDI countries in Asia and Africa calls for colorectal cancer prevention approaches, greater awareness, and cost-effective screening and therapeutic options in these regions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Brittney S. Sheena; Lindsey Hiebert; Hannah Han; Helen Ippolito; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Amir Abdoli; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Mesafint Molla Adane; Oyelola A. Adegboye; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Shailesh M. Advani; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Saira Afzal; Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi; Bahman Ahadinezhad; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sajjad Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Sepideh Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Gizachew Taddesse Akalu; Addis Aklilu; Tayyaba Akram; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Adugnaw Zeleke Alem; Dejene Tsegaye Alem; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Liaqat Ali; Muhammad Ashar Ali; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Motasem Alkhayyat; Sami Almustanyir; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Haya Altawalah; Saeed Amini; Hubert Amu; Robert Ancuceanu; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Amir Anoushiravani; Adnan Ansar; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Ayele Mamo Argaw; Zeleke Gebru Argaw; Muhammad Arshad; Anton A. Artamonov; Tahira Ashraf; Daniel Atlaw; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Ghasem Azarian; Sayna Bagheri; Saeed Bahadory; Atif Amin Baig; Maciej Banach; Nastaran Barati; Amadou Barrow; Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha; Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Devidas S. Bhagat; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Ali Bijani; Antonio Biondi; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Hunduma Amensisa Bojia; Archith Boloor; Cristina Bosetti; Dejana Braithwaite; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Zahid A. Butt; Luis Alberto Cámera; Raja Chandra Chakinala; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Jaykaran Charan; Shu Chen; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Sonali Gajanan Choudhari; Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Sheng-Chia Chung; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Benjamin C. Cowie; Garland T. Culbreth; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Sisay Abebe Debela; Mohammed Gebre Dedefo; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Takele Gezahegn G. Demie; Getu Debalkie Demissie; Meseret Derbew Molla; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Meghnath Dhimal; Mojtaba Didehdar; Linh Phuong Doan; Fariba Dorostkar; Thomas M. Drake; Fatemeh Eghbalian; Michael Ekholuenetale; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Muhammed Elhadi; Mohamed A. Elmonem; Aisha Elsharkawy; Shymaa Enany; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Firooz Esmaeilzadeh; Sayeh Ezzikouri; Hossein Farrokhpour; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Shilpa Gaidhane; Natalie C. Galles; Silvano Gallus; Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel; Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Kazem Ghaffari; Mansour Ghafourifard; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Ali Gholami; Abdolmajid Gholizadeh; Aima Gilani; Amit Goel; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Davide Golinelli; Giuseppe Gorini; Yitayal Ayalew Goshu; Max G. Griswold; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Bhawna Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Rasool Haddadi; Rabih Halwani; Saeed S. Hamid; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Shafiul Haque; Harapan Harapan; Arief Hargono; Sanam Hariri; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; S.M. Mahmudul Hasan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Golnaz Heidari; Claudiu Herteliu; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Ramesh Holla; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Junjie Huang; Nawfal R. Hussein; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Lalu Muhammad Irham; Jessica Y. Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani; Shubha Jayaram; Ranil Jayawardena; Rime Jebai; Ravi Prakash Jha; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Billingsley Kaambwa; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Rohollah Kalhor; Himal Kandel; Tesfaye K. Tesfaye Kanko; Rami S. Kantar; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Phillip M. Kemp Bohan; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Gulfaraz Khan; Imteyaz A. Khan; Junaid Khan; Moien A.B. Khan; Javad Khanali; Amir M. Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Mahmoud Khodadost; Abdullah T. Khoja; Omid Khosravizadeh; Jagdish Khubchandani; Gyu Ri Kim; Hanna Kim; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Rajasekaran Koteeswaran; G. Anil Kumar; Carlo La Vecchia; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Iván Landires; Savita Lasrado; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Caterina Ledda; Doo Woong Lee; Sang-Woong Lee; Yeong Yeh Lee; Miriam Levi; Jiarui Li; Stephen S. Lim; Stany W. Lobo; Platon D. Lopukhov; Joana A. Loureiro; Jennifer H. MacLachlan; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Azeem Majeed; Alaa Makki; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Reza Malekzadeh; Ahmad Azam Malik; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Philippa C. Matthews; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Amanual Getnet Mersha; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ted R. Miller; Le Huu Nhat Minh; Andreea Mirica; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Sanjeev Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Ashraf Mohamadkhani; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Shafiu Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Jalal Moludi; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Ghobad Moradi; Maliheh Moradzadeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Sumaira Mubarik; Malaisamy Muniyandi; Christopher J.L. Murray; Mohsen Naghavi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Ionut Negoi; Serban Mircea Negru; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Che Henry Ngwa; Robina Khan Niazi; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Ali Nowroozi; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Bogdan Oancea; Chimedsuren Ochir; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T. Olagunju; Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde; Ahmed Omar Bali; Emad Omer; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Bilcha Oumer; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Adrian Pana; Anamika Pandey; Eun-Cheol Park; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Urvish K. Patel; Uttam Paudel; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Richard Charles G. Pollok; Maarten J. Postma; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Alireza Rafiei; Sima Rafiei; Pavan Manibettu Raghuram; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Setyaningrum Rahmawaty; Aashish Rajesh; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Mahsa Rashidi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Negar Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Mohammad Reza Saeb; Umar Saeed; Amirhossein Sahebkar; K.M. Saif-Ur-Rahman; Sarvenaz Salahi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Chethan Sampath; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Francesco Sanmarchi; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov; Mohammed Shannawaz; Suchitra M. Shenoy; Jeevan K. Shetty; Pavanchand H. Shetty; Kenji Shibuya; Jae Il Shin; Parnian Shobeiri; Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat; Achintya Dinesh Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Surjit Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Amir Ali Sohrabpour; Suhang Song; Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Majid Taheri; Mircea Tampa; Ker-Kan Tan; Ahmad Tavakoli; Abdelghani Tbakhi; Belay Negash Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Habtamu Molla Tesfaw; Rekha Thapar; Aravind Thavamani; Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast; Daniel Nigusse Tollosa; Maria Elena Tosti; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Indang Trihandini; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Irfan Ullah; Marco Vacante; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Shoban Babu Varthya; Bay Vo; Yasir Waheed; Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet; Melat Woldemariam; Suowen Xu; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Mehdi Yaseri; Yigizie Yeshaw; Vahit Yiǧit; Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Mazyar Zahir; Leila Zaki; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Theo Vos; John W. Ward; M. Ashworth Dirac
Background: Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods: The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-of-sample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings: In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 to 4·5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31·3% (29·0 to 33·9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76·8% (76·2 to 77·5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5·9% [–5·6 to 19·2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2·9% [–5·9 to 11·3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation: The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national burden of injuries, and burden attributable to injuries risk factors, 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Negar Rezaei; Sina Azadnajafabad; Javad Khanali; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan; Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Gdiom Gebreheat Abady; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Ayele Mamo Abebe; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Dilaram Acharya; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo; Oyelola A. Adegboye; Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi; Saira Afzal; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Sajjad Ahmad; Aqeel Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Haroon Ahmed; Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Hossein Akbarialiabad; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Liaqat Ali; Shohreh Alian Samakkhah; Yousef Alimohamadi; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Sami Almustanyir; Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Hiwot Amare; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Sohrab Amiri; Tudorel Andrei; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Davood Anvari; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Muhammad Aqeel; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Ashokan Arumugam; Umesh Raj Aryal; Malke Asaad; Saeed Asgary; Tahira Ashraf; Thomas Astell-Burt; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Alok Atreya; Avinash Aujayeb; Atalel Fentahun F. Awedew; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Setognal Birara Aychiluhm; Alemu Degu Ayele; Hosein Azizi; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Mainak Bardhan; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Amadou Barrow; Azadeh Bashiri; Pritish Baskaran; Saurav Basu; Neeraj Bedi; Alehegn Bekele; Luis Belo; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Saeid Bitaraf; Archith Boloor; Guilherme Borges; Rohan Borschmann; Soufiane Boufous; Michael Brauer; Andrew M. Briggs; Julie Brown; Dana Bryazka; Luis Alberto Cámera; Rosario Cárdenas; Márcia Carvalho; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Wai Tong Chien; Abdulaal Chitheer; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Steffan Wittrup McPhee Christensen; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Beniamino Cislaghi; Scott Richard Clark; Natalia Cruz-Martins; Patricia Cullen; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Rakhi Dandona; Gary L. Darmstadt; Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Diego De Leo; Katie de Luca; Andreas K. Demetriades; Biniyam Demisse; Fitsum Wolde Demisse; Solomon Demissie; Belay Desye; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Mengistie Diress; Shirin Djalalinia; Milad Dodangeh; Deepa Dongarwar; Hisham Atan Edinur; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Frank J. Elgar; Islam Y. Elgendy; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Waseem El-Huneidi; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Habitu Birhan Eshetu; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Farshid Etaee; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Andre Faro; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Ali Fatehizadeh; Xiaoqi Feng; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Pietro Ferrara; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Yaseen Galali; Nasrin Galehdar; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Mesfin Gebrehiwot; Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel; Leta Adugna Geleta; Motuma Erena Getachew; Mansour Ghafourifard; Mohammad Ghasemi Nour; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Ali Gholamrezanezhad; Tiffany K. Gill; Themba G. Ginindza; James C. Glasbey; Laszlo Göbölös; Kimiya Gohari; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Michal Grivna; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Bhawna Gupta; Brian J. Hall; Randah R. Hamadeh; Pawan Kumar Hamal; Sajid Hameed; Samer Hamidi; Mohammad Hamiduzzaman; Asif Hanif; Syed Emdadul Haque; Arief Hargono; Netanja I. Harlianto; Risky Kusuma Hartono; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Hamidreza Hasani; Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Mohammad Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Yuta Hiraike; Nobuyuki Horita; Mohammad Bellal Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Amir Human Hoveidaei; Guoqing Hu; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Rakibul M. Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Jagnoor Jagnoor; Haitham Jahrami; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Elham Jamshidi; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Jayakumar Jeganathan; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Rajesh Kamath; Ashwin Kamath; Bhushan Dattatray Kamble; Himal Kandel; Rami S. Kantar; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Samad Karkhah; Faizan Zaffar Kashoo; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Joonas H. Kauppila; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Phillip M. Kemp Bohan; Mohammad Keykhaei; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Moien A.B. Khan; M. Nuruzzaman Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Maseer Khan; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Jagdish Khubchandani; Yun Jin Kim; Gyu Ri Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Farzad Kompani; K.M. Marulasiddaiah Kondlahalli Shivakumar; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Estie Kruger; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Nithin Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Carlo La Vecchia; Hilton Lam; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Van Charles Lansingh; Paolo Lauriola; Long Khanh Dao Le; Janet L. Leasher; Caterina Ledda; Doo Woong Lee; Yo Han Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Andrew Tiyamike Makhiringa Likaka; Stephen S. Lim; Shai Linn; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A. Lyons; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Mahadeshwara Prasad; Razzagh Mahmoudi; Azeem Majeed; Jeadran N. Malagón-Rojas; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Yosef Manla; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Joemer C. Maravilla; Elezebeth Mathews; Pallab K. Maulik; Enkeleint A. Mechili; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Walter Mendoza; Dechasa Adare Mengistu; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Tomasz Miazgowski; Shabir Ahmad Mir; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Moonis Mirza; Soheil Mohammadi; Shafiu Mohammed; Modhurima Moitra; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Maryam Moradi; Shane Douglas Morrison; Sumaira Mubarik; Efren Murillo-Zamora; Ghulam Mustafa; Ashraf Fawzy Nabhan; Vinay Nangia; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Zuhair S. Natto; Ionut Negoi; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Evangelia Nena; Samata Nepal; Haruna Asura Nggada; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Kehinde O. Obamiro; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Onome Bright Oghenetega; Oh In-Hwan; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Adeolu Olufunso Oladunjoye; Andrew T. Olagunju; Diriba Dereje Olana; Ahmed Omar Bali; Adrian Otoiu; Mayowa O. Owolabi; Mahesh Padukudru P A; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Shahina Pardhan; Park Eun-Kee; Jay Patel; Uttam Paudel; Shrikant Pawar; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Amy E. Peden; Paolo Pedersini; Marcos Pereira; Konrad Pesudovs; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Tom Pham; Michael R. Phillips; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Suzanne Polinder; Ibrahim Qattea; Ata Rafiee; Pankaja Raghav; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Sheena Ramazanu; Usha Rani; Temam Beshir Raru; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Prateek Rastogi; Azad Rasul; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; Reza Rawassizadeh; Maryam Rezaei; Nazila Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Muhammad Riaz; Jennifer Rickard; Nicholas L.S. Roberts; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Bedanta Roy; S. Manjula; S.N. Chandan; Siamak Sabour; Mohammad Reza Saeb; Umar Saeed; Sare Safi; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Biniyam Sahiledengle; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Payman Salamati; Juan Sanabria; Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib; Yaser Sarikhani; Arash Sarveazad; Davide Sattin; Ganesh Kumar Saya; David C. Schwebel; Binyam Tariku Seboka; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Allen Seylani; Pritik A. Shah; Ataollah Shahbandi; Amira A. Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohd Shanawaz; Nigussie Tadesse Sharew; Azam Sharifi; Neeraj Sharma; Vishal Sharma; Bereket Beyene Shashamo; Ali Sheidaei; Rahim Ali Sheikhi; Jiabin Shen; Adithi Shetty; B. Suresh Kumar Shetty; Rahman Shiri; Seyed Afshin Shorofi; Roman Shrestha; Negussie Boti Sidamo; Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva; Wudneh Simegn; Jasvinder A. Singh; Surjit Singh; Ambrish Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; David A. Sleet; Bogdan Socea; Yonatan Solomon; Yi Song; Houman Sotoudeh; Raul A.R. C. Sousa; Jeffrey D. Stanaway; Dan J. Stein; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Mark A. Stokes; Narayan Subedi; Jing Sun; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Moslem Taheri Soodejani; Mircea Tampa; Ker-Kan Tan; M.D. Tariqujjaman; Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang; Nathan Y. Tat; Yibekal Manaye Tefera; Rekha Thapar; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Lorainne Tudor Car; Derara Girma Tufa; Sana Ullah; Irfan Ullah; Krishna Kishore Umapathi; Era Upadhyay; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Shoban Babu Varthya; Massimiliano Veroux; Dominique Vervoort; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Bay Vo; Yasir Waheed; Yanzhong Wang; Gizachew Tadesse Wassie; Taweewat Wiangkham; Caroline Wilkerson; Asrat Arja Wolde; Hong Xiao; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Pengpeng Ye; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Leila Zaki; Michael Zastrozhin; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Sanjay Zodpey; Mohsen Naghavi; Bagher Larijani; Farshad Farzadfar
Objectives: In this study, the trends and current situation of the injury burden as well as attributable burden to injury risk factors at global, regional, and national levels based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 are presented. Study design: To assess the attributable burden of injury risk factors, the data of interest on data sources were retrieved from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) and analyzed. Methods: Cause-specific death from injuries was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model in the GBD 2019. The burden attributable to each injury risk factor was incorporated in the population attributable fraction to estimate the total attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) was used to evaluate countries’ developmental status. Results: Globally, there were 713.9 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 663.8 to 766.9) injuries incidence and 4.3 million (UI: 3.9 to 4.6) deaths caused by injuries in 2019. There was an inverse relationship between age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate and SDI quintiles in 2019. Overall, low bone mineral density was the leading risk factor of injury deaths in 2019, with a contribution of 10.5% (UI: 9.0 to 11.6) of total injuries and age-standardized deaths, followed by occupational risks (7.0% [UI: 6.3–7.9]) and alcohol use (6.8% [UI: 5.2 to 8.5]). Conclusion: Various risks were responsible for the imposed burden of injuries. This study highlighted the small but persistent share of injuries in the global burden of diseases and injuries to provide beneficial data to produce proper policies to reach an effective global injury prevention plan. © 2024
Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990-2020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Jaimie D. Steinmetz; Garland T. Culbreth; Lydia M. Haile; Quinn Rafferty; Justin Lo; Kai Glenn Fukutaki; Jessica A. Cruz; Amanda E. Smith; Stein Emil Vollset; Peter M. Brooks; Marita Cross; Anthony D. Woolf; Hailey Hagins; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Aidin Abedi; Ilana N. Ackerman; Hubert Amu; Benny Antony; Jalal Arabloo; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Ayele Mamo Argaw; Anton A. Artamonov; Tahira Ashraf; Amadou Barrow; Lindsay M. Bearne; Isabela M. Bensenor; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Ali Bijani; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrew M. Briggs; Nadeem Shafique Butt; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Kaleb Coberly; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Katie de Luca; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Karsten E. Dreinhoefer; Muhammed Elhadi; Umar Farooque; Hamid Reza Farpour; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Marisa Freitas; Balasankar Ganesan; Belete Negese Belete Gemeda; Tamiru Getachew; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Tiffany K. Gill; Mahaveer Golechha; Davide Golinelli; Bhawna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Rasool Haddadi; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Rabih Halwani; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Netanja I. Harlianto; Josep Maria Haro; Jan Hartvigsen; Simon I. Hay; Jeffrey J. Hebert; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Alexander Kevin Hsiao; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Louis Jacob; Ranil Jayawardena; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Himal Kandel; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Md Jobair Khan; Yun Jin Kim; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Oleksii Korzh; Rajasekaran Koteeswaran; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; G. Anil Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Sang-Woong Lee; Stephen S. Lim; Stany W. Lobo; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Ahmad Azam Malik; Luiz Garcia Garcia Mandarano-Filho; Santi Martini; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Ali H. Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Shane Douglas Morrison; Christopher J.L. Murray; Hasan Nassereldine; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Mayowa O. Owolabi; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Shrikant Pawar; Paolo Pedersini; Jeevan Pereira; Amir Radfar; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Seyed-Mansoor Rayegani; Daniela Ribeiro; Leonardo Roever; Basema Saddik; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Sana Salehi; Lidia Sanchez Riera; Francesco Sanmarchi; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Mohammed Shannawaz; Rajendra Sharma; Saurab Sharma; Jeevan K. Shetty; Rahman Shiri; Parnian Shobeiri; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Ambrish Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Surjit Singh; Søren T. Skou; Helen Slater; Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar; Antonina V. Starodubova; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Bay Vo; Linh Gia Vu; Yuan-Pang Wang; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Naohiro Yonemoto; Ismaeel Yunusa; Lyn M. March; Kanyin Liane Ong; Theo Vos; Jacek A. Kopec
Background: Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in adults, characterised by chronic pain and loss of mobility. Osteoarthritis most frequently occurs after age 40 years and prevalence increases steeply with age. WHO has designated 2021–30 the decade of healthy ageing, which highlights the need to address diseases such as osteoarthritis, which strongly affect functional ability and quality of life. Osteoarthritis can coexist with, and negatively effect, other chronic conditions. Here we estimate the burden of hand, hip, knee, and other sites of osteoarthritis across geographies, age, sex, and time, with forecasts of prevalence to 2050. Methods: In this systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, osteoarthritis prevalence in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020 was estimated using data from population-based surveys from 26 countries for knee osteoarthritis, 23 countries for hip osteoarthritis, 42 countries for hand osteoarthritis, and US insurance claims for all of the osteoarthritis sites, including the other types of osteoarthritis category. The reference case definition was symptomatic, radiographically confirmed osteoarthritis. Studies using alternative definitions from the reference case definition (for example self-reported osteoarthritis) were adjusted to reference using regression models. Osteoarthritis severity distribution was obtained from a pooled meta-analysis of sources using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index. Final prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights to calculate years lived with disability (YLDs). Prevalence was forecast to 2050 using a mixed-effects model. Findings: Globally, 595 million (95% uncertainty interval 535–656) people had osteoarthritis in 2020, equal to 7·6% (95% UI 6·8–8·4) of the global population, and an increase of 132·2% (130·3–134·1) in total cases since 1990. Compared with 2020, cases of osteoarthritis are projected to increase 74·9% (59·4–89·9) for knee, 48·6% (35·9–67·1) for hand, 78·6% (57·7–105·3) for hip, and 95·1% (68·1–135·0) for other types of osteoarthritis by 2050. The global age-standardised rate of YLDs for total osteoarthritis was 255·0 YLDs (119·7–557·2) per 100 000 in 2020, a 9·5% (8·6–10·1) increase from 1990 (233·0 YLDs per 100 000, 109·3–510·8). For adults aged 70 years and older, osteoarthritis was the seventh ranked cause of YLDs. Age-standardised prevalence in 2020 was more than 5·5% in all world regions, ranging from 5677·4 (5029·8–6318·1) per 100 000 in southeast Asia to 8632·7 (7852·0–9469·1) per 100 000 in high-income Asia Pacific. Knee was the most common site for osteoarthritis. High BMI contributed to 20·4% (95% UI –1·7 to 36·6) of osteoarthritis. Potentially modifiable risk factors for osteoarthritis such as recreational injury prevention and occupational hazards have not yet been explored in GBD modelling. Interpretation: Age-standardised YLDs attributable to osteoarthritis are continuing to rise and will lead to substantial increases in case numbers because of population growth and ageing, and because there is no effective cure for osteoarthritis. The demand on health systems for care of patients with osteoarthritis, including joint replacements, which are highly effective for late stage osteoarthritis in hips and knees, will rise in all regions, but might be out of reach and lead to further health inequity for individuals and countries unable to afford them. Much more can and should be done to prevent people getting to that late stage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, and Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Dana Bryazka; Marissa B. Reitsma; Max G. Griswold; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Amir Abdoli; Mohammad Abdollahi; Abu Yousuf Md. Abdullah; E.S. Abhilash; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Juan Manuel Acuna; Giovanni Addolorato; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Victor Adekanmbi; Kishor Adhikari; Sangeet Adhikari; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saira Afzal; Wubetu Yimam Agegnehu; Manik Aggarwal; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Araz Ramazan Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Hanadi Al Hamad; Md.Zakiul Alam; Dejene Tsegaye Alem; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Yousef Alimohamadi; Atiyeh Alizadeh; Kasim Allel; Jordi Alonso; Saba Alvand; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Firehiwot Amare; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Sohrab Amiri; Robert Ancuceanu; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Jalal Arabloo; Muhammad Arshad; Anton A. Artamonov; Zahra Aryan; Malke Asaad; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Thomas Astell-Burt; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Prince Atorkey; Alok Atreya; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Olatunde O. Ayinde; Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos; Sina Azadnajafabad; Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Ashish D. Badiye; Nasser Bagheri; Sara Bagherieh; Mohan Bairwa; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Ravleen Kaur Bakshi; Awraris Hailu Balchut Bilchut; T.W. Bärnighausen; Fabio Barra; Amadou Barrow; Pritish Baskaran; Luis Belo; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Sonu Bhaskar; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Bagas Suryo Bintoro; Elena A. Elena Blokhina; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Archith Boloor; Cristina Bosetti; Dejana Braithwaite; Hermann Brenner; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Andre R. Brunoni; Zahid A. Butt; Chao Cao; Yin Cao; Rosario Cárdenas; Andre F. Carvalho; Márcia Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Giulio Castelpietra; Luis F.S. Castro-De-Araujo; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Akhilanand Chaurasia; Nicolas Cherbuin; Dinh-Toi Chu; Nandita Chudal; Sheng-Chia Chung; Chuchu Churko; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Rafael M. Claro; Simona Costanzo; Richard G. Cowden; Michael H. Criqui; Natália Cruz-Martins; Garland T. Culbreth; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Beniam Darge Daniel; Anna Danielewicz; Jiregna Darega Gela; Kairat Davletov; Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araujo; Antonio Reis De Sá; Sisay Abebe Debela; Azizallah Dehghan; Andreas K. Demetriades; Meseret Derbew Molla; Rupak Desai; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Lankamo Ena Digesa; Mengistie Diress; Milad Dodangeh; Deepa Dongarwar; Fariba Dorostkar; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Bereket Duko; Bruce B. Duncan; Kristina Edvardsson; Michael Ekholuenetale; Frank J. Elgar; Muhammed Elhadi; Mohamed A. Elmonem; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Azin Etemadimanesh; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev; Fatemeh Farahmand; Carla Sofia E. Sá Farinha; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Ali Fatehizadeh; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Valery L. Feigin; Rachel Feldman; Xiaoqi Feng; Zinabu Fentaw; Simone Ferrero; Lorenzo Ferro Desideri; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Peter Andras Gaal; Mohamed M. Gad; Silvano Gallus; Fabio Galvano; Balasankar Ganesan; Tushar Garg; Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot; Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel; Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael; Tadele Regasa Gemechu; Lemma Getacher; Motuma Erena Getachew; Abera Getachew Obsa; Asmare Getie; Amir Ghaderi; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Lilian A. Ghandour; Mohammad Ghasemi Nour; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Sherief Ghozy; Franklin N. Glozah; Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova; Justyna Godos; Amit Goel; Salime Goharinezhad; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Mohamad Golitaleb; Felix Greaves; Michal Grivna; Giuseppe Grosso; Temesgen Worku Gudayu; Bhawna Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Rabih Halwani; Tiilahun Beyene Handiso; Graeme J. Hankey; Sanam Hariri; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Claudiu Herteliu; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa; Ramesh Holla; Md. Mahbub Hossain; Sahadat Hossain; Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Guoqing Hu; Junjie Huang; Salman Hussain; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Lalu Muhammad Irham; M. Mofizul Islam; Rakibul M. Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Hiroyasu Iso; Ramaiah Itumalla; Masao Iwagami; Roxana Jabbarinejad; Louis Jacob; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Zahra Jamalpoor; Elham Jamshidi; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Umesh Umesh Jayarajah; Ranil Jayawardena; Rime Jebai; Seyed Ali Jeddi; Alelign Tasew Jema; Ravi Prakash Jha; Har Ashish Jindal; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Robel Hussen Kabthymer; Bhushan Dattatray Kamble; Himal Kandel; Girum Gebremeskel Kanno; Neeti Kapoor; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Salah Eddin Karimi; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Rimple Jeet Kaur; Gbenga A. Kayode; Mohammad Keykhaei; Himanshu Khajuria; Rovshan Khalilov; Imteyaz A. Khan; Moien A.B. Khan; Hanna Kim; Jihee Kim; Min Seo Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Mika Kivimäki; Vitalii Klymchuk; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; G. Anil Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Ben Lacey; Tea Lallukka; Savita Lasrado; Jerrald Lau; Sang-Woong Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yo Han Lee; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S. Lim; Stany W. Lobo; Platon D. Lopukhov; Stefan Lorkowski; Rafael Lozano; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Farzan Madadizadeh; Áurea M. Madureira-Carvalho; Soleiman Mahjoub; Ata Mahmoodpoor; Rashidul Alam Mahumud; Alaa Makki; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Narayana Manjunatha; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Jose Martinez-Raga; Francisco A. Martinez-Villa; Richard Matzopoulos; Pallab K. Maulik; Mahsa Mayeli; John J. McGrath; Jitendra Kumar Meena; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Ritesh G. Menezes; Gert B.M. Mensink; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Atte Meretoja; Bedasa Taye Merga; Tomislav Mestrovic; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Bartosz Miazgowski; Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira De Sá; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Andreea Mirica; Antonio Mirijello; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Sanjeev Misra; Babak Moazen; Maryam Mobarakabadi; Marcello Moccia; Yousef Mohammad; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Yousef Moradi; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Sumaira Mubarik; Erin C. Mullany; Beemnet Tekabe Mulugeta; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Christopher J.L. Murray; Julius C. Mwita; Mohsen Naghavi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Samata Nepal; Sudan Prasad Prasad Neupane; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Ali Nowroozi; Khan M. Nuruzzaman; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Kehinde O. Obamiro; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde; Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira; Ahmed Omar Bali; Emad Omer; Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano; Adrian Otoiu; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Bilcha Oumer; P.A. Mahesh; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Raffaele Palladino; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Ashok Pandey; Shahina Pardhan; Tarang Parekh; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D.H. Parry; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Jay Patel; Siddhartha Pati; George C. Patton; Uttam Paudel; Shrikant Pawar; Amy E. Peden; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Michael R. Phillips; Marina Pinheiro; Evgenii Plotnikov; Pranil Man Singh Pradhan; Akila Prashant; Jianchao Quan; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Pankaja Raghav Raghav; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Azizur Rahman; Md.Mosfequr Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; Drona Prakash Rasali; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Negar Rezaei; Saeid Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez; Gregory A. Roth; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Basema Saddik; Erfan Sadeghi; Reihaneh Sadeghian; Umar Saeed; Farhad Saeedi; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Harihar Sahoo; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; K.M. Saif-Ur-Rahman; Sarvenaz Salahi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Abdallah M. Samy; Francesco Sanmarchi; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Yaser Sarikhani; Brijesh Sathian; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Mehdi Sayyah; Maria Inês Schmidt; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; Michaël Schwarzinger; David C. Schwebel; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar; SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi; Allen Seylani; Feng Sha; Sarvenaz Shahin; Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi; Shayan Shahrokhi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Rahim Ali Sheikhi; Adithi Shetty; Jeevan K. Shetty; Damtew Solomon Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; K.M. Shivakumar; Velizar Shivarov; Parnian Shobeiri; Roman Shrestha; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Natacha Torres da Silva; Jasvinder A. Singh; Surjit Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; David A. Sleet; Marco Solmi; Yonatan Solomon; Suhang Song; Yimeng Song; Reed J.D. Sorensen; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Dan J. Stein; Sonu Hangma Subba; Miklós Szócska; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Majid Taheri; Ker-Kan Tan; Minale Tareke; Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang; Gebremaryam Temesgen; Worku Animaw Temesgen; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Rekha Thapar; Nikhil Kenny Thomas; Chalachew Tiruneh; Jovana Todorovic; Marco Torrado; Mathilde Touvier; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Sergi Trias-Llimós; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Alireza Vakilian; Rohollah Valizadeh; Mehdi Varmaghani; Shoban Babu Varthya; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Theo Vos; Birhanu Wagaye; Yasir Waheed; Mandaras Tariku Walde; Cong Wang; Yanzhong Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Ronny Westerman; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Abate Dargie Wubetu; Suowen Xu; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Lin Yang; Gesila Endashaw E. Yesera; Arzu Yigit; Vahit Yiğit; Ayenew Engida Yimaw; Dong Keon Yon; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Siddhesh Zadey; Mazyar Zahir; Iman Zare; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Chenwen Zhong; Mohammad Zmaili; Yves Miel H. Zuniga; Emmanuela Gakidou
Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose–response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15–95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15–39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0–0) and 0·603 (0·400–1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0–0) and 1·75 (0·698–4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0–0·403) to 1·87 (0·500–3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0–0·900) and 6·94 (3·40–8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3–65·4) were aged 15–39 years and 76·9% (73·0–81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Elysia M. Alvarez; Lisa M. Force; Rixing Xu; Kelly Compton; Dan Lu; Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; James D. Harvey; Alyssa Pennini; Frances E. Dean; Weijia Fu; Martina T. Vargas; Theresa H. M. Keegan; Hany Ariffin; Ronald D. Barr; Yana Arturovna Erdomaeva; D. Sanjeeva Gunasekera; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Tyler G. Ketterl; Tezer Kutluk; Marcio Henrique Malogolowkin; Prashant Mathur; Venkatraman Radhakrishnan; Lynn Ann Gloeckler Ries; Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo; Garik Barisovich Sagoyan; Iyad Sultan; Behzad Abbasi; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Michael Abdelmasseh; Sherief Abd-Elsalam; Amir Abdoli; Haimanot Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abidi; Hassan Abolhassani; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Basavaprabhu Achappa; Juan Manuel Acuna; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Oyelola A. Adegboye; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Shailesh M. Advani; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi; Bahman Ahadinezhad; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sajjad Ahmad; Sepideh Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Yusra Ahmed Salih; Wajeeha Aiman; Gizachew Taddesse Akalu; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Abdulhadi A. AlAmodi; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Adugnaw Zeleke Alem; Dejene Tsegaye Alem; Yosef Alemayehu; Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Motasem Alkhayyat; Sunitha Alluri; Nihad A. Almasri; Sadeq Ali Al-Maweri; Sami Almustanyir; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Saeed Amini; Hubert Amu; Robert Ancuceanu; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Davood Anvari; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Ayele Mamo Argaw; Muhammad Arshad; Judie Arulappan; Armin Aryannejad; Zatollah Asemi; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Mohammad Reza Atashzar; Prince Atorkey; Alok Atreya; Sameh Attia; Avinash Aujayeb; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Alemu Degu Ayele; Solomon Shitu Ayen; Mohammed A. Azab; Sina Azadnajafabad; Hiva Azami; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Ghasem Azarian; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Saeed Bahadory; Jianjun Bai; Atif Amin Baig; Jennifer L. Baker; Maciej Banach; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Fabio Barra; Amadou Barrow; Huda Basaleem; Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha; Masoud Behzadifar; Niguss Cherie Bekele; Rebuma Belete; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Arielle Wilder Bell; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Devidas S. Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Sonu Bhaskar; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Antonio Biondi; Setognal Birara; Tone Bjørge; Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Dejana Braithwaite; Hermann Brenner; Norma B. Bulamu; Katrin Burkart; Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira; Nadeem Shafique Butt; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Chao Cao; Yin Cao; Giulia Carreras; Ferrán Catalá-López; Francieli Cembranel; Ester Cerin; Raja Chandra Chakinala; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Akhilanand Chaurasia; Prachi P. Chavan; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael T. Chung; Joao Conde; Vera Marisa Costa; Omar B. Da; Omid Dadras; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Amira Hamed Darwish; Ahmad Daryani; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Sisay Abebe Debela; Takele Gezahegn G. Demie; Getu Debalkie Demissie; Zeleke Geto Demissie; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Meseret Derbew Molla; Rupak Desai; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Meghnath Dhimal; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Mojtaba Didehdar; Mengistie Diress; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Saeid Doaei; Fariba Dorostkar; Wendel Mombaque Dos Santos; Thomas M. Drake; Michael Ekholuenetale; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Hassan El-Abid; Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy; Iffat Elbarazi; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Mohammed Faisaluddin; Jawad Fares; Umar Farooque; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Wafa Fatima; José Miguel P. Ferreira De Oliveira; Simone Ferrero; Lorenzo Ferro Desideri; Getahun Fetensa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L. Fisher; Masoud Foroutan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Peter Andras Gaal; Mohamed M. Gad; Piyada Gaewkhiew; Silvano Gallus; Tushar Garg; Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel; Belete Negese Belete Gemeda; Tamiru Getachew; Mansour Ghafourifard; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Fariba Ghassemi; Nermin Ghith; Ali Gholami; Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq; Syed Amir Gilani; Themba G. Ginindza; Abraham Tamirat Gizaw; James C. Glasbey; Amit Goel; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Davide Golinelli; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Giuseppe Gorini; Houman Goudarzi; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra; Avirup Guha; Bhawna Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Rasool Haddadi; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Alemayehu Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Mitiku Teshome Hambisa; Sajid Hameed; Samer Hamidi; Shafiul Haque; Sanam Hariri; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; S M. Mahmudul Hasan; Seyedeh Melika Hashemi; Treska S. Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Sultan H. Hebo; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna; Claudiu Herteliu; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Md Mahbub Hossain; Mohammad Bellal Hossain; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Mostafa Hosseini; Ali Hosseinzadeh; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Junjie Huang; Nawfal R. Hussein; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Kaire Innos; Lalu Muhammad Irham; Rakibul M. Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Gaetano Isola; Masao Iwagami; Louis Jacob; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Vardhmaan Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Roksana Janghorban; Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani; Shubha Jayaram; Ranil Jayawardena; Seyed Behzad Jazayeri; Rime Jebai; Ravi Prakash Jha; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Mikk Jürisson; Billingsley Kaambwa; Ali Kabir; Leila R. Kalankesh; Feroze Kaliyadan; Zul Kamal; Ashwin Kamath; Himal Kandel; Sitanshu Sekhar Kar; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Amirali Karimi; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Joonas H. Kauppila; Phillip M. Kemp Bohan; Andre Pascal Kengne; Amene Abebe Kerbo; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Nastaran Khalili; Neda Khalili; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Maseer Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Moien A. B. Khan; Javad Khanali; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Omid Khosravizadeh; Jagdish Khubchandani; Roba Khundkar; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Jacek A. Kopec; Rajasekaran Koteeswaran; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Nuworza Kugbey; G. Anil Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Alexander Kwarteng; Carlo La Vecchia; Qing Lan; Iván Landires; Savita Lasrado; Paolo Lauriola; Caterina Ledda; Sang-Woong Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yeong Yeh Lee; Yo Han Lee; James Leigh; Elvynna Leong; Bingyu Li; Jiarui Li; Ming-Chieh Li; Stephen S. Lim; Xuefeng Liu; Stany W. Lobo; Joana A. Loureiro; Alessandra Lugo; Raimundas Lunevicius; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Morteza Mahmoudi; Azeem Majeed; Alaa Makki; Shilpa Male; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Reza Malekzadeh; Ahmad Azam Malik; Mohammed A. Mamun; Navid Manafi; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Santi Martini; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Clara N. Matei; Manu Raj Mathur; Colm McAlinden; Ravi Mehrotra; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Amanual Getnet Mersha; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Bartosz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; Alemu Basazin Mingude; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Hamed Mirzaei; Sanjeev Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Arif Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Ghobad Moradi; Yousef Moradi; Maliheh Moradzadeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Shane Douglas Morrison; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa; Sumaira Mubarik; Lillian Mwanri; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Shankar Prasad Nagaraju; Chie Nagata; Mohsen Naghavi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Luigi Naldi; Vinay Nangia; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Aparna Ichalangod Narayana; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Vinod C. Nayak; Javad Nazari; Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba; Ionut Negoi; Serban Mircea Negru; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Samata Nepal; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Haruna Asura Nggada; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Hamed Nosrati; Hasti Nouraei; Ali Nowroozi; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Vincent Ebuka Nwatah; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde; Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu; Emad Omar; Ahmed Omar Bali; Sokking Ong; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Bilcha Oumer; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Keyvan Pakshir; Adrian Pana; Anamika Pandey; Shahina Pardhan; Fatemeh Pashazadeh; Maja Pasovic; Jenil R. Patel; Siddhartha Pati; Sanjay M. Pattanshetty; Uttam Paudel; Renato B. Pereira; Mario F. P. Peres; Arokiasamy Perianayagam; Maarten J. Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Akram Pourshams; Akila Prashant; Thejodhar Pulakunta; Mirza Muhammad Fahd Fahd Qadir; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan; Ata Rafiee; Alireza Rafiei; Sima Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Shadi Rahimzadeh; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Aashish Rajesh; Vajiheh Ramezani-Doroh; Kamal Ranabhat; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Sina Rashedi; Mahsa Rashidi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Goura Kishor Rath; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia; Misganu Teshoma Regasa; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Maryam Rezaei; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Aziz Rezapour; Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem; Abanoub Riad; Ligia Estefania Rios Lopez; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Erfan Sadeghi; Saeid Sadeghian; Umar Saeed; Amirhossein Sahebkar; K.M. Saif-Ur-Rahman; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Sarvenaz Salahi; Sana Salehi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Francesco Sanmarchi; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Susan M. Sawyer; Mete Saylan; Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Mario Šekerija; Endalew Gemechu Sendo; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Kenbon Seyoum; Feng Sha; Omid Shafaat; Masood Ali Shaikh; Erfan Shamsoddin; Mohammed Shannawaz; Rajesh Sharma; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Adithi Shetty; B. Suresh Kumar Shetty; Pavanchand H. Shetty; Jae Il Shin; Reza Shirkoohi; K.M. Shivakumar; Parnian Shobeiri; Soraya Siabani; Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat; Sudeep K. Siddappa Malleshappa; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Guilherme Silva Julian; Achintya Dinesh Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Jitendra Kumar Singh; Surjit Singh; Abiy H. Sinke; Yitagesu Sintayehu; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Lee Smith; Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi; Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar; Suhang Song; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Kurt Straif; Ranjeeta Subedi; Mu'Awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Saima Sultana; Viktória Szerencsés; Miklós Szócska; Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Mohammadreza Tabary; Takahiro Tabuchi; Hooman Tadbiri; Majid Taheri; Amir Taherkhani; Ken Takahashi; Mircea Tampa; Ker-Kan Tan; Vivian Y. Tat; Ahmad Tavakoli; Abdelghani Tbakhi; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Bekele Tesfaye; Jarnail Singh Thakur; Rekha Thapar; Aravind Thavamani; Arulmani Thiyagarajan; Nihal Thomas; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Munkhsaikhan Togtmol; Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Musliu Adetola Tolani; Daniel Nigusse Tollosa; Mathilde Touvier; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Bach Xuan Tran; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Gebresilasea Gendisha Ukke; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Krishna Kishore Umapathi; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Tolassa Wakayo Ushula; Marco Vacante; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Shoban Babu Varthya; Massimiliano Veroux; Paul J. Villeneuve; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Giang Thu Vu; Yasir Waheed; Ning Wang; Paul Ward; Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet; Yi Feng Wen; Ronny Westerman; Andrea Sylvia Winkler; Befikadu Legesse Wubishet; Suowen Xu; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Lin Yang; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Taklo Simeneh Yazie; Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet; Alex Yeshaneh; Yigizie Yeshaw; Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousefi; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Vesna Zadnik; Mazyar Zahir; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Hamed Zandian; Fariba Zare; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Jianrong Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Arash Ziapour; Mohammad Zoladl; Christopher J. L. Murray; Christina Fitzmaurice; Archie Bleyer; Nickhill Bhakta
Background: In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods: Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings: There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9–15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6–14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation: Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Khanh Bao Tran; Justin J. Lang; Kelly Compton; Rixing Xu; Alistair R. Acheson; Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Louise Penberthy; Amirali Aali; Qamar Abbas; Behzad Abbasi; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Michael Abdelmasseh; Sherief Abd-Elsalam; Ahmed Abdelwahab Abdelwahab; Gholamreza Abdoli; Hanan Abdulkadir Abdulkadir; Aidin Abedi; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abidi; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Abdorrahim Absalan; Yonas Derso Abtew; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Basavaprabhu Achappa; Juan Manuel Acuna; Daniel Addison; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Oyelola A. Adegboye; Miracle Ayomikun Adesina; Mohammad Adnan; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Shailesh M. Advani; Sumia Afrin; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Manik Aggarwal; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Araz Ramazan Ahmad; Rizwan Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Sohail Ahmad; Sepideh Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Luai A. Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Wajeeha Aiman; Marjan Ajami; Gizachew Taddesse Akalu; Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi; Addis Aklilu; Maxwell Akonde; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Saleh Ali Alessy; Abdelazeem M. Algammal; Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Liaqat Ali; Syed Shujait Ali; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Motasem Alkhayyat; Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri; Sami Almustanyir; Nivaldo Alonso; Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Rami H. Hani Al-Rifai; Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah; Ala’a B. Al-Tammemi; Haya Altawalah; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Firehiwot Amare; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi; Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq; Hubert Amu; Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa; Robert Ancuceanu; Jason A. Anderson; Yaregal Animut Animut; Amir Anoushiravani; Ali Arash Anoushirvani; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Benny Antony; Maxwell Hubert Antwi; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Razique Anwer; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Olatunde Aremu; Ayele Mamo Argaw; Hany Ariffin; Timur Aripov; Muhammad Arshad; Al Artaman; Judie Arulappan; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba; Armin Aryannejad; Malke Asaad; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Zatollah Asemi; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Tahira Ashraf; Reza Assadi; Mohammad Athar; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout; Sameh Attia; Avinash Aujayeb; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Mamaru Ayenew Awoke; Tewachew Awoke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Tegegn Mulatu Ayana; Solomon Shitu Ayen; Davood Azadi; Sina Azadnajafabad; Saber Azami-Aghdash; Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Hosein Azizi; Ahmed Y.Y. Azzam; Amirhesam Babajani; Muhammad Badar; Ashish D. Badiye; Nayereh Baghcheghi; Nader Bagheri; Sara Bagherieh; Saeed Bahadory; Atif Amin Baig; Jennifer L. Baker; Ahad Bakhtiari; Ravleen Kaur Bakshi; Maciej Banach; Indrajit Banerjee; Mainak Bardhan; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Fabio Barra; Amadou Barrow; Nasir Z. Bashir; Azadeh Bashiri; Saurav Basu; Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha; Aeysha Begum; Alehegn Bekele Bekele; Alemayehu Sayih Belay; Melaku Ashagrie Belete; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Arielle Wilder Bell; Luis Belo; Habib Benzian; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez; Eduardo Bernabe; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Neeraj Bhala; Bharti Bhandari Bhandari; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Soumitra S. Bhuyan; Sadia Bibi; Awraris Hailu Bilchut; Bagas Suryo Bintoro; Antonio Biondi; Mesfin Geremaw Birega Birega; Habitu Eshetu Birhan; Tone Bjørge; Oleg Blyuss; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Cristina Bosetti; Dejana Braithwaite; Michael Brauer; Hermann Brenner; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Christina Maree Buchanan; Norma B. Bulamu; Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira; Muhammad Hammad Butt; Nadeem Shafique Butt; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Luis Alberto Cámera; Chao Cao; Yin Cao; Giulia Carreras; Márcia Carvalho; Francieli Cembranel; Ester Cerin; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Periklis Charalampous; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; William C.S. Cho; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Aaron J. Cohen; Joao Conde; Sandra Cortés; Vera Marisa Costa; Natália Cruz-Martins; Garland T. Culbreth; Omid Dadras; Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Anna Danielewicz; An Thi Minh Dao; Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Saswati Das; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Elham Davtalab Esmaeili; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Sisay Abebe Debela; Azizallah Dehghan; Biniyam Demisse; Fitsum Wolde Demisse; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Afshin Derakhshani; Meseret Derbew Molla; Diriba Dereje; Kalkidan Solomon Deribe; Rupak Desai; Markos Desalegn Desalegn; Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn; Samuel Abebe A. Dessalegni; Gashaw Dessie; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Nancy Diao; Daniel Diaz; Lankamo Ena Digesa; Shilpi Gupta Dixit; Saeid Doaei; Linh Phuong Doan; Paul Narh Doku; Deepa Dongarwar; Wendel Mombaque dos Santos; Tim Robert Driscoll; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye; Sareh Edalati; Fatemeh Eghbalian; Elham Ehsani-Chimeh; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Donatus U. Ekwueme; Maha El Tantawi; Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy; Iffat Elbarazi; Hesham Elghazaly; Muhammed Elhadi; Waseem El-Huneidi; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Tegegne Eshetu; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Juan Espinosa-Montero; Farshid Etaee; Azin Etemadimanesh; Tahir Eyayu; Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu; Sayeh Ezzikouri; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Saman Fahimi; Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Jawad Fares; Abbas Farmany; Umar Farooque; Hossein Farrokhpour; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Ali Fatehizadeh; Wafa Fatima; Hamed Fattahi; Ginenus Fekadu; Berhanu Elfu Feleke; Allegra Allegra Ferrari; Simone Ferrero; Lorenzo Ferro Desideri; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Roham Foroumadi; Masoud Foroutan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Peter Andras Gaal; Mohamed M. Gad; Muktar A. Gadanya; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Nasrin Galehdar; Silvano Gallus; Tushar Garg; Mariana Gaspar Fonseca; Yosef Haile Gebremariam; Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel; Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael; Yohannes Fikadu Geda; Yibeltal Yismaw Gela; Belete Negese Belete Gemeda; Melaku Getachew; Motuma Erena Getachew; Kazem Ghaffari; Mansour Ghafourifard; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Mohammad Ghasemi Nour; Fariba Ghassemi; Ajnish Ghimire; Nermin Ghith; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq; Sherief Ghozy; Syed Amir Gilani; Paramjit Singh Gill; Themba G. Ginindza; Abraham Tamirat T. Gizaw; James C. Glasbey; Justyna Godos; Amit Goel; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Davide Golinelli; Mohamad Golitaleb; Giuseppe Gorini; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Giuseppe Grosso; Habtamu Alganeh Guadie; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Temesgen Worku Gudayu; Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Bhawna Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Mekdes Kondale Gurara; Alemu Guta; Parham Habibzadeh; Atlas Haddadi Avval; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Adel Hajj Ali; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Esam S. Halboub; Aram Halimi; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Sajid Hameed; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Sanam Hariri; Netanja I. Harlianto; Josep Maria Haro; Risky Kusuma Hartono; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; S.M. Mahmudul Hasan; Hamidreza Hasani; Seyedeh Melika Hashemi; Abbas M. Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Khezar Hayat; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Zahra Heidarymeybodi; Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna; Claudiu Herteliu; Kamal Hezam; Yuta Hiraike; Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa; Ramesh Holla; Marianne Holm; Nobuyuki Horita; Mohammad Hoseini; Md. Mahbub Hossain; Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Ali Hosseinzadeh; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Junjie Huang; Fernando N. Hugo; Ayesha Humayun; Salman Hussain; Nawfal R. Hussein; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar; Kevin S. Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Kaire Innos; Pooya Iranpour; Lalu Muhammad Irham; Md Shariful Islam; Rakibul M. Islam; Farhad Islami; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Gaetano Isola; Masao Iwagami; Linda Merin J; Abhishek Jaiswal; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Mahsa Jalili; Shahram Jalilian; Elham Jamshidi; Sung-In Jang; Chinmay T. Jani; Tahereh Javaheri; Umesh Umesh Jayarajah; Shubha Jayaram; Seyed Behzad Jazayeri; Rime Jebai; Bedru Jemal; Wonjeong Jeong; Ravi Prakash Jha; Har Ashish Jindal; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi; Vidya Kadashetti; Farima Kahe; Pradnya Vishal Kakodkar; Laleh R. Kalankesh; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Vineet Kumar Kamal; Farin Kamangar; Ashwin Kamath; Tanuj Kanchan; Eswar Kandaswamy; Himal Kandel; HyeJung Kang; Girum Gebremeskel Kanno; Neeti Kapoor; Sitanshu Sekhar Kar; Shama D. Karanth; Ibraheem M. Karaye; André Karch; Amirali Karimi; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Patrick D.M.C. Katoto; Joonas H. Kauppila; Harkiran Kaur; Abinet Gebremickael Kebede; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Gemechu Gemechu Kejela; Phillip M. Kemp Bohan; Maryam Keramati; Mohammad Keykhaei; Himanshu Khajuria; Abbas Khan; Abdul Aziz Khan Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Md. Nuruzzaman Khan; Moien A.B. Khan; Javad Khanali; Khaled Khatab; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani; Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari; Mehdi Khezeli; Mahmoud Khodadost; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Miloslav Klugar; Jitka Klugarová; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Pavel Kolkhir; Farzad Kompani; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Nuworza Kugbey; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Akshay Kumar; G. Anil Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Carlo La Vecchia; Arista Lahiri; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Judit Lám; Qing Lan; Iván Landires; Bagher Larijani; Savita Lasrado; Jerrald Lau; Paolo Lauriola; Caterina Ledda; Sang-Woong Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yeong Yeh Lee; Yo Han Lee; Samson Mideksa Legesse; James Leigh; Elvynna Leong; Ming-Chieh Li; Stephen S. Lim; Gang Liu; Jue Liu; Chun-Han Lo; Ayush Lohiya; Platon D. Lopukhov; László Lorenzovici; Mojgan Lotfi; Joana A. Loureiro; Raimundas Lunevicius; Farzan Madadizadeh; Ahmad R. Mafi; Sameh Magdeldin; Soleiman Mahjoub; Ata Mahmoodpoor; Morteza Mahmoudi; Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh; Rashidul Alam Mahumud; Azeem Majeed; Jamal Majidpoor; Alaa Makki; Konstantinos Christos Makris; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Reza Malekzadeh; Ahmad Azam Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Sneha Deepak Mallya; Mohammed A. Mamun; Ana Laura Manda; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Santi Martini; Miquel Martorell; Sahar Masoudi; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Clara N. Matei; Elezebeth Mathews; Manu Raj Mathur; Vasundhara Mathur; Martin McKee; Jitendra Kumar Meena; Khalid Mehmood; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Ravi Mehrotra; Addisu Melese; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; SIsay Derso Mengesha; Laverne G. Mensah; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Andry Yasmid Mera Mera-Mamián; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Mehari Woldemariam Merid; Amanual Getnet Mersha; Belsity Temesgen Meselu; Mahboobeh Meshkat; Tomislav Mestrovic; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena; Ted R. Miller; Shabir Ahmad Mir; Seyed Kazem Mirinezhad; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari; Hamed Mirzaei; Hamid Reza Mirzaei; Abay Sisay Misganaw; Sanjeev Misra; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Arif Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Syam Mohan; Mohammad Mohseni; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Alex Molassiotis; Mariam Molokhia; Kaveh Momenzadeh; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Ute Mons; Ahmed Al Montasir; Fateme Montazeri; Arnulfo Montero; Mohammad Amin Moosavi; Abdolvahab Moradi; Yousef Moradi; Mostafa Moradi Sarabi; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Shane Douglas Morrison; Jakub Morze; Abbas Mosapour; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Haleh Mousavi Isfahani; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa; Sumaira Mubarik; Francesk Mulita; Daniel Munblit; Sandra B. Munro; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Jonah Musa; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Shankar Prasad Nagaraju; Gabriele Nagel; Mohammadreza Naghipour; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Aparna Ichalangod Narayana; Hasan Nassereldine; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Rawlance Ndejjo; Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba; Wogene Wogene Negash; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Kazem Nejati; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Huy Van Nguyen Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Nurulamin M. Noor; Maryam Noori; Nafise Noroozi; Hasti Nouraei; Ali Nowroozi; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Onome Bright Oghenetega; Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; In-Hwan Oh; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde; Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa; Emad Omer; Abidemi E. Emmanuel Omonisi; Sokking Ong; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Hans Orru; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Abderrahim Oulhaj; Bilcha Oumer; Oluwatomi Funbi Owopetu; Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye; P.A. Mahesh; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Babak Pakbin; Keyvan Pakshir; Reza Pakzad; Tamás Palicz; Adrian Pana; Anamika Pandey; Ashok Pandey; Suman Pant; Shahina Pardhan; Eun-Cheol Park; Eun-Kee Park; Seoyeon Park; Jay Patel; Siddhartha Pati; Rajan Paudel; Uttam Paudel; Mihaela Paun; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Minjin Peng; Jeevan Pereira; Renato B. Pereira; Simone Perna; Navaraj Perumalsamy; Richard G. Pestell; Raffaele Pezzani; Cristiano Piccinelli; Julian David Pillay; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Tobias Pischon; Maarten J. Postma; Ashkan Pourabhari Langroudi; Akram Pourshams; Naeimeh Pourtaheri; Akila Prashant; Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan; Venkatraman Radhakrishnan; Mojtaba Raeisi; Ata Rafiee; Alireza Rafiei; Nasiru Raheem; Fakher Rahim; Md. Obaidur Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Nazanin Rajai; Aashish Rajesh; Pradhum Ram; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Juwel Rana; Kamal Ranabhat; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Sina Rashedi; Amirfarzan Rashidi; Mahsa Rashidi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia; Ashfaq Ur Rehman; Inayat Ur Rehman; Marissa B. Reitsma; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Maryam Rezaei; Nazila Rezaei; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Saeid Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Aziz Rezapour; Abanoub Riad; Reza Rikhtegar; Maria Rios-Blancas; Thomas J. Roberts; Peter Rohloff; Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez; Gholamreza Roshandel; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; S. Manjula; Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad; Bahar Saberzadeh-Ardestani; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Erfan Sadeghi; Mohammad Reza Saeb; Umar Saeed; Mohsen Safaei; Azam Safary; Maryam Sahebazzamani; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Harihar Sahoo; Mirza Rizwan Sajid; Hedayat Salari; Sana Salehi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Yoseph Leonardo Samodra; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Senthilkumar Sankararaman; Francesco Sanmarchi; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib; Arash Sarveazad; Fatemeh Sarvi; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Nicolas Sayegh; Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider; Michaël Schwarzinger; Mario Šekerija; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Kenbon Seyoum; Feng Sha; Omid Shafaat; Pritik A. Shah; Saeed Shahabi; Izza Shahid; Mohammad Amin Shahrbaf; Hamid R. Shahsavari; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohammed Feyisso Shaka; Elaheh Shaker; Mohammed Shannawaz; Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew; Azam Sharifi; Javad Sharifi-Rad; Purva Sharma; Bereket Beyene Shashamo; Aziz Sheikh; Mahdi Sheikh; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Rahim Ali Sheikhi; Ali Sheikhy; Peter Robin Shepherd; Adithi Shetty; Jeevan K. Shetty; Ranjitha S. Shetty; Kenji Shibuya; Reza Shirkoohi; Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski; K.M. Shivakumar; Siddharudha Shivalli; Velizar Shivarov; Parnian Shobeiri; Zahra Shokri Varniab; Seyed Afshin Shorofi; Sunil Shrestha; Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat; Sudeep K. Siddappa Malleshappa; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva; Guilherme Silva Julian; Nicola Silvestris; Wudneh Simegn; Achintya Dinesh Singh; Ambrish Singh; Garima Singh; Harpreet Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Jitendra Kumar Singh; Paramdeep Singh; Surjit Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Abiy H. Sinke; Md. Shahjahan Siraj; Freddy Sitas; Samarjeet Singh Siwal; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Bogdan Socea; Matthew J. Soeberg; Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi; Yonatan Solomon; Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar; Suhang Song; Yimeng Song; Reed J.D. Sorensen; Sergey Soshnikov; Houman Sotoudeh; Alieu Sowe; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Ryan Suk; Muhammad Suleman; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Saima Sultana; Daniel Sur; Miklós Szócska; Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei; Takahiro Tabuchi; Hooman Tadbiri; Ensiyeh Taheri; Majid Taheri; Moslem Taheri Soodejani; Ken Takahashi; Iman M. Talaat; Mircea Tampa; Ker-Kan Tan; Nathan Y. Tat; Vivian Y. Tat; Ahmad Tavakoli; Arash Tavakoli; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Yohannes Tekalegn; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Rekha Thapar; Aravind Thavamani; Viveksandeep Thoguluva Chandrasekar; Nihal Thomas; Nikhil Kenny Thomas; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Amir Tiyuri; Daniel Nigusse Tollosa; Roman Topor-Madry; Mathilde Touvier; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Gebresilasea Gendisha Ukke; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Sana Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Marco Vacante; Maryam Vaezi; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz
Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license