Browsing by Author "Shiva Borzouei"

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Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018
(Nature Research, 2021) Damaris Kinyoki; Aaron E. Osgood-Zimmerman; Natalia V. Bhattacharjee; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Alice Lazzar-Atwood; Dan Lu; Samuel B. Ewald; Katie M. Donkers; Ian D. Letourneau; Michael Collison; Megan F. Schipp; Amanuel Abajobir; Sima Abbasi; Nooshin Abbasi; Mitra Abbasifard; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Sherief M. Abd-Elsalam; Amir Abdoli; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abolhassani; Biju Abraham; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R. M. Abrigo; Ahmed Abualhasan; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Maryam Adabi; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Pradyumna Agasthi; Mohammad Aghaali; Sohail Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Budi Aji; Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi; Addis Aklilu; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Ziyad Al-Aly; Turki M. Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Ayinalem Alemu; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Saeed Amini; Fatemeh Amiri; Dickson A. Amugsi; Nahla Hamed Anber; Robert Ancuceanu; Tudorel Andrei; Masresha Tessema Anegago; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Muhammad Aqeel; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Olatunde Aremu; Habtamu Abera Areri; Al Artaman; Afsaneh Arzani; Malke Asaad; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Mengistu M. Ashebir; Zerihun Ataro; Seyyede Masoume Athari; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout; Marcel Ausloos; Nefsu Awoke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Muluken Altaye Ayza; Abbas Azadmehr; Darshan B; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohammad Amin Bahrami; Mohan Bairwa; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Palash Chandra Banik; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Miguel A. Barboza; Huda Basaleem; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Bayisa Abdissa Baye; Gholamreza Bazmandegan; Neeraj Bedi; Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye Bekuma; Michelle L. Bell; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe; Kidanemariam Alem Berhie; Dinesh Bhandari; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Antonio Biondi; Minyichil Birhanu; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Moses John Bockarie; Somayeh Bohlouli; Mahdi Bohluli; Archith Boloor; Shiva Borzouei; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Andre R. Brunoni; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Luis Alberto Cámera; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Muge Cevik; Wagaye Fentahun Chanie; Jaykaran Charan; Souranshu Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Simiao Chen; Ken Lee Chin; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Aubrey J. Cook; Vera Marisa Costa; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Henok Dagne; Baye Dagnew; Tukur Dahiru; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Haijiang Dai; Hancheng Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Farah Daoud; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Aditya Prasad Dash; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Kairat Davletov; Farah Deeba; Jan-Walter De Neve; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Assefa Desalew; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Sagnik Dey; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Daniel Diaz; Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Bereket Duko; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Lucas Earl; Hisham Atan Edinur; Ferry Efendi; Rajesh Elayedath; Teshome Bekele Elema; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Aisha Elsharkawy; Yasser Mohamed El-Sherbiny; Maha El Tantawi; Daniel Adane Endalew; Babak Eshrati; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Ibtihal Fadhil; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Mohammad Fareed; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Medhat Farwati; Farshad Farzadfar; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Valery L. Feigin; Berhanu Elfu Feleke; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Nataliya A. Foigt; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Marisa Freitas; Takeshi Fukumoto; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis; Hadush Gebremariam; Tesfay B. B. Gebremariam; Leake Gebremeskel; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Assefa Ayalew Gebreslassie; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Bradford D. Gessner; Lemma Getacher; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Mahsa Ghajarzadeh; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Nermin Ghith; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Myron Anthony Godinho; Philimon N. Gona; Ayman Grada; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Nachiket Gudi; Davide Guido; Rashid Abdi Guled; Yuming Guo; Rachita Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R. Hamadeh; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Asif Hanif; Arief Hargono; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Syed Shahzad Hasan; Maryam Hashemian; Abdiwahab Hashi; Shoaib Hassan; Amr Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Mohamed I. Hegazy; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Nathaniel J. Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Hagos Degefa de Hidru; Chi Linh Hoang; Ramesh Holla; Julia Hon; Sung Hwi Hong; Praveen Hoogar; Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J. Hotez; Mowafa Househ; Tanvir M. Huda; Dawit Hoyiso Huluko Huluko; Syed Ather Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Usman Iqbal; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Vardhmaan Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Ravi Prakash Jha; Oommen John; Kimberly B. Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Jitendra Jonnagaddala; Nitin Joseph; Ankur Joshi; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Tanvir Kahlon; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Ashwin Kamath; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Umesh Kapil; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; Salah Eddin Karimi; Ayele Semachew Kasa; Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun; Zemenu Yohannes Kassa; Gebrehiwot G. Kassa; Getinet Kassahun; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Tibebeselassie S. Keflie; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Bayew Kelkay; Maryam Keramati; Daniel Bekele Ketema; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Junaid Khan; Khaled Khatab; Amir M. Khater; Mona M. Khater; Abdullah T. Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Neda Kianipour; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Sezer Kisa; Adnan Kisa; Tufa Kolola; Ali Koolivand; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Nuworza Kugbey; Vaman Kulkarni; G. Anil Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Ben Lacey; Deepesh P. Lad; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Matthew B. Laurens; Carlo La Vecchia; Avula Laxmaiah; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Kate E. LeGrand; Sonia Lewycka; Bingyu Li; Shanshan Li; Xuefeng Liu; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Daiane Borges Machado; Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; D.R. Mahadeshwara Prasad; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mina Maheri; Narayan B. Mahotra; Azeem Majeed; Venkatesh Maled; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Md Dilshad Dilshad Manzar; Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Pallab K. Maulik; Benjamin K. Mayala; Medhin Mehari; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Fereshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei; Teferi Mekonnen; Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles; Mulugeta Melku; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Meresa Berwo Mengesha; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Abera M. Mersha; Workua Mekonnen Metekiya; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; G.K. Mini; Shabir Ahmad Mir; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Sanjeev Misra; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Yousef Mohammad; Dara K. Mohammad; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Hayat Maeruf Mohammed; Salahuddin Mohammed; Ammas Siraj Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Mohammad A. Mohseni Bandpei; Ali H. Mokdad; Alex Molassiotis; Lorenzo Monasta; Masoud Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Abbas Mosapour; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Getaneh Baye B. Mulu; Mehnaz Munir; Moses K. Muriithi; G.V.S. Murthy; Ghulam Mustafa; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Shankar Prasad Nagaraju; Mohsen Naghavi; Gurudatta Naik; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nansseu; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Smitha Nayak; Vinod C. Nayak; Javad Nazari; Rawlance Ndejjo; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Georges Nguefack-Tsague; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Diep Ngoc Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Amin Reza Nikpoor; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Vuong Minh Nong; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Virginia Nunez-Samudio; Vincent Ebuka Nwatah; Tafadzwa Nyanhanda; Bogdan Oancea; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Daniel Micheal Okello; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T. Olagunju; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Ahmed Omar Bali; Muktar Omer Omer; Abidemi E. Emmanuel Omonisi; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Alberto Ortiz; Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Abhijit P. Pakhare; Keyvan Pakshir; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan; Deepak Kumar Pasupula; Sangram Kishor Patel; Urvish K. Patel; Ashish Pathak; George C. Patton; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Jeevan Pereira; Julia Moreira Pescarini; Hai Quang Pham; Brandon V. Pickering; Saeed Pirouzpanah; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J. Postma; Faheem Hyder Pottoo; Hadis Pourchamani; Hadi Pourjafar; Hossein Poustchi; Sergio I. Prada; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Navid Rabiee; Ata Rafiee; Fakher Rahim; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Aashish Rajesh; Pradhum Ram; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J. Rao; Satish Rao; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Lal Rawal; Wasiq Faraz Rawasia; Reza Rawassizadeh; Lemma Demissie Regassa; Robert C. Reiner; Bhageerathy Reshmi; Nima Rezaei; Omid Rezahosseini; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Daniela Ribeiro; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Hirbo Shore Roba; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Morteza Rostamian; Susan Fred Rumisha; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Ehsan Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Nasir Salam; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Itamar S. Santos; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Deepak Saxena; Alyssa N. Sbarra; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Debarka Sengupta; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Feng Sha; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Mohammad Shahbaz; Izza Shahid; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohammed Feyisso Shaka; Ali S. Shalash; Mahdi Shamali; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; MohammadBagher Shamsi; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Amrollah Sharifi; Aziz Sheikh; Abbas Sheikhtaheri; Ranjitha S. Shetty; B. Suresh Kumar Shetty; Adithi Shetty; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Velizar Shivarov; Soraya Siabani; Sudeep K. Siddappa Malleshappa; Tariq Jamal Siddiqi; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Balbir Bagicha Singh; Surya Singh; Yitagesu Sintayehu; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh; Amin Soheili; Shahin Soltani; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Iyad Sultan; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Biruk Wogayehu Taddele; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Amir Taherkhani; Zemenu Tamir; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Md Ismail Tareque; Abdelghani Tbakhi; Hirut Teame; Yonas Getaye Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Yohannes Tekalegn; Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle; Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Nihal Thomas; Takele Tiki; Asres Bedaso Tilahune; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Khanh Bao Tran; Bach Xuan Tran; Rajnish Tripathi; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Phuong N. Truong; Riaz Uddin; Anayat Ullah; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Chigozie Jesse Uneke; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Marco Vacante; Alireza Vakilian; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Yasser Vasseghian; Madhur Verma; Francesco S. Violante; Bay Vo; Yohannes Dibaba Wado; Yasir Waheed; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Kinley Wangdi; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel; Andrea Werdecker; Taweewat Wiangkham; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Tewodros Eshete Wonde; Ai-Min Wu; Chenkai Wu; Yang Xie; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Tomohide Yamada; Mingyou Yang; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Tomas Y. Yeheyis; Alex Yeshaneh; Yigizie Yeshaw; Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Paul Yip; Melissa F. Young; Zabihollah Yousefi; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof; Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Shamsa Zafar; Syed Saoud Zaidi; Zoubida Zaidi; Josefina Zakzuk; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Alireza Zandifar; Alireza Zangeneh; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Dejene Tesfaye Zewdie; Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie; Yunquan Zhang; Cong Zhu; Arash Ziapour; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Simon I. Hay
Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations. © 2021, The Author(s).
Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)
(Nature Research, 2020) Damaris K. Kinyoki; Jennifer M. Ross; Alice Lazzar-Atwood; Sandra B. Munro; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Mahdieh Abbasalizad-Farhangi; Masoumeh Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Ahmed Abdelalim; Amir Abdoli; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Nebiyu Dereje Abebe; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R. M. Abrigo; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Maryam Adabi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Posi Emmanuel Aduroja; Shailesh M. Advani; Mohsen Afarideh; Mohammad Aghaali; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Olufemi Ajumobi; Chalachew Genet Akal; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Ziyad Al-Aly; Samiah Alam; Genet Melak Alamene; Turki M. Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal; Niguse Meles Alema; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Muhammad Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Afshin Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Azmeraw T. Amare; Adeladza Kofi Amegah; Saeed Amini; Mostafa Amini Rarani; Fatemeh Amiri; Arianna Maever Loreche Amit; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Ephrem Mebrahtu Araya; Zohreh Arefi; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Afsaneh Arzani; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Samaneh Asgari; Babak Asghari; Alebachew Fasil Ashagre; Anemaw A. Asrat; Bahar Ataeinia; Hagos Tasew Atalay; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared A. Asmare Aynalem; Abbas Azadmehr; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Ebrahim Babaee; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohamad Amin Bahrami; Atif Amin A. Baig; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Zahra Baradaran-Seyed; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Miguel A. Barboza; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lingkan Barua; Huda Basaleem; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Mulat Tirfie Bayih; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yibeltal Alemu Bekele; Derrick A. Bennett; Dessalegn Ajema Berbada; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Robert S. Bernstein; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Dinesh Bhandari; Pankaj Bharadwaj; Natalia V. Bhattacharjee; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Setognal Birara; Minuye Biniam Biniam Birhane; Minyichil Birhanu; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Zebenay Workneh Bitew; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Somayeh Bohlouli; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Antonio M. Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Oliver J. Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Shyam S. Budhathoki; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Jorge Cano; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J. Carrero; Félix Carvalho; João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Ester Cerin; Collins Chansa; Jaykaran Charan; Pranab Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bal Govind Chauhan; Ali Reza Chavshin; Mohammad Chehrazi; Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu; Ken Lee Chin; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Michael L. Collison; Michael A. Cork; Natalie Cormier; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera M. Costa; Abel Fekadu Fekadu Dadi; Baye Dagnew; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Giovanni Damiani; Amira Hamed Darwish; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Claudio Dávila-Cervantes; Nicole Davis Weaver; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Dereje Bayissa Demissie; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Rupak Desai; Beruk Berhanu Desalegn; Assefa Desalew; Aniruddha Deshpande; Sagnik Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Preeti Dhillon; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianati Nasab; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Girmaye Deye Dinsa; Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Huyen Phuc Do; Paul Narh Doku; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Manisha Dubey; Bereket Duko Adema; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Ewerton Cousin; Andre R. Durães; Lucas Earl; Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo; Aziz Eftekhari; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Ziad El-Khatib; Aisha Elsharkawy; Yasser Mohamed El-Sherbiny; Iqbal R. F. Elyazar; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Shymaa Enany; Daniel Adane Endalew; Melese Linger Endalifer; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Alireza Esteghamati; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Jessica Fanzo; Mohammad Farahmand; Anwar Faraj; Sajjad Farashi; Mohammad Fareed; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Hossein Farzam; Syeda Sadia Fatima; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Netsanet Fentahun; Tomas Y. Ferede; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; João C. Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Carsten Flohr; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Jana Förster; Joel Msafiri Francis; Takeshi Fukumoto; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Hadush Gebremariam; Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam; Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Gebretsadkan G. G. Gebretsadik; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Birhanu Geta; Agegnehu Bante Getenet; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Mahsa Ghajarzadeh; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Asadollah Gholamian; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Srinivas Goli; Nelson G. M. Gomes; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Houman Goudarzi; Alessandra C. Goulart; Arunkumar Govindakarnavar; Ayman Grada; Michal Grivna; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rashid Abdi Guled; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Michael Tamene Haile; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Iman Halvaei; Randah R. Hamadeh; Yadollah Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Ninuk Hariyani; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md. Mehedi Hasan; Milad Hasankhani; Edris Hasanpoor; Amir Hasanzadeh; Maryam Hashemian; Soheil Hassanipour; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Corinna Hawkes; Khezar Hayat; Desta Haftu Hayelom; Behnam Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J. Henry; Mario Herrero; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Hagos D. de Hidru; Chi Linh Hoang; Hans W. Hoek; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Gillian Hollerich; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Sung Hwi Hong; Praveen Hoogar; Masako Horino; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Guoqing Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Ayesha Humayun; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Milena D. Ilic; Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Neda Izadi; Jalil Jaafari; Anelisa Jaca; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Nader Jafari Balalami; Morteza Jafarinia; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Fyezah Jehan; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Peng Jia; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Kimberly B. Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Molla Kahssay; Hamed Kalani; Leila L. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Umesh Kapil; Neeti Kapoor; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Mohd A. Karim; Surendra Karki; Amir Kasaeian; Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun; Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Andre Pascal Kengne; Daniel Bekele Ketema; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Mojtaba Khaksarian; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Rovshan Khalilov; Asad Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Mohammad Saud Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Khaled Khatab; Amir Khater; Mona M. Khater; Mahalqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Maryam Khazaei-Pool; Mohammad Khazaei; Salman Khazaei; Mohammad Taghi Khodayari; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Roba Khundkar; Ali Kiadaliri; Neda Kianipour; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Tufa Kolola; Hamidreza Komaki; Shivakumar K. M. Kondlahalli; Ali Koolivand; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U. G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Nuworza Kugbey; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Oluwatosin Kuti; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Deepesh P. Lad; Aparna Lal; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Faris Hasan Lami; Prabhat Lamichhane; Justin J. Lang; Van C. Lansingh; Savita Lasrado; Georgy Lebedev; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Mostafa Leili; Ian D. Letourneau; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Joshua Longbottom; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mohammed Madadin; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Dhaval P. Maghavani; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Venkatesh Maled; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Ali Manafi; Farzad Manafi; Navid Manafi; Narendar Dawanu Manohar; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Dadi Marami; Laurie B. Marczak; Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Pallab K. Maulik; Benjamin K. Mayala; Mohsen Mazidi; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Freshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei; Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen; Teferi Mekonnen; Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles; Hagazi Gebre Meles; Addisu Melese; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Meresa Berwo Mengesha; George A. Mensah; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomasz Miazgowski; Neda Milevska Kostova; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; G.K. Mini; Seyed Mostafa Mir; Mohammad Miri; Hamed Mirjalali; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Roya Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Efat Mohamadi; Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Dara K. Mohammad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi; Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Salahuddin Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Ammas Siraj Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Amin Mokari; Ali H. Mokdad; Julio Cesar Montañez; Pablo A. Montero-Zamora; Yoshan Moodley; Maryam Moossavi; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Yousef Moradi; Mohammad Moradi-Joo; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Farhad Moradpour; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Shane Douglas Morrison; Abbas Mosapour; Jonathan F. Mosser; Simin Mouodi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Dariush Mozaffarian; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Christopher J. L. Murray; G.V.S. Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Behnam Nabavizadeh; Mehdi Naderi; Girish N. Nadkarni; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Gurudatta Naik; Farid Najafi; Jobert Richie Nansseu; K. M. Venkat Narayan; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Vinod Nayak; Javad Nazari; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Dabere Nigatu; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Vuong Minh Nong; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Christoph Nowak; Bogdan Oancea; Richard Ofori-Asenso; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu; Muktar Omer Omer; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Kwaku Oppong Asante; Eyal Oren; Orish Ebere Orisakwe; Alberto Ortiz; Osayomwanbo Osarenotor; Aaron E. Osgood-Zimmerman; Mayowa Ojo Owolabi; Mahesh P. A; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Keyvan Pakshir; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Hadi Parsian; Tahereh Pashaei; Deepak Kumar Pasupula; Sangram Kishor Patel; Ashish Pathak; Mona Pathak; Sanghamitra Pati; Ajay Patle; George C. Patton; Kebreab Paulos; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Norberto Perico; William A. Petri; Brandon V. Pickering; David M. Pigott; Majid Pirestani; Bakhtiar Piroozi; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J. Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Farshad Pourmalek; Reza Pourmirza Kalhori; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Sergio I. Prada; Liliana Preotescu; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Sajjad ur Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Fatemeh Rajati; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Saleem Muhammad Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J. Rao; Davide Rasella; Vahid Rashedi; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Salman Rawaf; David Laith Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Sarah E. Ray; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Vishnu Renjith; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Nima Rezaei; Shahab Rezaeian; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Alina Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Elias Merdassa Roro; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ali Rostami; Enrico Rubagotti; Anas M. Saad; Seyedmohammad Saadatagah; Yogesh Damodar Sabde; Siamak Sabour; Ehsan Sadeghi; Masoumeh Sadeghi; Saeed Safari; Yahya Safari; Hamid Safarpour; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Mohammad Reza Salahshoor; Nasir Salam; Farkhonde Salehi; Saleh Salehi Zahabi; Hosni Salem; Marwa R. Rashad Salem; Yahya Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Evanson Zondani Sambala; Abdallah M. Samy; Itamar S. Santos; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Sonia Saxena; Mehdi Sayyah; Alyssa N. Sbarra; Megan F. Schipp; Maria Inês Schmidt; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi; Faramarz Shaahmadi; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Ali S. Shalash; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Amir Shamshirian; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Mehdi Sharif; Rajesh Sharma; Hatem Samir Shehata; Abbas Sheikhtaheri; Kenji Shibuya; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Ivy Shiue; Kerem Shuval; Soraya Siabani; Tariq J. Siddiqi; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Biagio Simonetti; Ambrish Singh; Pushpendra Singh; Virendra Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Pankaj Kumar Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Yitagesu Sintayehu; Malede Mequanent M. Sisay; Amin Soheili; Bija Soleymani; Farzaneh Soltani; Shahin Soltani; Joan B. Soriano; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Adel Spotin; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Rajni Kant Kant Srivastava; Antonina Starodubova; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria; Gerhard Sulo; Bruno F. Sunguya; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse; Amir Taherkhani; Koku Sisay Tamirat; Segen Gebremeskel Tassew; Nuno Taveira; Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot; Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Nihal Thomas; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Kenean Getaneh Tlaye; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Marcello Tonelli; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Khanh Bao Tran; Manjari Tripathi; Riaz Uddin; Irfan Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Ushotanefe Useh; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Olalekan A. Uthman; Marco Vacante; Masoud Vaezghasemi; Pascual R. Valdez; John VanderHeide; Elena Varavikova; Santosh Varughese; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Yasser Vasseghian; Yousef Veisani; Srinivasaraghavan Venkatesh; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Madhur Verma; Simone Vidale; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Sebastian Vollmer; Rade Vukovic; Yasir Waheed; Haidong Wang; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel; Andrea Werdecker; Taweewat Wiangkham; Kirsten E. Wiens; Tissa Wijeratne; Haileab Fekadu Wolde; Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash; Tewodros Eshete Wonde; Adam Belay Wondmieneh; Ai-Min Wu; Gelin Xu; Abbas Yadegar; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Tomohide Yamada; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Alex Yeshaneh; Yigizie Yeshaw; Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Yoosik Youm; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousefi; Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof; Chuanhua Yu; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Leila Zaki; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Hamed Zandian; Hadi Zarafshan; Nejimu Biza Zepro; Taddese Alemu Zerfu; Taye Abuhay Zewale; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Xiu-Ju Zhao; Sanjay Zodpey; Kamiar Zomorodian; Francis Bruno Zotor; Ashkan Afshin; Simon I. Hay
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s).
Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M. Abbas; Mohammad Abbasi; Mitra Abbasifard; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Aidin Abedi; Parisa Abedi; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Victor Aboyans; Elissa M. Abrams; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Abdulaziz Khalid Abu Haimed; Ahmed Abualhasan; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Alyssa Acebedo; Ilana N. Ackerman; Maryam Adabi; Tim Adair; Abdu A. Adamu; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Jaimie D. Adelson; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Mohsen Afarideh; Mahdi Afshari; Ashkan Afshin; Emilie E. Agardh; Gina Agarwal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Kareha M. Agesa; Mohammad Aghaali; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Alireza Ahmadi; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Ehsan Ahmadpour; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Budi Aji; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Samuel B. Albertson; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Niguse Meles Alema; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Yihun Mulugeta Alemu; Khalid F. Alhabib; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Muhammad Ali; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almadi; Ali Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Abdulaziz M. Almulhim; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Arwa Khalid Alumran; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. 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Bannick; Agegnehu Bante Bante; Simachew Animen Bante; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Miguel A. Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Celine M. Barthelemy; Lingkan Barua; Akbar Barzegar; Huda Basaleem; Quique Bassat; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Bayisa Abdissa Baye; Gholamreza Bazmandegan; Jacob S. Becker; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye Bekuma; Michelle L. Bell; Aminu K. Bello; Rose G. Bender; Derrick A. Bennett; Fiona B. Bennitt; Isabela M. Bensenor; Catherine P. Benziger; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S. Bernstein; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Neeraj Bhala; Dinesh Bhandari; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Molly H. Biehl; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Antonio Biondi; Binyam Minuye Birihane; Donal Bisanzio; Catherine Bisignano; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Helen Bitew; Tone Bjørge; Moses John Bockarie; Somayeh Bohlouli; Mehdi Bohluli; Hunduma Amensisa Bojia; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley; Guilherme Borges; Antonio Maria Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Dipan Bose; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J. Brady; Dejana Braithwaite; Michael Brauer; Carol Brayne; Nicholas J.K. Breitborde; Susanne Breitner; Hermann Brenner; Alexey V. Breusov; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrew M. Briggs; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle B. Britton; Traolach Brugha; Dana Bryazka; Rachelle Buchbinder; Blair R. Bumgarner; Katrin Burkart; Richard Thomas Burnett; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Leah E. Cahill; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Tianji Cai; Charlton S.K.H. Callender; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jackie Cao; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Chris D. Castle; Emma Castro; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kate Causey; Christopher R. Cederroth; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Julian Chalek; Joht Singh Chandan; Alex R. Chang; Angela Y. Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Kai-Lan Chang; Jaykaran Charan; Fiona J. Charlson; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Nicolas Cherbuin; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Ken Lee Chin; Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Hanne Christensen; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael T. Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Beniamino Cislaghi; Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen; Aaron J. Cohen; Emma L. Collins; Haley Comfort; Kelly Compton; Sara Conti; Owen R. Cooper; Barbara Corso; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Richard G. Cowden; Benjamin C. Cowie; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; Andrew J. Croneberger; Di H. Cross; Marita Cross; Christopher Stephen Crowe; Jessica A. Cruz; Steven Cummins; Matthew Cunningham; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Haijiang Dai; Hancheng Dai; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; William James Dangel; Anna-Karin Danielsson; Jiregna Darega Gela; Paul I. Dargan; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José das Neves; Aditya Prasad Dash; Gail Davey; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Adrian C. Davis; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Frances E. Dean; Nicole K. DeCleene; Amanda Deen; Louisa Degenhardt; Marissa DeLang; Robert Paul Dellavalle; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nebiyu Dereje Dereje; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Rupak Desai; Assefa Desalew; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Keshab Deuba; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Martin Dichgans; Alireza Didarloo; Zachary V. Dingels; Ilse N. Dippenaar; M. Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Christiane Dolecek; Andrew J. Dolgert; Fariba Dorostkar; Chirag P. Doshi; Pratik P. Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Abdel Douiri; Matthew C. Doxey; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Eleonora Dubljanin; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Joshua R. Ehrlich; Nevine El Nahas; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Islam Y. Elgendy; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Aisha Elsharkawy; Iqbal R.F. Elyazar; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Sophia Emmons-Bell; Holly E. Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Firooz Esmaeilzadeh; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Oluchi Ezekannagha; Jessica Fanzo; Tamer Farag; Mohammad Farahmand; Anwar Faraj; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Andre Faro; Mithila Faruque; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L. Feigin; Rachel Feldman; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Giannina Ferrara; Pietro Ferrara; Alize J. Ferrari; Manuela L. Ferreira; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L. Fisher; Ryan Fitzgerald; Carsten Flohr; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Lisa M. Force; Carla Fornari; Masoud Foroutan; Jack T. Fox; Joel Msafiri Francis; Tahvi D. Frank; Richard Charles Franklin; Marisa Freitas; Weijia Fu; Takeshi Fukumoto; Kai Fukutaki; John E. Fuller; Nancy Fullman; João M. Furtado; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Emmanuela Gakidou; Natalie C. Galles; Silvano Gallus; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; William M. Gardner; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Abiyu Mekonnen Gebrehiwot; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Leake G. Gebremeskel; Begashaw Melaku Gebresillassie; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Abraham Geremew; Anna Gershberg Hayoon; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Peter W. Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Maryam Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Nermin Ghith; Asadollah Gholamian; Rakesh Ghosh; Simona Giampaoli; Syed Amir Gilani; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Themba G. Ginindza; Mojgan Gitimoghaddam; Giorgia Giussani; Mustefa Glagn; Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Myron Anthony Godinho; Salime Goharinezhad; Mahaveer Golechha; Srinivas Goli; Ricardo Santiago Gomez; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Emily Goren; Giuseppe Gorini; Taren M. Gorman; Harrison Chase Gottlich; Houman Goudarzi; Amir Hossein Goudarzian; Alessandra C. Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Felix Greaves; Michal Grivna; Giuseppe Grosso; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Nachiket Gudi; Harish Chander Gugnani; Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rashid Abdi Guled; Teklemariam Gultie; Gaorui Guo; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Subodh Sharan Gupta; Tarun Gupta; Juanita A. Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Beatrix Haddock; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Abdul Hafiz; Hailey Hagins; Lydia M. Haile; Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Iman Halvaei; Randah R. Hamadeh; Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah; Sajid Hameed; Samer Hamidi; Erin B. Hamilton; Melanie S. Hammer; Chieh Han; Hannah Han; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Asif Hanif; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; James D. Harvey; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Edris Hasanpoor; Amir Hasanzadeh; Maryam Hashemian; Abdiwahab Hashi; Amr Hassan; Shoaib Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Roderick J. Hay; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Golnaz Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Delia Hendrie; Kiana Henny; Andualem Henok; Hannah J. Henrikson; Nathaniel J. Henry; Molly E. Herbert; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Thomas R. Hird; Hung Chak Ho; Hans W. Hoek; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Bruce Hollingsworth; Praveen Hoogar; Kathleen Pillsbury Hopf; Nobuyuki Horita; H. Dean Hosgood; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Damian G. Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Thomas Hsiao; Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh; Guoqing Hu; Kejia Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Fernando N. Hugo; Ayesha Humayun; Rabia Hussain; Chantal K. Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Vincent C. Iannucci; Ivo Iavicoli; Charles Ugochukwu Ibeneme; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Nayu Ikeda; Kevin S. Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Helen Ippolito; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; M. Mofizul Islam; Md. Mohaimenul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Hiroyasu Iso; Rebecca Q. Ivers; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Hussain Jafari; Morteza Jafarinia; Deepa Jahagirdar; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Spencer L. James; Hosna Janjani; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Javad Javidnia; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Peng Jia; Lars Johansson; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Catherine Owens Johnson; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Ankur Joshi; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Hamed Kalani; Rizwan Kalani; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Aruna M. Kamath; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; Marina Karanikolos; André Karch; Mohd Anisul Karim; Salah Eddin Karimi; Seyed Asaad Karimi; Seyed M. Karimi; Ayele Semachew Kasa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Suzanne H. Keddie; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Cathleen Keller; Laura Kemmer; Parkes J. Kendrick; Maia Kereselidze; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Maseer Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Khaled Khatab; Amir M. Khater; Mona M. Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Salman Khazaei; Habibolah Khazaie; Mohammad Taghi Khodayari; Abdullah T. Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Roba Khundkar; Neda Kianipour; Christian Kieling; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimäki; Cameron J. Kneib; Luke D. Knibbs; Megan Knight; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; David S.Q. Koh; Stefan Kohler; Tufa Kolola; Hamidreza Komaki; Jacek A. Kopec; Anna V. Korotkova; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Soewarta Kosen; Anirudh Kotlo; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Michael A. Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Hans Kromhout; K.S. Shaji; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Bicer Kucuk; Nuworza Kugbey; Vaman Kulkarni; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Girikumar Kumaresh; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Jennifer O. Lam; Faris Hasan Lami; Qing Lan; Iván Landires; Justin J. Lang; Sinéad M. Langan; Van Charles Lansingh; Sonia Lansky; Heidi Jane Larson; Samantha Leigh Larson; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Zohra S. Lassi; Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau; Paolo Lauriola; Pablo M. Lavados; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Lisiane F. Leal; Janet L. Leasher; Jorge R. Ledesma; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Andrew T. Leever; Kate E. LeGrand; James Leigh; Matilde Leonardi; Haley Lescinsky; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sarah Lewington; Bingyu Li; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Christine Lin; Ro-Ting Lin; Christine Linehan; Shai Linn; Stefan Listl; Hung-Chun Liu; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Yang Liu; Zichen Liu; Justin Lo; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Katharine J. Looker; Alan D. Lopez; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Platon D. Lopukhov; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Alton Lu; Tim C.D. Lucas; Alessandra Lugo; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A. Lyons; Jianing Ma; Daiane Borges Machado; Jennifer H. MacLachlan; Mohammed Madadin; Emilie R. Maddison; Ralph Maddison; Fabiana Madotto; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi; Morteza Mahmoudi; Hue Thi Mai; Azeem Majeed; Jeadran N. Malagón-Rojas; Venkatesh Maled; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Amir Manafi; Navid Manafi; Ana Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Ana M. Mantilla Herrera; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Joemer C. Maravilla; Ashley Marks; Randall V. Martin; Santi Martini; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Anthony Masaka; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; João Massano; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Claudia I. Mastrogiacomo; Manu Raj Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K. Maulik; Erin A. May; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Martin McKee; Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís; Birhanu Geta Meharie; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Fereshteh Mehri; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M. Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei; Teferi Mekonnen; Addisu Melese; Peter T.N. Memiah; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Meresa Berwo Mengesha; George A. Mensah; Alibek Mereke; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; George J. Milne; G.K. Mini; Mohammad Miri; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Roya Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Philip B. Mitchell; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Bahram Mohajer; Osama Mohamad; Efat Mohamadi; Dara K. Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad
Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M. Abbas; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Victor Aboyans; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Ahmed Abualhasan; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Maryam Adabi; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Khalid F. Alhabib; Muhammad Ali; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Jordi Alonso; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Fatemeh Amiri; Dickson A. Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Colin Angus; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Filippo Ariani; Bahram Armoon; Johan Ärnlöv; Afsaneh Arzani; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Charlie Ashbaugh; Michael Assmus; Zahra Atafar; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohammad Amin Bahrami; Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Alberto Baldasseroni; Kylie Ball; Shoshana H. Ballew; Daniela Balzi; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Agegnehu Bante Bante; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Celine M. Barthelemy; Lingkan Barua; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Jacob S. Becker; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Michelle L. Bell; Fiona B. Bennitt; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Neeraj Bhala; Dinesh Bhandari; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Antonio Biondi; Binyam Minuye Birihane; Catherine Bisignano; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Helen Bitew; Somayeh Bohlouli; Mehdi Bohluli; Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley; Guilherme Borges; Antonio Maria Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Dejana Braithwaite; Michael Brauer; Nicholas J.K. Breitborde; Susanne Breitner; Hermann Brenner; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle B. Britton; Dana Bryazka; Blair R. Bumgarner; Katrin Burkart; Richard Thomas Burnett; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Leah E. Cahill; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Franz Castro; Kate Causey; Christopher R. Cederroth; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Joht Singh Chandan; Kai-Lan Chang; Fiona J. Charlson; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Nicolas Cherbuin; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Hanne Christensen; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael T. Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen; Aaron J. Cohen; Kelly Compton; Owen R. Cooper; Vera Marisa Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Richard G. Cowden; Di H. Cross; Jessica A. Cruz; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; William James Dangel; Anna-Karin Danielsson; Paul I. Dargan; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José das Neves; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Diego De Leo; Louisa Degenhardt; Marissa DeLang; Robert Paul Dellavalle; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nikolaos Dervenis; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Klara Dokova; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Tim Robert Driscoll; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arielle Wilder Eagan; David Edvardsson; Nevine El Nahas; Iman El Sayed; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Islam Y. Elgendy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Iqbal R.F. Elyazar; Sophia Emmons-Bell; Holly E. Erskine; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Jessica Fanzo; Mohammad Farahmand; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Mithila Faruque; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L. Feigin; Rachel Feldman; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Giannina Ferrara; Alize J. Ferrari; Manuela L. Ferreira; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L. Fisher; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Lisa M. Force; Masoud Foroutan; Richard Charles Franklin; Marisa Freitas; Weijia Fu; Takeshi Fukumoto; João M. Furtado; Mohamed M. Gad; Emmanuela Gakidou; Silvano Gallus; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; William M. Gardner; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Abraham Geremew; Anna Gershberg Hayoon; Peter W. Gething; Maryam Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Nermin Ghith; Asadollah Gholamian; Rakesh Ghosh; Paramjit Singh Gill; Themba G. Ginindza; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Salime Goharinezhad; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Giuseppe Gorini; Houman Goudarzi; Alessandra C. Goulart; Felix Greaves; Michal Grivna; Giuseppe Grosso; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rashid Abdi Guled; Gaorui Guo; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Tarun Gupta; Beatrix Haddock; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Abdul Hafiz; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Iman Halvaei; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Melanie S. Hammer; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Edris Hasanpoor; Abdiwahab Hashi; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Golnaz Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Hannah J. Henrikson; Molly E. Herbert; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Thomas R. Hird; Hans W. Hoek; Ramesh Holla; Praveen Hoogar; H. Dean Hosgood; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh; Guoqing Hu; Kejia Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Ayesha Humayun; Chantal K. Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Vincent C. Iannucci; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Nayu Ikeda; Kevin S. Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Helen Ippolito; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Hiroyasu Iso; Rebecca Q. Ivers; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Hussain Jafari; Morteza Jafarinia; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Farzad Jalilian; Spencer L. James; Hosna Janjani; Tahereh Javaheri; Javad Javidnia; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Lars Johansson; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Catherine Owens Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Hamed Kalani; Rizwan Kalani; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Mohd Anisul Karim; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Cathleen Keller; Laura Kemmer; Parkes J. Kendrick; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Maseer Khan; Khaled Khatab; Mona M. Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Salman Khazaei; Christian Kieling; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Luke D. Knibbs; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; Jacek A. Kopec; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Hans Kromhout; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; G. Anil Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Justin J. Lang; Sinéad M. Langan; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Paolo Lauriola; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Kate E. Legrand; James Leigh; Matilde Leonardi; Haley Lescinsky; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Yang Liu; Justin Lo; Alan D. Lopez; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Platon D. Lopukhov; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Alton Lu; Alessandra Lugo; Emilie R. Maddison; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi; Morteza Mahmoudi; Azeem Majeed; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Ana Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Ana M. Mantilla Herrera; Joemer C. Maravilla; Ashley Marks; Randall V. Martin; Santi Martini; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Manu Raj Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K. Maulik; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Martin McKee; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Fereshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Alibek Mereke; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; G.K. Mini; Mohammad Miri; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Roya Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Dara K. Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Noushin Mohammadifard; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Ammas Siraj Mohammed; Hussen Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Meghan D. Mooney; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Joana Morgado-Da-Costa; Shane Douglas Morrison; Abbas Mosapour; Jonathan F. Mosser; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Satinath Mukhopadhyay; Erin C. Mullany; Kamarul Imran Musa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Behshad Naghshtabrizi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nansseu; Morteza Naserbakht; Vinod C. Nayak; Ionut Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Ming Nguyen; Yeshambel T. 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Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017
(Nature Research, 2020) Damaris K. Kinyoki; Jennifer M. Ross; Alice Lazzar-Atwood; Sandra B. Munro; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Mahdieh Abbasalizad-Farhangi; Masoumeh Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Ahmed Abdelalim; Amir Abdoli; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Nebiyu Dereje Abebe; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R. M. Abrigo; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Maryam Adabi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Posi Emmanuel Aduroja; Shailesh M. Advani; Mohsen Afarideh; Mohammad Aghaali; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Olufemi Ajumobi; Chalachew Genet Akal; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Ziyad Al-Aly; Samiah Alam; Genet Melak Alamene; Turki M. Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal; Niguse Meles Alema; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Muhammad Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Afshin Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Azmeraw T. Amare; Adeladza Kofi Amegah; Saeed Amini; Mostafa Amini Rarani; Fatemeh Amiri; Arianna Maever Loreche Amit; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Ephrem Mebrahtu Araya; Zohreh Arefi; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Afsaneh Arzani; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Samaneh Asgari; Babak Asghari; Alebachew Fasil Ashagre; Anemaw A. Asrat; Bahar Ataeinia; Hagos Tasew Atalay; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared A. Asmare Aynalem; Abbas Azadmehr; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Ebrahim Babaee; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohamad Amin Bahrami; Atif Amin A. Baig; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Zahra Baradaran-Seyed; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Miguel A. Barboza; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lingkan Barua; Huda Basaleem; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Mulat Tirfie Bayih; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yibeltal Alemu Bekele; Derrick A. Bennett; Dessalegn Ajema Berbada; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Robert S. Bernstein; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Dinesh Bhandari; Pankaj Bharadwaj; Natalia V. Bhattacharjee; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Setognal Birara; Minuye Biniam Biniam Birhane; Minyichil Birhanu; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Zebenay Workneh Bitew; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Somayeh Bohlouli; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Antonio M. Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Oliver J. Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Shyam S. Budhathoki; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Jorge Cano; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J. Carrero; Félix Carvalho; João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Ester Cerin; Collins Chansa; Jaykaran Charan; Pranab Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bal Govind Chauhan; Ali Reza Chavshin; Mohammad Chehrazi; Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu; Ken Lee Chin; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Michael L. Collison; Michael A. Cork; Natalie Cormier; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera M. Costa; Abel Fekadu Fekadu Dadi; Baye Dagnew; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Giovanni Damiani; Amira Hamed Darwish; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Claudio Dávila-Cervantes; Nicole Davis Weaver; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Dereje Bayissa Demissie; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Rupak Desai; Beruk Berhanu Desalegn; Assefa Desalew; Aniruddha Deshpande; Sagnik Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Preeti Dhillon; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianati Nasab; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Girmaye Deye Dinsa; Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Huyen Phuc Do; Paul Narh Doku; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Manisha Dubey; Bereket Duko Adema; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre R. Durães; Lucas Earl; Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo; Aziz Eftekhari; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Ziad El-Khatib; Aisha Elsharkawy; Yasser Mohamed El-Sherbiny; Iqbal R. F. Elyazar; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Shymaa Enany; Daniel Adane Endalew; Melese Linger Endalifer; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Alireza Esteghamati; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Jessica Fanzo; Mohammad Farahmand; Anwar Faraj; Sajjad Farashi; Mohammad Fareed; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Hossein Farzam; Syeda Sadia Fatima; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Netsanet Fentahun; Tomas Y. Ferede; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; João C. Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Carsten Flohr; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Jana Förster; Joel Msafiri Francis; Takeshi Fukumoto; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Hadush Gebremariam; Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam; Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Gebretsadkan G. G. Gebretsadik; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Birhanu Geta; Agegnehu Bante Getenet; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Mahsa Ghajarzadeh; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Asadollah Gholamian; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Srinivas Goli; Nelson G. M. Gomes; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Houman Goudarzi; Alessandra C. Goulart; Arunkumar Govindakarnavar; Ayman Grada; Michal Grivna; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rashid Abdi Guled; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Michael Tamene Haile; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Iman Halvaei; Randah R. Hamadeh; Yadollah Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Ninuk Hariyani; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md. Mehedi Hasan; Milad Hasankhani; Edris Hasanpoor; Amir Hasanzadeh; Maryam Hashemian; Soheil Hassanipour; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Corinna Hawkes; Khezar Hayat; Desta Haftu Hayelom; Behnam Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J. Henry; Mario Herrero; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Hagos D. de Hidru; Chi Linh Hoang; Hans W. Hoek; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Gillian Hollerich; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Sung Hwi Hong; Praveen Hoogar; Masako Horino; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Guoqing Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Ayesha Humayun; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Milena D. Ilic; Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Neda Izadi; Jalil Jaafari; Anelisa Jaca; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Nader Jafari Balalami; Morteza Jafarinia; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Fyezah Jehan; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Peng Jia; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Kimberly B. Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Molla Kahssay; Hamed Kalani; Leila L. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Umesh Kapil; Neeti Kapoor; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Mohd A. Karim; Surendra Karki; Amir Kasaeian; Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun; Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Andre Pascal Kengne; Daniel Bekele Ketema; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Mojtaba Khaksarian; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Rovshan Khalilov; Asad Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Mohammad Saud Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Khaled Khatab; Amir Khater; Mona M. Khater; Mahalqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Maryam Khazaei-Pool; Mohammad Khazaei; Salman Khazaei; Mohammad Taghi Khodayari; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Roba Khundkar; Ali Kiadaliri; Neda Kianipour; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Tufa Kolola; Hamidreza Komaki; Shivakumar K. M. Kondlahalli; Ali Koolivand; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U. G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Nuworza Kugbey; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Oluwatosin Kuti; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Deepesh P. Lad; Aparna Lal; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Faris Hasan Lami; Prabhat Lamichhane; Justin J. Lang; Van C. Lansingh; Savita Lasrado; Georgy Lebedev; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Mostafa Leili; Ian D. Letourneau; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Joshua Longbottom; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mohammed Madadin; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Dhaval P. Maghavani; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Venkatesh Maled; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Ali Manafi; Farzad Manafi; Navid Manafi; Narendar Dawanu Manohar; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Dadi Marami; Laurie B. Marczak; Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Pallab K. Maulik; Benjamin K. Mayala; Mohsen Mazidi; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Freshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei; Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen; Teferi Mekonnen; Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles; Hagazi Gebre Meles; Addisu Melese; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Meresa Berwo Mengesha; George A. Mensah; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomasz Miazgowski; Neda Milevska Kostova; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; G.K. 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A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic. © 2020, The Author(s).