Browsing by Author "Somenath Das"

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Advances in Designing Essential Oil Nanoformulations: An Integrative Approach to Mathematical Modeling with Potential Application in Food Preservation
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023) Monisha Soni; Arati Yadav; Akash Maurya; Somenath Das; Nawal Kishore Dubey; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy
Preservation of foods, along with health and safety issues, is a growing concern in the current generation. Essential oils have emerged as a natural means for the long-term protection of foods along with the maintenance of their qualities. Direct applications of essential oils have posed various constraints to the food system and also have limitations in application; hence, encapsulation of essential oils into biopolymers has been recognized as a cutting-edge technology to overcome these challenges. This article presents and evaluates the strategies for the development of encapsulated essential oils on the basis of fascination with the modeling and shuffling of various biopolymers, surfactants, and co-surfactants, along with the utilization of different fabrication processes. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have enabled the preparation of different nanoemulsion formulations, synthesis strategies, stability, and release kinetics of essential oils or their bioactive components from nanoemulsions with improved efficacy in food systems. Different mathematical models for the stability and delivery kinetics of essential oils in food systems have also been discussed. The article also explains the advanced application of modeling-based encapsulation strategies on the preservation of a variety of food commodities with their intended implication in food and agricultural industries. © 2023 by the authors.
Anethum graveolens Essential Oil Encapsulation in Chitosan Nanomatrix: Investigations on In Vitro Release Behavior, Organoleptic Attributes, and Efficacy as Potential Delivery Vehicles Against Biodeterioration of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Springer, 2021) Somenath Das; Vipin Kumar Singh; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The study deals with first time report on encapsulation of chemically characterized Anethum graveolens essential oil within chitosan nanomatrix (Nm-AGEO) using ionic gelation technique to enhance the antimicrobial, antiaflatoxigenic, antioxidant, and in situ efficacy against stored rice biodeterioration. GC-MS analysis of AGEO revealed dill apiol (33.79%), carvone (27.19%), and limonene (13.76%) as major components. Nm-AGEO characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed successful encapsulation of AGEO within chitosan as an encapsulant. Biphasic and sustained release pattern reflected controlled volatilization of bioactives, helpful in shelf-life extension of stored food commodities. Nm-AGEO caused significant impairment in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis and enhanced leakage of vital ions indicating destabilization in plasma membrane integrity. Inhibition of methylglyoxal (aflatoxin inducer) biosynthesis by Nm-AGEO confirmed novel antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action, suggesting its future exploitation for development of aflatoxin-resistant rice varieties through green transgenics. Nm-AGEO induced impairment in antioxidant defense enzymes (SOD, CAT) and non-enzymatic defense biomolecules GSH and GSSG revealing biochemical mechanism of action. In silico modeling of carvone and limonene with Omt-A and Ver-1 genes suggested molecular mechanism of aflatoxin inhibition. Treatment of rice samples with Nm-AGEO caused significant protection from aflatoxin B1 contamination and lipid peroxidation without altering organoleptic properties. Moreover, favorable safety profile for mammalian system and non-phytotoxic nature of chitosan-fabricated AGEO nanoemulsion-based delivery system recommend attention of food industries for its formulation as potential green preservative. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.
Angelica archangelica essential oil loaded chitosan nanoemulsion as edible coating for preservation of table grape fruit against Botrytis cinerea contamination and storage quality deterioration
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Somenath Das; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Vipin Kumar Singh; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The present study deals with the encapsulation of Angelica archangelica essential oil into chitosan nanoemulsion (AAEO-NE) and evaluation of its effectiveness as novel coating agent with innovative controlled release delivery system for protection of table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) fruit against Botrytis cinerea contamination, and quality deterioration over 30 d of storage (25 ± 2 °C, Relative humidity 85%). The AAEO-NE was characterized through dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The mean particle size was tended to increase from 53.69 to 98.63 nm, while ζ-potential was decreased from + 32.3 to + 23.5 mV. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analyses suggested intermolecular interaction followed by effective encompassment of AAEO into chitosan nanomatrix. In vitro release study confirmed the biphasic and controlled delivery of AAEO, essentially required for its long term effectiveness in view of maintaining postharvest quality of the treated fruit. The antifungal efficacy of unencapsulated AAEO against B. cinerea was found as 5.5 g L−1, and noticed to be enhanced (2.5 g L−1) after encapsulation into chitosan nanoemulsion. The inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis followed by subsequent enhancement of ions leakage after treatment of B. cinerea cells with AAEO-NE suggested plasma membrane as major site of antifungal activity. During in vivo investigation, AAEO-NE coating inhibited the contamination of B. cinerea and maintained the quality attributes like weight, titrable acidity, total soluble solids, phenolic content, and pH of table grape fruit. Additionally, the preservation of enzymatic antioxidants, reduced respiration rate, and better sensory qualities of coated table grape fruit recommend the functional potentiality of chitosan as biocompatible wall matrix to encapsulate AAEO and application as novel nano-green smart coating based fungitoxicant and shelf-life enhancer in fruit and agricultural industries. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
Antimicrobial activity, antiaflatoxigenic potential and in situ efficacy of novel formulation comprising of Apium graveolens essential oil and its major component
(Academic Press Inc., 2019) Somenath Das; Vipin Kumar Singh; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Neha Upadhyay; Akanksha Singh; Deepika; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The present study reports the formulation of Apium graveolens essential oil (AGEO) with its major components linalyl acetate (LA) and geranyl acetate (GA) (1:1:1) as a novel green preservative for protection of postharvest food commodities from fungal infestations, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) secretion, free radical generation and lipid peroxidation. The essential oil based novel formulation displayed considerable inhibitory action against fourteen food borne molds responsible for deterioration of stored food commodities, in addition to the most toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus (AFLHPR14) isolated from fungal and aflatoxin contaminated rice seeds. The observed higher efficacy of designed formulation was due to the synergistic action of essential oil and its major components. Fungal plasma membrane was recorded as the possible target site of antifungal action of the formulation as revealed through reduction in membrane ergosterol content, increased intracellular propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence and enhanced leakage of cellular ions (sodium, potassium, calcium) and 260, 280 nm absorbing materials. Further, inhibition of methylglyoxal (an aflatoxin inducer) confirmed the aflatoxin inhibitory potential of novel formulation based on essential oil and its major components. High antioxidant potential as observed through DPPH[rad] and ABTS·+ radical scavenging assay, improved phenolic content, considerable inhibition of lipid peroxidation in stored rice seeds, in situ efficacy on AFB1 inhibition in food system under storage container system, acceptable sensorial characteristics and favorable safety profile during animal trials suggest the recommendation of the designed formulation for large scale application as green preservative by food and agriculture based industries against fungal and aflatoxin contamination of stored commodities. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
Antimicrobial, Aflatoxin B1 Inhibitory and Lipid Oxidation Suppressing Potential of Anethole-Based Chitosan Nanoemulsion as Novel Preservative for Protection of Stored Maize
(Springer, 2020) Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Vipin Kumar Singh; Somenath Das; Deepika; Bijendra Kumar Singh; Nawal Kishore Dubey
Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most frequent contaminants of maize and maize-based products, and its consumption can cause severe adverse effects to humans and animals. The efficacy of essential oils (EOs) and their bioactive compounds as potential antifungal agents has been well documented against food-borne fungi. This study evaluates the preservative potency of anethole-based chitosan nanoemulsion (Ant-eCsNe) to control deterioration of stored maize samples from fungal infestation, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination and lipid oxidation. Release study indicated a relatively good sustainable release profile for the encapsulated anethole after 10 days. The Ant-eCsNe showed improved efficacy against A. flavus (AF-LHP-VS8) and other common food-borne moulds and inhibited growth and AFB1 biosynthesis at 0.8 and 0.4 μL/mL, respectively. Ant-eCsNe caused concentration-dependent inhibition of ergosterol content and increased efflux of cellular ions (Ca+2, Mg+2 and K+) and 260 and 280 nm absorbing materials, suggesting damage of fungal plasma membrane. Inhibition of methylglyoxal in fungal cells treated with Ant-eCsNe signifies its novel antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action. Ant-eCsNe exhibited strong in vitro DPPH• and ABTS+• scavenging activity with IC50 value 89.36 and 45.05 μL/mL, respectively, and inhibited lipid oxidation in stored maize samples. Further, Ant-eCsNe exhibited reasonably strong efficacy in preserving maize samples from fungal and AFB1 contamination during in vivo investigations and did not change the sensory attributes as well. Overall results revealed that Ant-eCsNe holds good potential to be applied as food preservative to reduce fungal and aflatoxin contamination causing deterioration of stored maize. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Application of chitosan and other biopolymers based edible coatings containing essential oils as green and innovative strategy for preservation of perishable food products: A review
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Somenath Das; Awanindra Dwivedi; Nawal Kishore Dubey
Deterioration of perishable foods due to fungal contamination and lipid peroxidation are the most threatened concern to food industry. Different chemical preservatives have been used to overcome these constrains; however their repetitive use has been cautioned owing to their negative impact after consumption. Therefore, attention has been paid to essential oils (EOs) because of their natural origin and proven antifungal and antioxidant activities. Many EO-based formulations have been in use but their industrial-scale application is still limited, possibly due to its poor solubility, vulnerability towards oxidation, and aroma effect on treated foods. In this sense, active food packaging using biopolymers could be considered as promising approach. The biopolymers can enhance the stability and effectiveness of EOs through controlled release, thus minimizes the deterioration of foods caused by fungal pathogens and oxidation without compromising their sensory properties. This review gives a concise appraisal on latest advances in active food packaging, particularly developed from natural polymers (chitosan, cellulose, cyclodextrins etc.), characteristics of biopolymers, and current status of EOs. Then, different packaging and their effectiveness against fungal pathogens, lipid-oxidation, and sensory properties with recent previous works has been discussed. Finally, effort was made to highlights their safety and commercialization aspects towards market solutions. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
Assessing the Levisticum officinale Koch. essential oil as a novel preservative for stored chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) with emphasis on probable mechanism of action
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Deepika; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Somenath Das; Vipin Kumar Singh; Jitendra Prasad; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The present study was undertaken to explore the inhibitory effect of Levisticum officinale Koch. essential oil (LoffEO) on the growth and aflatoxin B1 secretion by Aspergillus flavus (AF-LHP-SH1, aflatoxigenic strain) causing deterioration of stored chia seeds (Salvia hispanica). The chemical profile analysis of LoffEO by GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of α-terpinyl acetate (26.03 %) as a major component followed by terpineol <1- > (24.03 %) and citronellal (24.03 %). Results on antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity indicated that LoffEO at 2.0 and 1.75 μL/mL caused complete inhibition of growth and aflatoxin B1 production, respectively. Antifungal toxicity of LoffEO was strongly correlated with the inhibition of ergosterol content, leakage of cellular ions, and disintegration of membrane permeability. Reduction in cellular methylglyoxal by LoffEO indicated a novel antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action. The LoffEO showed moderate free radical quenching activity in DPPH assay (IC50 = 26.10 μL/mL) and exhibited remarkable inhibitory efficacy against lipid peroxidation of chia seeds. In addition, LoffEO presented strong in situ antiaflatoxigenic efficacy, and exhibited non-phytotoxic nature, acceptable sensory characteristics, and favorable safety profile (LD50 = 19786.59 μL/kg), which recommends its practical utilization as a novel and safe preservative to improve the shelf life of stored chia seeds from fungal infestation and aflatoxin B1 contamination. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Assessment of chemically characterised Myristica fragrans essential oil against fungi contaminating stored scented rice and its mode of action as novel aflatoxin inhibitor
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2020) Somenath Das; Vipin Kumar Singh; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Neha Upadhyay; Akanksha Singh; Ajay Krishna Saha; Shaon Ray Chaudhury; Bhanu Prakash; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The study reports chemically characterised Myristica fragrans essential oil (MFEO) as plant based food preservative against fungal and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination of scented rice varieties. The chemical profile of MFEO revealed elemicin (27.08%), myristicine (21.29%) and thujanol (18.55%) as major components. The minimum inhibitory and minimum aflatoxin inhibitory concentrations of MFEO were 2.75 and 1.5 mg/ml, respectively. The MFEO was efficacious against a broad spectrum of food deteriorating fungi. MFEO caused decrease in ergosterol content of fungal plasma membrane and enhanced leakage of cellular ions, depicting plasma membrane as the site of action. The MFEO caused reduction in cellular methylglyoxal content, the aflatoxin inducer. This is the first report on MFEO as aflatoxin suppressor. The essential oil may be recommended as plant based food preservative after large scale trials and reduction in methylglyoxal suggests its application for development of aflatoxin resistant varieties through green transgenics. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Assessment of chemically characterized nanoencapuslated Ocimum sanctum essential oil against aflatoxigenic fungi contaminating herbal raw materials and its novel mode of action as methyglyoxal inhibitor
(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Vipin Kumar Singh; Somenath Das; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Raju Rathore; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The study reports industrial significance of chemically characterized nanoencapuslated Ocimum sanctum essential oil (OSEO) against fungi contaminating herbal raw materials and aflatoxin B 1 secretion. The chitosan encapsulated OSEO exhibited enhanced antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic potential as compared to unencapsulated OSEO. The nanoencapsulated OSEO reduced the ergosterol content and enhanced the leakage of vital cellular ions along with the loss of 260 and 280 nm absorbing material suggesting fungal plasma membrane as action site. The nanoencapsulated OSEO also reduced the methylglyoxal content, the aflatoxin inducing substrate. In addition, the OSEO nanoemulsion possessed promising antioxidant potential. The nanoemulsion was characterized through SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis. This is the first report on assessment of OSEO loaded novel chitosan nanoemulsion against aflatoxin B 1 contamination. The study recommends application of the encapsulated OSEO to extend the shelf life of stored herbal raw materials and the findings also lead towards the development of aflatoxin and methylglyoxal resistant medicinal plants through green transgenics. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
Assessment of chemically characterized Salvia sclarea L. essential oil and its combination with linalyl acetate as novel plant based antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant agent against herbal drugs contamination and probable mode of action
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) Vipin Kumar Singh; Somenath Das; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Neha Upadhyay; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The present investigation reports antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic efficacy of Salvia sclarea essential oil (SSEO) and its combination with Linalyl acetate (LA) (1:1) against herbal drug deteriorating molds and aflatoxin B1 contamination. GC-MS analysis of SSEO showed Linalyl Acetate (LA) (61.33%) and Linalool (LL) (17.59%) as major components. The SSEO and LA combination displayed better antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity as compared to SSEO and LA used individually. SSEO and LA combination was effective in reduction of ergosterol and enhanced leakage of vital ions and UV-absorbing materials in a dose dependent manner. The combination caused significant reduction in cellular methylglyoxal content, an aflatoxin inducer suggesting its future application for development of aflatoxin resistant herbal drug varieties through green transgenics. The combination also showed pronounced antioxidant activity as compared to SSEO and LA used separately. Interestingly, the combination showed significant in situ protection of Picrorhiza kurroa rhizomes against mould infestation. © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Assessment of chitosan biopolymer encapsulated α-Terpineol against fungal, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and free radicals mediated deterioration of stored maize and possible mode of action
(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Akanksha Singh; Vipin Kumar Singh; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Somenath Das; Mayondi Grace Ramsdam; Mumtaz S Dkhar; Highland Kayang; Nawal Kishore Dubey
This study reports enhanced efficacy of encapsulated α-Terpineol to control fungal, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and free radicals mediated deterioration of stored maize samples. The α-Terpineol loaded chitosan nanoemulsion (α-TCsNe) was characterized through SEM, FTIR and XRD techniques. The α-TCsNe exhibited enhanced antifungal activity against aflatoxin secreting strain of Aspergillus flavus (AF-LHP-S1) and 12 other food borne moulds as well as AFB1 production at 0.4 and 0.3 µL/mL, respectively. Further, α-TCsNe inhibited ergosterol synthesis, methylglyoxal (the aflatoxin enhancer) content and enhanced cellular contents release. α-TCsNe showed enhanced radical scavenging activity with IC50 value equivalent to 39.57 and 6.23 µL/mL for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. In addition, α-TCsNe completely inhibited AFB1 production in stored maize samples during in situ investigation. Overall, α-TCsNe holds a promising potential and can be recommended as a novel antifungal preservative to improve the shelf-life of stored maize samples against fungal and aflatoxin contamination. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
Assessment of Melissa officinalis L. essential oil as an eco-friendly approach against biodeterioration of wheat flour caused by Tribolium castaneum Herbst
(Springer, 2019) Neha Upadhyay; Vipin Kumar Singh; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Somenath Das; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The study reports efficacy of Melissa officinalis L. essential oil (MOEO) as a safe plant-based insecticide against Tribolium castaneum Herbst (TC) by induction of oxidative stress. MOEO nanoencapsulation in chitosan matrix was performed to enhance its bioefficacy. GC–MS analysis of MOEO depicted geranial (31.54%), neral (31.08%), and β-caryophyllene (12.42%) as the major components. MOEO showed excellent insecticidal potential in contact (100% mortality at 0.157 μL/cm2) and fumigant bioassays (LC50 =0.071μL/mL air) and 100% repellency at concentration ≤ 0.028 μL/cm2. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and decreased ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) at the LC50 dose suggested significant oxidative stress on TC in MOEO treatment sets. The encapsulated MOEO exhibited enhanced activity as fumigant (LC50 =0.048μL/mL air) and showed significant antifeedant activity in situ (EC50 = 0.043 μL/mL). High LD50 value (13,956.87 μL/kg body weight of mice) confirmed favorable toxicological profile for non-target mammals. The findings depict potential of nanoencapsulated MOEO as an eco-friendly green pesticide against infestation of stored food by TC. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019.
Assessment of preservative potential of Bunium persicum (Boiss) essential oil against fungal and aflatoxin contamination of stored masticatories and improvement in efficacy through encapsulation into chitosan nanomatrix
(Springer, 2020) Akanksha Singh; Deepika; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Somenath Das; Vipin Kumar Singh; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Ramani Kandasamy Shivalingam; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The study reports the preservative efficacy of Bunium persicum (Boiss) essential oil (BPEO) against fungal and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination of stored masticatories and boosting of its efficacy through encapsulation into chitosan. BPEO was chemically characterized through GC-MS analysis, which revealed γ-terpinene as the major compound. The BPEO at 1.2 μL/mL concentration completely inhibited the growth of toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus (AF-LHP-PE-4) along with 15 common food borne moulds and AFB1 secretion. The BPEO exerts its antifungal action on plasma membrane, as confirmed through ergosterol inhibition, alteration of membrane fluidity and enhancement of cellular ions and 260 and 280 nm absorbing material leakage. The antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action of BPEO was confirmed through methylglyoxal reduction. Further, BPEO showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 7.36 μL/mL) as measured by DPPH· assay. During in situ investigation, BPEO completely inhibited AFB1 production in model food (Phyllanthus emblica) system without altering the sensory properties and also exhibited high LD50 value (14,584.54 μL/kg) on mice. In addition, BPEO was encapsulated into chitosan, characterized and tested for their potential to inhibit growth and AFB1 production. The mean particle size, PDI and zeta potential of formed BPEO-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (CS-Np-BPEO) were performed to confirm successful encapsulation. The result revealed nanoencapsulated BPEO showed enhanced activity and completely inhibited the growth and AFB1 production by AF-LHP-PE-4 at 0.8 μL/mL. Based on findings, it could be concluded that the BPEO and its encapsulated formulation can be recommended as a potential plant-based preservative against fungal and aflatoxin contamination of stored masticatories. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Chemically characterised Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. essential oil as a novel plant based antimicrobial against fungal and aflatoxin B1 contamination of stored maize and its possible mode of action
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2020) Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Vipin Kumar Singh; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Somenath Das; Neha Upadhyay; Akanksha Singh; Mumtaz S. Dkhar; Highland Kayang; Bhanu Prakash; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The chemical characterisation of Pimenta dioica essential oil (PDEO) revealed the presence of 50 components, amongst which α-Terpineol (30.31%) was the major component followed by β-Linalool (6.75%) and γ-Terpinene (4.64%). The oil completely inhibited the growth of aflatoxin B1 secreting strain Aspergillus flavus LHP-VS-8 and aflatoxin B1 production at 2.5 µL/mL and 1.5 µL/mL, respectively. The oil caused dose dependent reduction of methylglyoxal (an AFB1 inducer), enhanced leakage of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ ions and significantly reduced ergosterol content of fungal plasma membrane. During in situ experiments, PDEO exhibited complete protection of fumigated maize cob slices from fungal infestation without affecting seed germination. The chemically characterised PDEO is recommended as a plant based preservative and shelf life enhancer of food commodities by preventing fungal growth, AFB1 production and lipid peroxidation. This is the first report on PDEO as inhibitor of AFB1 secretion and methylglyoxal biosynthesis. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Chitosan based encapsulation of Valeriana officinalis essential oil as edible coating for inhibition of fungi and aflatoxin B1 contamination, nutritional quality improvement, and shelf life extension of Citrus sinensis fruits
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Somenath Das; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Vipin Kumar Singh; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Nawal Kishore Dubey
In this study, a novel chitosan nanoemulsion coating embedded with Valeriana officinalis essential oil (Ne-VOEO) was synthesized in order to improve the postharvest quality of Citrus sinensis fruits against infesting fungi, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mediated nutritional deterioration. The developed nanoemulsion was characterized through SEM, FTIR, XRD, and DLS analyses. The nanoemulsion showed controlled delivery of VOEO responsible for effective inhibition of Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. versicolor, Penicillium italicum, and Fusarium oxysporum growth at 6.5, 5.0, 4.0, 5.5, and 3.5 μL/mL, respectively and AFB1 production at 5.0 μL/mL. The biochemical and molecular mechanism of aflatoxigenic A. flavus inhibition, and AFB1 diminution was associated with impairment in ergosterol biosynthesis, methylglyoxal production, and stereo-spatial binding of valerianol in the cavity of Ver-1 protein. During in vivo investigation, Ne-VOEO coating potentially restrained the weight loss, and respiratory rate of C. sinensis fruits with delayed degradation of soluble solids, titrable acidity, pH, and phenolic contents along with maintenance of SOD, CAT, APX activities (p < 0.05) and sensory attributes under specific storage conditions. Based on overall findings, Ne-VOEO nanoemulsion could be recommended as green, and smart antifungal coating agent in prolonging the shelf-life of stored fruits with enhanced AFB1 mitigation. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
Chitosan encompassed Aniba rosaeodora essential oil as innovative green candidate for antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity in millets with emphasis on cellular and its mode of action
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022) Bijendra Kumar Singh; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Somenath Das; Shikha Tiwari; Akash Maurya; Vipin Kumar Singh; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The present study demonstrates first time investigation on encapsulation of Aniba rosaeodora essential oil into chitosan nanoemulsion (AREO-CsNe) with the aim of improvement of its antifungal, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) inhibitory performance in real food system. The GC–MS analysis of AREO revealed the presence of linalool (81.46%) as a major component. The successful encapsulation of EO into CsNe was confirmed through SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis. The in-vitro release study showed the controlled release of AREO. AREO-CsNe caused complete inhibition of Aspergillus flavus (AFLHPSi-1) growth and AFB1 production at 0.8 and 0.6 μl/ml, respectively, which was far better than AREO (1.4 and 1.2 μl/ml, respectively). Impairment of ergosterol biosynthesis coupled with enhancement of cellular materials leakage confirmed plasma membrane as the possible antifungal target of both AREO and AREO-CsNe. Significant inhibition of methylglyoxal (AFB1 inducer) synthesis in AFLHPSi-1 cells by AREO and AREO-CsNe confirmed their novel antiaflatoxigenic mode of action. In-silico molecular docking studies revealed effective interaction of linalool with Ver-1 and Omt-A proteins, leading to inhibition of AFB1 biosynthesis. Further, AREO-CsNe showed enhanced antioxidant activity with IC50 values 3.792 and 1.706 μl/ml against DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals, respectively. In addition, AREO-CsNe caused 100% protection of stored millets (Setaria italica seeds) from AFB1 contamination and lipid peroxidation over a period of 1 year without compromising its sensory properties and exhibited high safety profile with LD50 value 9538.742 μl/kg body weight. Based on enhanced performance of AREO-CsNe over AREO, it can be recommended as a novel substitute of synthetic preservative for preservation of stored millets. Copyright © 2022 Singh, Chaudhari, Das, Tiwari, Maurya, Singh and Dubey.
Chitosan nanoemulsion incorporated with Carum carvi essential oil as ecofriendly alternative for mitigation of aflatoxin B1 contamination in stored herbal raw materials
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Somenath Das; Akash Maurya; Vipin Kumar Singh; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Bijendra Kumar Singh; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The present investigation entails the first report on entrapment of Carum carvi essential oil (CCEO) into chitosan polymer matrix for protection of stored herbal raw materials against fungal inhabitation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production. Physico-chemical characterization of nanoencapsulated CCEO was performed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The nanoencapsulated CCEO displayed improved antifungal and AFB1 suppressing potentiality along with controlled delivery over unencapsulated CCEO. The encapsulated CCEO nanoemulsion obstructed the ergosterol production and escalated the efflux of cellular ions, thereby suggesting plasma membrane as prime target of antifungal action in Aspergillus flavus cells. The impairment in methyglyoxal production and modeling based carvone interaction with Afl-R protein validated the antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action. In addition, CCEO displayed augmentation in antioxidant potentiality after encapsulation into chitosan nanomatrix. Moreover, the in-situ study demonstrated the effective protection of Withania somnifera root samples (model herbal raw material) against fungal infestation and AFB1 contamination along with prevention of lipid peroxidation. The acceptable organoleptic qualities of W. somnifera root samples and favorable safety profile in mice (animal model) strengthen the application of nanoencapsulated CCEO emulsion as nano-fungitoxicant for preservation of herbal raw materials against fungi and AFB1 mediated biodeterioration. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Chitosan-Based Nanoencapsulation of Ocimum americanum Essential Oil as Safe Green Preservative Against Fungi Infesting Stored Millets, Aflatoxin B1 Contamination, and Lipid Peroxidation
(Springer, 2023) Bijendra Kumar Singh; Shikha Tiwari; Akash Maurya; Somenath Das; Vipin Kumar Singh; Nawal Kishore Dubey
Present study deals with the first-time report on encapsulation of Ocimum americanum essential oil (OAEO) into chitosan matrix with enhanced antifungal, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) inhibition, antioxidant activity, and in situ efficacy in the millet food system. GC–MS analysis suggested citral (66.72%) as the major component of OAEO. Physicochemical characterizations through SEM, FTIR, and XRD analyses confirmed the successful loading of OAEO into chitosan nanoemulsion (OAEO-CsNe). In vitro release profile of nanoencapsulated OAEO exhibited biphasic burst and controlled volatilisation, a prerequisite for long-term antifungal effect in the stored food system. OAEO-CsNe completely inhibited the growth and AFB1 production of Aspergillus flavus at 0.2 and 0.175 μL/mL, respectively. Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis followed by the release of vital cellular ions, and 260, 280 nm absorbing materials from AFLHPSi-1 cells suggested plasma membrane as a potential site of antifungal action of OAEO-CsNe. Significant reduction of cellular methylglyoxal (an AFB1 inducer) level in AFLHPSi-1 cells after fumigation with OAEO-CsNe confirmed the novel biochemical mechanism of anti-aflatoxigenic activity. Additionally, in silico modelling of citral (major component of OAEO) with Ver-1 and Omt-A proteins suggested the hydrogen bond-dependent molecular interaction for inhibition of AFB1 biosynthesis. OAEO-CsNe showed significant in situ antifungal, anti-aflatoxigenic, and lipid peroxidation-suppressing potentialities without altering the organoleptic and germination properties of Setaria italica seeds. Moreover, the appreciative safety profile (LD50 = 11,162.06 μL/kg) of OAEO-CsNe in a mammalian model system (Mus musculus) strengthens its recommendation as an effective green preservative against fungal infestation, AFB1 contamination, and reactive oxygen species-mediated lipid peroxidation in stored food commodities. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Cistus ladanifer L. essential oil as a plant based preservative against molds infesting oil seeds, aflatoxin B1 secretion, oxidative deterioration and methylglyoxal biosynthesis
(Academic Press, 2018) Neha Upadhyay; Vipin Kumar Singh; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Somenath Das; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The study explores the potential of Cistus ladanifer essential oil (CLEO) as plant based preservative against fungal and aflatoxin B1 contamination of stored oil seeds. Aspergillus flavus AF-M-K5 was identified as the most aflatoxigenic isolate during mycoflora analysis of selected oil seeds. Chemical characterization of CLEO through GC-MS revealed α-asarone (78.841%) as the major component. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum aflatoxin inhibitory concentration of CLEO against A. flavus AF-M-K5 were recorded to be 0.6, and 0.5 μL/mL, respectively. Significant reduction in ergosterol content and enhancement of leakage of Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+ ions from treated fungal cells emphasized fungal plasma membrane as the site for antifungal action of CLEO. The CLEO caused reduction of methylglyoxal, the aflatoxin inducing substrate. This is the first report on an essential oil as methylglyoxal inhibitor suggesting a novel mode of action in reduction of AFB1 biosynthesis. The IC50 values for CLEO as determined by DPPH• and ABTS•+ assay were 7.3 μL/mL and 1.13 μL/mL respectively, depicting remarkable antioxidant activity. CLEO caused considerable protection of stored oil seeds from contamination of A. flavus (90.6%) and from storage molds (78.03%) without affecting seed germination. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Co-encapsulation of Pimpinella anisum and Coriandrum sativum essential oils based synergistic formulation through binary mixture: Physico-chemical characterization, appraisal of antifungal mechanism of action, and application as natural food preservative
(Academic Press Inc., 2022) Somenath Das; Vipin Kumar Singh; Anand Kumar Chaudhari; Deepika; Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy; Nawal Kishore Dubey
The present study aimed to co-encapsulate binary synergistic formulation of Pimpinella anisum and Coriandrum sativum (PC) essential oils (0.75:0.25) into chitosan nanoemulsion (Nm-PC) with effective inhibition against fungal proliferation, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) secretion, and lipid peroxidation in stored rice. Physico-chemical characterization of Nm-PC by SEM, FTIR, and XRD confirmed successful encompassment of PC inside the chitosan nanomatrix with efficient interaction by functional groups and reduction in crystallinity. Nm-PC showed superior antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic, and antioxidant activities over unencapsulated PC. Reduction in ergosterol biosynthesis and enhanced leakage of Ca2+, K+, Mg2+ ions and 260, 280 nm absorbing materials by Nm-PC fumigation confirmed irreversible damage of plasma membrane in toxigenic Aspergillus flavus cells. Significant diminution of methylglyoxal in A. flavus cells by Nm-PC fumigation illustrated biochemical mechanism for antiaflatoxigenic activity, suggesting future exploitation for development of aflatoxin resistant rice varieties through green transgenic technology. In silico findings indicated specific stereo-spatial interaction of anethole and linalool with Nor-1 protein, validating molecular mechanism for AFB1 inhibition. In addition, in situ investigation revealed effective protection of stored rice against fungal occurrence, AFB1 biosynthesis, and lipid peroxidation without affecting organoleptic attributes. Moreover, mammalian non-toxicity of chitosan entrapped PC synergistic nanoformulation could provide exciting potential for application as eco-smart safe nano-green food preservative. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.