Browsing by Author "Shalini Arora"

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Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies
(MDPI, 2022) Madhu Kamle; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Akansha Gupta; Shikha Pandhi; Nitya Sharma; Bharti Sharma; Sadhna Mishra; Shalini Arora; Raman Selvakumar; Vivek Saurabh; Jyoti Dhakane-Lad; Manoj Kumar; Sreejani Barua; Arvind Kumar; Shirani Gamlath; Pradeep Kumar
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed. © 2022 by the authors. icensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Detection and Management of Ergot Alkaloids and Their Therapeutic Applications
(CRC Press, 2022) Nabendu Debnath; Pooja Yadav; Shalini Arora; Ashok Kumar Yadav
The sclerotia are also broken and combined with flour during milling. Sometimes sclerotia of similar size to the grain are developed in dry climates that are even more difficult to remove. Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are nitrogen-based chemicals that are classified as indole alkaloids. Ergots are a group of metabolites produced by different fungal species. The bio-synthetic pathway of ergot formation involves different genes and proteins, although proteins involved in the ergot synthetic pathway vary according to different fungal species. Ergot ring formation is the shared process in all species. D-lysergic acid is the prime substrate for the formation of ergopeptines catalyzed by an enzymatic complex known as nonribosomal peptide synthetase. Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed recently published a report showing that mycotoxins are still the leading cause of food hazards. In addition to the toxic effects on human populations, animals are equally affected due to EA contamination. © 2023 Pradeep Kumar, Madhu Kamle, and Dipendra Kumar Mahato.
Moisture sorption characteristics of lal peda at different storage temperatures
(2012) Arvind Kumar; Alok Jha; Parul Jain; Jatindra K. Sahu; Shalini Arora
Moisture sorption isotherms of lal peda, a heat-desiccated traditional milk product of Indian sub-continent were determined at 10, 25 and 37. °C over a water activity range of 0.113 to 0.868 using standard saturated salt solutions. The isotherms obtained were of sigmoid shape (type II) at all temperatures. Among five sorption models fitted, Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model was fitted best to the sorption at three temperatures. The monolayer moisture content as calculated by the best fitted GAB model for desorption and adsorption processes at 10, 25 and 37. °C were 3.852, 4.551 and 5.235 and 3.214, 4.103 and 5.253% on a dry basis, respectively. The values of isosteric heat of sorption as calculated from Clausius-Clapeyron equation was found to increase with decreasing moisture content at lower moisture content. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Occurrence, Detection, and Management of T-2 Toxin and HT-2 Toxin in Food and Feed
(CRC Press, 2022) Pooja Yadav; Nabendu Debnath; Shalini Arora; Ashok Kumar Yadav
Fungal species release several secondary metabolites, including plant growth promoters, antibiotics, plant pigments, and several types of toxins. In 1940, the term stachybotryotoxicosis was coined by Soviet scientists to explain a syndrome with symptoms such as pharyngitis, rhinorrhea, hyper-pnea, croak, and pyrexia resulting from expiration of the "Stachybotrys mycotoxin." T-2 toxin affects cereals such as maize, wheat, rice, barley, oats, and soy beans and their by-products and has a deleterious effect on human and animal well-being. T-2 toxin and its metabolites show acute symptoms to humans once ingested. The half-lives of the toxin and its breakdown compounds are usually very short, and they are removed from the body within 48 hours, but it depends on time, amount, and route of exposure. Maximum plasma concentration was reported in rodents. T-2 toxin has a thiol group, which facilitates inhibiting the crucial pathway of protein production by binding with peptidyl transferase enzyme and targets the 60s ribosomal unit, thus hindering translation process. © 2023 Pradeep Kumar, Madhu Kamle, and Dipendra Kumar Mahato.
Patulin in food: A mycotoxin concern for human health and its management strategies
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Madhu Kamle; Bharti Sharma; Shikha Pandhi; Sheetal Devi; Kajal Dhawan; Raman Selvakumar; Diwakar Mishra; Arvind Kumar; Shalini Arora; Namita Ashish Singh; Pradeep Kumar
The mycotoxin patulin is primarily produced as a secondary metabolite by numerous fungal species and predominantly by Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium species. It is generally associated with fungal infected food materials. Penicillium expansum is considered the only fungal species liable for patulin contamination in pome fruits, especially in apples and apple-based products. This toxin in food poses serious health concerns and economic threat, which has aroused the need to adopt effective detection and mitigation strategies. Understanding its origin sources and biosynthetic mechanism stands essential for efficiently designing a management strategy against this fungal contamination. This review aims to present an updated outline of the sources of patulin occurrence in different foods and their biosynthetic mechanisms. It further provides information regarding the detrimental effects of patulin on human and agriculture as well as its effective detection, management, and control strategies. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
Trichothecenes in food and feed: Occurrence, impact on human health and their detection and management strategies
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Shikha Pandhi; Madhu Kamle; Akansha Gupta; Bharti Sharma; Brajesh Kumar Panda; Shubhangi Srivastava; Manoj Kumar; Raman Selvakumar; Arun Kumar Pandey; Priyanka Suthar; Shalini Arora; Arvind Kumar; Shirani Gamlath; Ajay Bharti; Pradeep Kumar
Trichothecenes (TCNs) are the mycotoxins produced by many fungal species such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys and pose a considerable health risk. Based on their characteristic functional moieties, they are divided into four categories: Type A (T-2, HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), harzianum A, neosolaniol (NEO) and trichodermin), Type B (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), trichothecin and fusarenon X), Type C (crotocin) and Type D (satratoxin G & H, roridin A and verrucarin A) with types A and B being the most substantial. TCNs cause growth retardation in eukaryotes, suppress seedling growth or regeneration in plants and could be a reason for animal reproductive failure. Due to the increased frequency of occurrence and widespread distribution of TCNs in food and feed, knowledge of their sources of occurrence is essential to strategise their control and management. Hence, this review provides an overview of various types and sources of TCNs, the associated biosynthetic pathways and genes responsible for production in food and feed. Further, various processing and environmental effects on TCNs production, detection techniques and management strategies are also briefly outlined. © 2022