Browsing by Author "Shashank Shekhar"

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Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Sara Momtazmanesh; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Negar Rezaei; Parnian Shobeiri; Amirali Aali; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Michael Abdelmasseh; Meriem Abdoun; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abolhassani; Zahra Abrehdari-Tafreshi; Basavaprabhu Achappa; Denberu Eshetie Adane Adane; Tigist Demssew Adane; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Mohammad Adnan; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Sajjad Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Keivan Ahmadi; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Astawus Alemayehu; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Sami Almustanyir; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Javad Aminian Dehkordi; Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami; Robert Ancuceanu; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Catherine M Antony; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Judie Arulappan; Tahira Ashraf; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Engi F Attia; Meshesha Tsegazeab Ayele; Sina Azadnajafabad; Abraham Samuel Babu; Sara Bagherieh; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; MacIej Banach; Mainak Bardhan; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Amadou Barrow; Saurav Basu; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Isabela M Bensenor; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Ajay Nagesh Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Souad Bouaoud; Dejana Braithwaite; Michael Brauer; Muhammad Hammad Butt; Zahid A Butt; Daniela Calina; Luis Alberto Cámera; Gashaw Sisay Chanie; Periklis Charalampous; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Dinh-Toi Chu; Aaron J Cohen; Natália Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Saswati Das; Sisay Abebe Debela; Laura Delgado-Ortiz; Diriba Dereje; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Nancy Diao; Daniel Diaz; Lankamo Ena Digesa; Gebisa Dirirsa; Paul Narh Doku; Deepa Dongarwar; Abdel Douiri; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa Elagali; Muhammed Elhadi; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Farshid Etaee; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Andre Faro; Ali Fatehizadeh; Ginenus Fekadu; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Richard Charles Franklin; Peter Andras Gaal; Santosh Gaihre; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Mesfin Gebrehiwot; Urge Gerema; Motuma Erena Getachew; Tamiru Getachew; Mansour Ghafourifard; Reza Ghanbari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Ali Gholami; Artyom Urievich Gil; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Davide Golinelli; Habtamu Alganeh Guadie; Bhawna Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Mostafa Hadei; Rabih Halwani; Asif Hanif; Arief Hargono; Mehdi Harorani; Risky Kusuma Hartono; Hamidreza Hasani; Abdiwahab Hashi; Simon I Hay; Mohammad Heidari; Merel E Hellemons; Claudiu Herteliu; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Mohammad Hoseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Junjie Huang; Salman Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Sufyan Ibrahim; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Linda Merin J; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Elham Jamshidi; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Ravi Prakash Jha; Olatunji Johnson; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Vaishali Kraghuabr; Billingsley Kaambwa; Zubair Kabir; Laleh R Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Himal Kandel; Shama D Karanth; Ibraheem M Karaye; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Gizat M Kassie; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Mohammad Keykhaei; Himanshu Khajuria; Imteyaz A Khan; Moien A B Khan; Yusra H Khan; Haneen Khreis; Min Seo Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Luke D Knibbs; Pavel Kolkhir; Somayeh Komaki; Farzad Kompani; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Ali Koolivand; Oleksii Korzh; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Kris J Krohn; Naveen Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Om P Kurmi; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Carlo La Vecchia; Judit Lám; Qing Lan; Savita Lasrado; Kamaluddin Latief; Paolo Lauriola; Sang-Woong Lee; Yo Han Lee; Samson Mideksa Legesse; Jacopo Lenzi; Ming-Chieh Li; Ro-Ting Lin; Gang Liu; Wei Liu; Chun-Han Lo; László Lorenzovici; Yifei Lu; Soundarya Mahalingam; Elham Mahmoudi; Narayan B Mahotra; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Ahmad Azam Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Borhan Mansouri; Elezebeth Mathews; Sazan Qadir Maulud; Enkeleint A Mechili; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Ritesh G Menezes; Dechasa Adare Mengistu; Alexios-Fotios A Mentis; Mahboobeh Meshkat; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira De Sá; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Prasanna Mithra; Javad Moghadasi; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Marita Mohammadshahi; Shafiu Mohammed; Syam Mohan; Nagabhishek Moka; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Md Moniruzzaman; Fateme Montazeri; Maryam Moradi; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Christopher J L Murray; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Vinay Nangia; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Aparna Ichalangod Narayana; Zuhair S Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Wogene Wogene Negash; Evangelia Nena; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Robina Khan Niazi; Antonio Tolentino Nogueira De Sá; Ali Nowroozi; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Rahman Md Obaidur; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Andrew T Olagunju; Ahmed Omar Bali; Sergej M Ostojic; P.A. Mahesh; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Mohammad Taha Pahlevan Fallahy; Tamás Palicz; Adrian Pana; Eun-Kee Park; Jay Patel; Rajan Paudel; Uttam Paudel; Paolo Pedersini; Marcos Pereira; Renato B Pereira; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Majid Pirestani; Maarten J Postma; Akila Prashant; Mohammad Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Sima Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Prashant Rajput; Juwel Rana; Chythra R Rao; Sowmya J Rao; Sina Rashedi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Maryam Rezaei; Nazila Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Mónica Rodrigues; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; David Rojas-Rueda; Kristina E Rudd; Aly M A Saad; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Erfan Sadeghi; Masoumeh Sadeghi; Umar Saeed; Maryam Sahebazzamani; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Harihar Sahoo; Mirza Rizwan Sajid; Sateesh Sakhamuri; Sana Salehi; Abdallah M Samy; Milena M Santric-Milicevic; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Allen Seylani; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohd Shanawaz; Mohammed Shannawaz; Rahim Ali Sheikhi; Shashank Shekhar; Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat; Colin R Simpson; Jasvinder A Singh; Paramdeep Singh; Surjit Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar; Suhang Song; Ireneous N Soyiri; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Leo Stockfelt; Jing Sun; Ken Takahashi; Iman M Talaat; Ker-Kan Tan; Nathan Y Tat; Vivian Y Tat; Birhan Tsegaw Taye; Pugazhenthan Thangaraju; Rekha Thapar; Friedrich Thienemann; Amir Tiyuri; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Lorainne Tudor Car; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Irfan Ullah; Sana Ullah; Marco Vacante; Pascual R Valdez; Rohollah Valizadeh; Job F M Van Boven; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Siavash Vaziri; Francesco S Violante; Bay Vo; Ning Wang; Melissa Y Wei; Ronny Westerman; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Suowen Xu; Xiaoyue Xu; Lalit Yadav; Yazachew Yismaw; Dong Keon Yon; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Mazyar Zahir; Moein Zangiabadian; Zahra Zareshahrabadi; Armin Zarrintan; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Zelalem Banjaw Zegeye; Yunquan Zhang; Mohsen Naghavi; Bagher Larijani; Farshad Farzadfar
Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Authors
Global, regional, and national burden of allergic disorders and their risk factors in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023) Youn Ho Shin; Jimin Hwang; Rosie Kwon; Seung Won Lee; Min Seo Kim; Jae Il Shin; Dong Keon Yon; Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Michael Abdelmasseh; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Elissa M. Abrams; Yonas Derso Abtew; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Denberu Eshetie Adane Adane; Tigist Demssew Adane; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Rishan Adha; Amin Adibi; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Anurag Agrawal; Sohail Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Sayer Al-Azzam; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Vahid Alipour; Zaid Altaany; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Hany Aly; Adnan Ansar; Judie Arulappan; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Tahira Ashraf; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Daniel Atlaw; Avinash Aujayeb; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mahsa Babaei; Hassan Babamohamadi; Alaa Badawi; Nayereh Baghcheghi; Sara Bagherieh; Khuloud Bajbouj; Maciej Banach; Mainak Bardhan; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Amadou Barrow; Azadeh Bashiri; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Isabela M. Bensenor; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Kebede A. Beyene; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Ajay Nagesh Bhat; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Ali Bijani; Andras Bikov; Jiao Cai; Paulo Camargos; Josip Car; Sinclair Carr; Andrea Carugno; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Periklis Charalampous; Mohammadreza Chashmyazdan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Barbara Corso; Natália Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Dessalegn Demeke; Biniyam Demisse; Daniel Diaz; Mengistie Diress; Deepa Dongarwar; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Muhammed Elhadi; Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy; Habtamu Esubalew; Farshid Etaee; Azin Etemadimanesh; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev; Ali Fatehizadeh; Syeda Anum Fatima Fatima; Xiaoqi Feng; Mohammad Fereidouni; Nuno Ferreira; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Yibeltal Yismaw Gela; Abera Getachew Obsa; Fataneh Ghadirian; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Sherief Ghozy; Richard F. Gillum; Abraham Tamirat Gizaw; Admasu Belay AB Gizaw; Mohamad Goldust; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Sapna Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Samer Hamidi; Md Abdul Hannan; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Hamidreza Hasani; Abdiwahab Hashi; Mohammed Bheser Hassen; Behzad Heibati; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Md Shakhaoat Hossain; Salman Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Rana Irilouzadian; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Zhanat Bakhitovna I. Z. B. Ispayeva; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Linda Merin J; Maziar Jajarmi; Elham Jamshidi; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Shubha Jayaram; Rime Jebai; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Billingsley Kaambwa; Zubair Kabir; Feroze Kaliyadan; Himal Kandel; Rami S. Kantar; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Hanie Karimi; Harkiran Kaur; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Imteyaz A. Khan; Maseer Khan; Moien A. B. Khan; Saval Khanal; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Jagdish Khubchandani; Biruk Getahun Kibret; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Pavel Kolkhir; Farzad Kompani; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Oleksii Korzh; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Claudia E. Kuehni; G. Anil Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; L. V. Simhachalam Kutikuppala; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Judit Lám; Bagher Larijani; Kamaluddin Latief; Paolo Lauriola; Thao Thi Thu Le; Yo Han Lee; Jacopo Lenzi; Ming-Chieh Li; Shanshan Li; Virendra S. Ligade; Stephen S. Lim; Gang Liu; Wei Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Chun-Han Lo; Graciliana Lopes; Soundarya Mahalingam; Sandeep B. Maharaj; Mansour Adam Mahmoud; Azeem Majeed; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Ahmad Azam Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Andrea Maugeri; John Robert Carabeo Medina; Ritesh G. Menezes; George A. Mensah; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Tomislav Mestrovic; Irmina Maria Michalek; Le Huu Nhat Minh; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Manish Mishra; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Md Moniruzzaman; Temesgen Mulugeta; Daniel Munblit; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Ghulam Mustafa; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Vinay Nangia; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Hasan Nassereldine; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Tze Pin Ng; Dang H. Nguyen; Van Thanh Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Hasti Nouraei; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Rahman Md Obaidur; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Patrick Godwin Okwute; Andrew T. Olagunju; Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa; Hans Orru; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Anamika Pandey; Shahina Pardhan; Eun-Kee Park; Jay Patel; Shankargouda Patil; Venkata Suresh Patthipati; Uttam Paudel; Marcos Pereira; Renato B. Pereira; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Indrashis Podder; Vivek Podder; Arash Pour Mohammad; Ibrahim Qattea; Navid Rabiee; Mehran Rahimi; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Prashant Rajput; Pradhum Ram; Premkumar Ramasubramani; Indu Ramachandra Rao; Ahmed Mustafa Rashid; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; Nakul Ravikumar; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Aavishkar Raj Regmi; Nazila Rezaei; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Saeid Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez; Luca Ronfani; Aly M. A. Saad; Basema Saddik; Umar Saeed; Dominic Sagoe; Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Harihar Sahoo; Mirza Rizwan Sajid; Joseph W. Sakshaug; Saina Salahi; Sana Salehi; Abdallah M. Samy; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Made Ary Sarasmita; Maryam Sarkhosh; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Humaira Shah; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohd Shanawaz; Aziz Sheikh; Shashank Shekhar; Mika Shigematsu; Parnian Shobeiri; Seyed Afshin Shorofi; Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat; Colin R. Simpson; Jasvinder A. Singh; Paramdeep Singh; Surjit Singh; Virendra Singh; Md Shahjahan Siraj; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Yonatan Solomon; Suhang Song; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Mindy D. Szeto; Iman M. Talaat; Jacques J. L. Lukenze Tamuzi; Ker-Kan Tan; Nathan Y. Tat; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Dufera Rikitu Terefa; Riki Tesler; Pugazhenthan Thangaraju; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Tala Tillawi; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Sana Ullah; Era Upadhyay; Seyed Mohammad Vahabi; Job F. M. van Boven; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Georgios-Ioannis Verras; Rafael José Vieira; Francesco S. Violante; Theo Vos; Ronny Westerman; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Hywel C. Williams; Dereje Y. Yada; Yazachew Yismaw; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Mazyar Zahir; Heather J. Zar; Iman Zare; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Mohammad A. Zeineddine; Getachew Assefa Zenebe; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Hanqing Zhao; Mohammad Zoladl
Background: Asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) are chronic allergic conditions, along with allergic rhinitis and food allergy and cause high morbidity and mortality both in children and adults. This study aims to evaluate the global, regional, national, and temporal trends of the burden of asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019 and analyze their associations with geographic, demographic, social, and clinical factors. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, we assessed the age-standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of both asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019, stratified by geographic region, age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI). DALYs were calculated as the sum of years lived with disability and years of life lost to premature mortality. Additionally, the disease burden of asthma attributable to high body mass index, occupational asthmagens, and smoking was described. Results: In 2019, there were a total of 262 million [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 224–309 million] cases of asthma and 171 million [95% UI: 165–178 million] total cases of AD globally; age-standardized prevalence rates were 3416 [95% UI: 2899–4066] and 2277 [95% UI: 2192–2369] per 100,000 population for asthma and AD, respectively, a 24.1% [95% UI: −27.2 to −20.8] decrease for asthma and a 4.3% [95% UI: 3.8–4.8] decrease for AD compared to baseline in 1990. Both asthma and AD had similar trends according to age, with age-specific prevalence rates peaking at age 5–9 years and rising again in adulthood. The prevalence and incidence of asthma and AD were both higher for individuals with higher SDI; however, mortality and DALYs rates of individuals with asthma had a reverse trend, with higher mortality and DALYs rates in those in the lower SDI quintiles. Of the three risk factors, high body mass index contributed to the highest DALYs and deaths due to asthma, accounting for a total of 3.65 million [95% UI: 2.14–5.60 million] asthma DALYs and 75,377 [95% UI: 40,615–122,841] asthma deaths. Conclusions: Asthma and AD continue to cause significant morbidity worldwide, having increased in total prevalence and incidence cases worldwide, but having decreased in age-standardized prevalence rates from 1990 to 2019. Although both are more frequent at younger ages and more prevalent in high-SDI countries, each condition has distinct temporal and regional characteristics. Understanding the temporospatial trends in the disease burden of asthma and AD could guide future policies and interventions to better manage these diseases worldwide and achieve equity in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. © 2023 EAACI and John Wiley and Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Heavy Metal Contamination in the Aquatic Ecosystem: Toxicity and Its Remediation Using Eco-Friendly Approaches
(MDPI, 2023) Veer Singh; Nidhi Singh; Sachchida Nand Rai; Ashish Kumar; Anurag Kumar Singh; Mohan P. Singh; Ansuman Sahoo; Shashank Shekhar; Emanuel Vamanu; Vishal Mishra
Urbanization and industrialization are responsible for environmental contamination in the air, water, and soil. These activities also generate large amounts of heavy metal ions in the environment, and these contaminants cause various types of health issues in humans and other animals. Hexavalent chromium, lead, and cadmium are toxic heavy metal ions that come into the environment through several industrial processes, such as tanning, electroplating, coal mining, agricultural activities, the steel industry, and chrome plating. Several physical and chemical methods are generally used for the heavy metal decontamination of wastewater. These methods have some disadvantages, including the generation of secondary toxic sludge and high operational costs. Hence, there is a need to develop a cost-effective and eco-friendly method for the removal of heavy metal ions from polluted areas. Biological methods are generally considered eco-friendly and cost-effective. This review focuses on heavy metal contamination, its toxicity, and eco-friendly approaches for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated sites. © 2023 by the authors.
Influence of the water–sediment interaction on the major ions chemistry and fluoride pollution in groundwater of the Older Alluvial Plains of Delhi, India
(Springer, 2021) Shakir Ali; Shashank Shekhar; Trupti Chandrasekhar; Akhilesh Kumar Yadav; Naresh Kumar Arora; Chandrashekhar Azad Kashyap; Prosun Bhattacharya; S.P. Rai; Prabhas Pande; Dornadulla Chandrasekharam
Fluoride (F–) pollution in groundwater of the Older Alluvial Plain (OAP) of Delhi has been reported as a major problem. About 34% of the groundwater samples collected for this study had F– level beyond the permissible limit; with F– concentration in the range of 0.14–3.15 mg/L (average 1.20 mg/L). In this context, this article for the first time attempts on the genesis of major ions chemistry and F– pollution in groundwater of OAP Delhi by going beyond the statistical analysis to sediment geochemistry, chemical weathering processes and understanding of the processes using stable environmental isotopes (2H and 18O). The XRD of the OAP sediments revealed the dominance of fluor-biotite, albite, calcite, quartz, and chlorite. Whereas, the separated clay revealed the dominance of chlorite, kaolinite, and illite minerals. The saturation index (SI) values indicated that the groundwater chemistry is in the process of further F– enrichment by way of sediment groundwater interaction. With the given mineralogy of the sediments, the dominance of major ions like Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl– and F– has been attributed to chemical weathering of biotites, phlogopites, albite, and calcite during sediment–water interaction. While the dominance of SO42– has been attributed to anthropogenic sources and confirmed by its association with heavier stable isotopes of hydrogen (δ2H: −50.44 to −40.02‰) and oxygen (δ18O: −7.19 to −5.62‰) indicating evaporative enrichment during isotopic fractionation. © 2021, Indian Academy of Sciences.
Investigation of phase transition in the binary mixture of thermotropic liquid crystalline systems 4-(Heptylox) benzoic acid and 4-(Undecyloxy) benzoic acid using Raman and DFT studies
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Chandan Bhai Patel; K. Vikram; Pankaj Kumar Tripathi; Rajib Nandi; K. Ummer; Shashank Shekhar; Ranjana Singh; Ranjan K. Singh
A binary mixture Uba@Hba of liquid crystalline systems; 4-(Undecyloxy) benzoic acid and 4-(Heptylox) benzoic acid was prepared, and their liquid crystalline properties were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy at the bulk level and temperature dependent Raman spectroscopic technique as well as density functional calculations at molecular level. The polarized optical microscopic studies revealed crystal, smectic A, nematic and isotropic phases in the Uba@Hba. The phase transition temperatures of the binary mixture Uba@Hba was identified by the temperature dependent Raman study which was found almost close to phase transitions observed in differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. The detailed Raman & DFT studies provide information occurring in phase transitions at molecular level. The changes in inter/intra-molecular interactions at crystal → smectic A and smectic A → nematic transitions have been discussed in detail. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
Modelling water levels of northwestern India in response to improved irrigation use efficiency
(Nature Research, 2020) Shashank Shekhar; Suman Kumar; A.L. Densmore; W.M. van Dijk; Rajiv Sinha; Manoranjan Kumar; Suneel Kumar Joshi; Shive Prakash Rai; Dewashish Kumar
The groundwater crisis in northwestern India is the result of over-exploitation of groundwater resources for irrigation. The Government of India has targeted a 20 percent improvement in irrigation groundwater use efficiency. In this perspective, and using a regional-scale calibrated and validated three-dimensional groundwater flow model, this article provides the first forecasts of water levels in the study area up to the year 2028, both with and without this improvement in use efficiency. Future water levels without any mitigation efforts are anticipated to decline by up to 2.8 m/year in some areas. A simulation with a 20 percent reduction in groundwater abstraction shows spatially varied aquifer responses. Tangible results are visible in a decade, and the water-level decline rates decrease by 36–67 percent in over-exploited areas. Although increasing irrigation use efficiency provides tangible benefits, an integrated approach to agricultural water management practice that incorporates use efficiency along with other measures like water-efficient cropping patterns and rainwater harvesting may yield better results in a shorter period. © 2020, The Author(s).
Nitrogen Doped Carbon Quantum Dots Modified by Lens culinaris β-Galactosidase as a Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Lactose
(Springer New York LLC, 2019) Ranjana Singh; Anjali Yadav; Shashank Shekhar; Ranjan K. Ajad; Ranjan K. Singh; Arvind M. Kayastha
Nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) were synthesized via hydrothermal route. The NCQDs are thermally and optically stable with high flouresence yield. For the synthesis of NCQDs, citric acid and urea was taken as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of these quantum dots revealed nearly spherical shape and average size of 1.5 nm, which was calculated using Image J software. The quantum dots were also well-characterized using spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, UV-Visible absorption and fluorescence. These synthesized and characterized dots were utilized for selective detection of lactose in Milli Q water. The bioprobe provide a wide linear range varying from (10.00–77.41) μM with limit of detection 11.36 μM and sensitivity equal to (0.0065 ± 0.0002) μM−1. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Strongly heterogeneous patterns of groundwater depletion in Northwestern India
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Suneel Kumar Joshi; Sanjeev Gupta; Rajiv Sinha; Alexander Logan Densmore; Shive Prakash Rai; Shashank Shekhar; Philippa J. Mason; W.M. van Dijk
Northwestern India has been identified as a significant hotspot of groundwater depletion, with major implications for groundwater sustainability caused by excessive abstraction. We know relatively little about the detailed spatial and temporal changes in groundwater storage in this region, nor do we understand the interplay of factors controlling these changes. Groundwater managers and policymakers in India require such information to monitor groundwater development and make strategic decisions for the sustainable management of groundwater. Here, we characterise high-resolution spatio-temporal variability in groundwater levels and storage change across northwestern India through analysis of in situ measurements of historical groundwater level data. We note a slow gain in groundwater storage of + 0.58 ± 0.35 km3 for the pre-monsoon and + 0.40 ± 0.35 km3 for the post-monsoon period between 1974 and 2001. However, from 2002 to 2010, groundwater storage was rapidly depleted by −32.30 ± 0.34 km3 in the pre-monsoon and −24.42 ± 0.34 km3 in the post-monsoon period. Importantly, we observe marked spatial heterogeneity in groundwater levels and storage change and distinct hotspots of groundwater depletion with lateral length scales of tens of kilometers. Spatial variability in groundwater abstraction partially explains the depletion pattern, but we also find that the sedimentological heterogeneity of the aquifer system correlates broadly with long-term patterns of groundwater-level change. This correlation, along with the spatial agreement between groundwater level change and water quality, provides a framework for anticipating future depletion patterns and guiding groundwater monitoring and domain-specific management strategies. © 2021 The Author(s)
The many faces of intracranial tuberculosis: atypical presentations on MRI—a descriptive observational cohort study
(Institute for Ionics, 2023) Ishan Kumar; Shashank Shekhar; Tanya Yadav; Priyanka Aggarwal; Pramod Kumar Singh; Ram C. Shukla; Ashish Verma
Background: Atypical MRI findings of cranial tuberculosis can lead to prolonged delay in diagnosis resulting in high costs to evaluate for alternative diagnoses. The aim of this study was to describe a series of cranial tuberculosis patients with spectrum of MRI features, other than hydrocephalus, parenchymal tuberculomas, and leptomeningeal thickening. The final diagnosis was made based on CSF findings, clinical findings, and/or marked improvement after antitubercular treatment. Results: A total of 39 patients met the inclusion criteria and were diagnosed with vasculitis (n = 15), tubercular abscess (n = 5), miliary tuberculosis (n = 3), tubercular cerebritis (n = 9), sellar and parasellar tuberculosis (n = 7), mass forming tuberculosis (n = 1), choroid plexitis (n = 2), and intraventricular tuberculomas (n = 1). Conclusion: A significant number of patients of cranial tuberculosis can have variable presentations and may be misdiagnosed. This analysis helps to reinvestigate the spectrum of MRI findings. © 2023, The Author(s).