Browsing by Author "Shyam Saran Vaish"

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Diagnosis and Detection of Major Airborne Fungal Phytopathogens
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2025) Ravindra Kumar; Seweta Srivastava; Aishwarya Singh Rathore; R. C. Tiwari; Shyam Saran Vaish; Shiv Shankar Patel; S. Dasaratha Kumar; Sunil Kashyap; Udai B. Singh; Gyanendra Pratap Singh
Food safety and security are at risk because agricultural crops are infected by a number of pathogens, including bacteria, fungus, viruses, viroids, and plant viruses. The diminutions in foods caused by these phytopathogenic agents have been persistent concerns related to agriculture for generations all throughout the world. Airborne fungal phytopathogens create significant threats to agricultural ecosystems, causing sizeable economic losses and jeopardizing food security worldwide. When developing management methods, the most crucial factors are thought to be the prompt detection and precise identification of the causative agents linked to crop diseases. The methods and technologies now used in the identification and detection of the main airborne fungal phytopathogens are thoroughly reviewed in this chapter. Firstly, traditional diagnostic techniques such as microscopy, culture-based methods, and air samplers are discussed, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Additionally, molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), etc., are examined for their sensitivity, specificity, and applicability in detecting airborne fungal pathogens. Overall, this chapter aims to provide valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers involved in the management and surveillance of airborne fungal phytopathogens, fostering advancements in disease control strategies and safeguarding global crop production. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Dissecting genomic regions and underlying sheath blight resistance traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using a genome-wide association study
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023) R. Naveenkumar; Annamalai Anandan; Seenichamy Rathinam Prabhukarthikeyan; Anumalla Mahender; Ganesan Sangeetha; Shyam Saran Vaish; Pawan Kumar Singh; Waseem Hussain; Jauhar Ali
The productivity of rice is greatly affected by the infection of the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, which causes a significant grain yield reduction globally. There exist a limited number of rice accessions that are available to develop sheath blight resistance (ShB). Our objective was to identify a good source of the ShB resistance, understand the heritability, and trait interactions, and identify the genomic regions for ShB resistance traits by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In the present study, a set of 330 traditional landraces and improved rice varieties were evaluated for ShB resistance and created a core panel of 192 accessions used in the GWAS. This panel provides a more considerable amount of genetic variance and found a significant phenotypic variation among the panel of rice accessions for all the agro-morphological and disease-resistance traits over the seasons. The infection rate of ShB and disease reaction were calculated as percent disease index (PDI) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The correlation analysis showed a significant positive association between PDIs and AUPDC and a negative association between PDI and plant height, flag leaf length, and grain yield. The panel was genotyped with 133 SSR microsatellite markers, resulting in a genome coverage of 314.83 Mb, and the average distance between markers is 2.53 Mb. By employing GLM and MLM (Q + K) models, 30 marker–trait associations (MTAs) were identified with targeted traits over the seasons. Among these QTLs, eight were found to be novel and located on 2, 4, 8, 10, and 12 chromosomes, which explained the phenotypic variation ranging from 5% to 15%. With the GWAS approach, six candidate genes were identified. Os05t0566400, Os08t0155900, and Os09t0567300 were found to be associated with defense mechanisms against ShB. These findings provided insights into the novel donors of IC283139, IC 277248, Sivappuchithirai Kar, and Bowalia. The promising genomic regions on 10 of 12 chromosomes associated with ShB would be useful in developing rice varieties with durable disease resistance. © 2023 The Authors. Plant Direct published by American Society of Plant Biologists and the Society for Experimental Biology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Genetic Characterization and Population Structure of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) by Molecular Markers against Rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) in Newly Developed Genotypes
(MDPI, 2022) Anmol Singh Yadav; Anil Kumar Singh; Ramesh Chand; Shyam Saran Vaish
The understanding of the genetic diversity of germplasm of any crop is necessary for genetic improvement. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a very important legume crop that provides protein and several essential vitamins, carbohydrates, and minerals. The genetic diversity and population structure of pea germplasm consisted of 115 entries of Australian accessions and 4 entries of Indian varieties used as checks with varying responses and severities of rust, which were analysed using 31 polymorphic SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) markers. The combination of the markers revealed that 78 alleles were present at 32 loci. It was also observed that each marker had three alleles with an average PIC (Polymorphic Information Content) value of 0.272. The population structure analysis showed the genetic differentiation of the entries. The model-based population structure grouped the entries into three sub-populations of SP1, SP2, and SP3 having 37, 35, and 32 entries, respectively with 15 entries as admixtures. AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance) disclosed that there was 56% variation among the individuals and 20% within the population. A mean fixation index (Fst) of 0.240 among the pea entries exhibited relatively significant variation in population. This study provides basic information to select parental lines for developing rust resistant varieties to meet the ultimate goal of sustainable agriculture. © 2022 by the authors.
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) of spot blotch resistance at the seedling and the adult plant stages in a collection of spring barley
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2018) Sanjaya Gyawali; Shiaoman Chao; Shyam Saran Vaish; Shiv P. Singh; Sajid Rehman; Siya Ram Vishwakarma; Ramesh Pal Singh Verma
Spot blotch (SB) in barley is caused by the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus sativus and considered one of the major constraints to successful barley production. Resistance to C. sativus was evaluated, using a barley collection of 336 genotypes (AM-2014), at the seedling and adult stages. Seedling resistance was evaluated by using a mixture of 19 virulent isolates in Morocco. Virulent isolates prevalent in Uttar Pradesh were used for phenotyping resistance at the adult stage in India. The AM-2014 panel was genotyped with 9-K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers using iSelect Illumina Infinium. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) were carried out using SNP markers, infection responses, disease severity, and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The mixed linear model was employed in TASSEL using principal component analysis (PCA) and Kinship matrix (K) as covariates. Higher SB severity, 82.3 ± 13.5 (mean ± SD), was recorded at the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) compared to 47.6 ± 15.0 at the Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology (NDUAT). Nine QTL, Rcs-qtl-1H-126.9, Rcs-qtl-2H-148.16, Rcs-qtl-3H-25.27, Rcs-qtl-5H-80.35, Rcs-qtl-6H-58.24, Rcs-qtl-7H-29.62, Rcs-qtl-7H-29.72, Rcs-qtl-7H-32.81, and Rcs-qtl-7H-34.74, were detected for SB resistance at the seedling stage. For SB severity at the adult stage, a QTL, Rcs-qtl-7H-32.81, was detected at BHU while seven QTL, Rcs-qtl-2H-91.09, Rcs-qtl-3H-145.64, Rcs-qtl-4H-14.43, Rcs-qtl-6H-6.49, Rcs-qtl-7H-114.43, Rcs-qtl-7H-151.66, and Rcs-qtl-7H-150.36, were found for SB severity at NDUAT. Three QTL, Rcs-qtl-4H-18.61, Rcs-qtl-4H-67.91, and Rcs-qtl-5H-110.25, were significant for AUDPC of SB at BHU. The QTLs reported in this study are important to advance marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding of SB resistance in South Asia and North Africa in future. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature.
Important nematode pests of wheat and barley and their management
(Apple Academic Press, 2017) Shyam Saran Vaish
Wheat and barley are grown during Rabi season in the most parts of India. Wheat plays a significant role in Global Food Security. However, barley also getting status of a healthy food crop for human consumption due to rising health consciousness. The plant diseases are major biotic constraints that affect its production to a great extent. In addition to many fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, several plant parasitic nematodes, viz., cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.), root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici), root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.), stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus spp.) and stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) are also considered to be one of the important constraints in their production. Hence, the efforts are made to describe symptoms caused by plant parasitic nematodes, their identification characteristics and biology. In addition to this, attempts are also made to give important effective methods for their management. © 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Important Plant Parasitic Nematodes (PPNs) of Major Cereals in India and Their Management
(CRC Press, 2025) Shyam Saran Vaish; Shiv Shankar Patel; Vandana Sahu; Ashwani Kumar Patel; Vinod B. Upadhyay
Cereals play an important role in meeting the objective of national food security. Among the different cereals, rice and wheat are considered major crops in India. These widely grown crops are affected by various abiotic and biotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause significant losses and affect their production. Among the PPNs, root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne graminicola L.), Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera spp.), Seed gall nematode of wheat (Anguina tritici L.), Lance nematode (Hoplolaimus galeatus L.), root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.), Tundu or yellow year rot (Rathaybacter tritici + Anguina tritici), rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella spp.) pose major threat to the cereal production. These nematodes do not produce distinguishable symptoms as produced by other plant pathogens. Yellowing, stunting and wilting eventually leading to plant death are the most common characteristic symptoms that may mislead. Therefore, the suspected plants should be uprooted for the presence of galls, lesions, cysts and nature of root growth, and the rhizosphere soil should also be processed for the presence of predominant plant parasitic nematodes. The objective of management of plant parasitic nematodes can be fulfilled by increasing the number of predators, parasites and pathogens in the soil by cultural practices and or by their introduction into the soil as biological control agents. An integrated approach is of paramount importance for achieving the ultimate goal of sustainable agriculture. Hence, the present topic appears to be very useful for the policy makers, plant protection personnel and students. © 2026 selection and editorial matter, Dinesh Singh, Rashid Pervez, and Anoop Kumar; individual chapters, the contributors.
Lignification based screening of pea (Pisum sativum L.) germplasm for resistance to rust (Uromyces viciae–fabae)
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Anmol Singh Yadav; Shyam Saran Vaish; Anil Kumar Singh; Ramesh Chand
Pea, Pisum sativum L. (2n = 14), is the third most important legume crop worldwide after common bean and chickpea. Pea production is severely affected by rust caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae. Lignification is one of the most important mechanisms playing a very significant role in plant disease resistance. In the present study, a total of 115 pea entries of the Australian germplasm together with four standard controls were observed for the presence of total lignin content (72 h) and its accumulation in relation to the different components of resistance. Out of all the test entries, one resistant entry ‘EC865975’ showed the maximum increase in total lignin content even more than the resistant check. It also exhibited a low AUDPC (the Area under the Disease Progress Curve) value of 292 and showed formation of smaller pustules measuring 0.7 mm in size with reduction in their number. Further, it was found that the total lignin content was highly negatively correlated (r = -0.796) with AUDPC. The higher accumulation of lignin content was found in resistant test entries over susceptible ones. The principal component analysis of the different parameters revealed that the total lignin content and AUDPC were only the parameters mostly contributing to the total phenotypic variation to the extent of 81.92% as they exhibited their Eigenvalue > 1. Further, the regression analysis considering the total lignin content as the independent variable and AUDPC, size and number of pustules, 100 seed weight and seed area as predictor variables revealed that the total lignin content caused 75.2% alteration in other predictor variables. Hence, the present study confirmed that the lignification can be used as a key biochemical parameter for screening of resistant sources from the various pea germplasms. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.) 2024.
Multi-environmental evaluation of barley core collection against spot blotch for genetic variability and identification of promising genotypes exhibiting resistance
(BioMed Central Ltd, 2025) Shiv Shankar Patel; Shyam Saran Vaish; Sherry Rachel Jacob; Gajendra Pratap Prasad Singh; Vikender Kaur
Background: Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker significantly impedes global barley production by impacting grain, fodder yield, and malt quality. Host resistance presents a sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly method for disease management. The extent of resistance and the number of resistant accessions are limited within barley genetic resources. Therefore, the present studies on the evaluation of the selected barley core collection consisting of 678 genotypes under the multi-environmental conditions have paramount importance. To identify stable resistance resources, the trial was conducted at Varanasi, India. This location is known as the hot spot of spot blotch. Results: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for determining varying levels of spot blotch resistance among the examined genotypes revealed a significant genotypic variation among the accessions against the disease based on the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). After correlating the disease severity with the elevated minimum temperatures and humidity levels, it was found to be higher during the first cropping season (2021–2022) with a mean AUDPC value of 852.89 ± 6.48 over the second cropping season (2022–2023) that showed a mean AUDPC of 761.10 ± 6.78. Average AUDPC scores across four test environments revealed that none of the evaluated genotypes showed a completely resistant reaction (AUDPC < 285) to spot blotch. Two genotypes (EC0667513-sel and EC0667512-sel) of six-row barley exhibited moderately resistant (MR) reaction (AUDPC < 355) under the natural field conditions; however, among these two, only EC0667513-sel was found to be MR during the validation under the artificial epiphytotic conditions. Further comparison of the performance and stability among these two MR genotypes through GGE biplot analysis indicated that EC0667512-sel was specifically adapted to certain environments, but was inconsistent overall. In contrast, EC0667513-sel indicated a good mean performance and higher stability across all environments. Conclusion: The GGE biplot effectively analyzed genotype-environment interactions and identified optimal evaluation sites and stable resistant genotypes for spot blotch resistance. These findings provide valuable insights for future breeding programs focused on integrating resistance traits into new barley varieties. © The Author(s) 2025.
Oil Cakes Stimulate Native Population of Catenaria anguillulae that Suppresses Root-Knot Disease of Cowpea
(Nematological Society of India, 2025) P. V. Phanindra; Adhikari Mounika; Vandana Sahu; Ashwani Kumar Patel; Shyam Saran Vaish
In the present investigation, oil cakes of linseed (Linum usitatissimum), mustard (Brassica juncea) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) were applied in a Meloidogyne incognita infested soil at a rate of 0.5% to examine their impact on the population dynamics of Catenaria anguillulae and its subsequent role in suppressing the root-knot in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The assessment of the population dynamics of the fungus following the application of the oil cakes at eight-day interval revealed the maximum stimulation (6.6 folds) in the native population of C. anguillulae 24 days after amendment of groundnut oil cake followed by linseed and mustard oil cakes. The stimulated native population of the fungus resulted in a significant reduction in the soil population of M. incognita juveniles (J2 s), and gall-index and getting the widest nematode-to-root biomass ratio (1:531) compared to the control (1:160, narrowest ratio). The population of other plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) was also suppressed following the oil cake amendment. The suppressed population of M. incognita and other PPNs significantly improved the plant growth irrespective of the cakes. This is the first observation on establishing a relationship between the stimulated population of C. anguillulae and the suppression in the population of PPNs. © 2025, Nematological Society of India. All rights reserved.
Variability for sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.) resistance in Indica rice germplasm
(Springer, 2025) R. Naveenkumar; Annamalai Anandan; Vineeta Singh; Shyam Saran Vaish; Pawan Kumar Singh
In the present study, 325 rice accessions comprising of improved varieties and landraces were obtained from different states of India and were screened against Rhizoctonia solani (AG1-IA). The rice accessions were transplanted with established moderately resistant (Tetep, Jasmine 85, and Teqing) and susceptible checks (Pusa Basmati-1 and Tapaswini). The correlation coefficient among the traits associated with sheath blight-related traits such as RLH and PDI and other morphological traits, viz., plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), tiller number plant− 1, and days to 50% flowering (days)were computed. At the booting stage, immature sclerotia of R. solani (AG1-IA) were inoculated with plants to evaluate the rice genotypes against sheath blight. Among all the accessions screened, 55 entries were moderately resistant and none of the test entries was found resistant. The computed correlation revealed a significant positive correlation among the different days of PDI and RLH with respect to the disease. Among the different morphological and sheath blight related parameters studied, a wide range of variation was observed among the traits. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Society for Plant Research 2024.
Variabilty for sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.) resistance in Indica rice germplasm
(Springer, 2024) R. Naveenkumar; A. Anandan; Vineeta Singh; Shyam Saran Vaish; P.K. Singh
In the present study, 325 rice accessions comprising of improved varieties and landraces were obtained from different states of India and were screened against Rhizoctonia solani (AG1-IA). The rice accessions were transplanted with established moderately resistant (Tetep, Jasmine 85, and Teqing) and susceptible checks (Pusa Basmati-1 and Tapaswini). The correlation coefficient among the traits associated with sheath blight-related traits such as RLH and PDI and other morphological traits, viz., plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), tiller number plant− 1, and days to 50% flowering (days)were computed. At the booting stage, immature sclerotia of R. solani (AG1-IA) were inoculated with plants to evaluate the rice genotypes against sheath blight. Among all the accessions screened, 55 entries were moderately resistant and none of the test entries was found resistant. The computed correlation revealed a significant positive correlation among the different days of PDI and RLH with respect to the disease. Among the different morphological and sheath blight related parameters studied, a wide range of variation was observed among the traits. © 2024, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Society for Plant Research.