Browsing by Author "Sonam"

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A Critical Appraisal of Biomedical Waste Management in Uttar Pradesh
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Praveen Kumar Tiwari; Surendra Kumar Pandey; Rohit Kushwaha; Sonam; Kapil Malviya; Markandeya; Sheo Prasad Shukla; Devendra Mohan
Bio-medical waste is the waste generated from hospitals, including infectious waste, and has a high potential for causing injury and infections to humans as well as to the environment. Effective bio-medical waste management is the requisite parameter for a healthy and unpolluted environment. It is a social and legal responsibility of the medical community and common people to participate in the proper hygienic waste disposal actively and lead the environment free from various infectious diseases. BMW is precarious in the constitution and is different from general municipal waste; hence, it requires a unique approach and handling to avoid environmental and human health risks. The government of India made a statutory requirement for appropriate handling and disposal of bio-medical waste with the publication of gazette notification in July 1998 and further making required changes in it. This article explains various components, techniques for remediation, and consequences of improper disposal of BMW and provisions of BMW management in India. It also gives a brief overview of bio-medical waste management of hospitals in Uttar Pradesh. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
An overview of human health risk from opium alkaloids and related pharmaceutical products pollution in aquatic ecosystems
(Elsevier, 2022) Sonam; Markandeya; Y. Shiv Shankar; Prashant Bhushan; Deepak Gautam; Pankaj Kumar; S.P. Shukla; Devendra Mohan
Fresh water is a valuable resource, but the increase in pollution of aquatic ecosystem is a matter of concern. Industries are rapidly budding in India, which discharge their effluents into the water bodies either directly or after treating partially. Pharmaceutical compounds are very important, but at the same time, release toxic contaminants in the environment. Pharmaceutical products impose huge effects on aquatic environment, resulting in acute and chronic damages, reproductive damage, behavioral changes, and inhibition of cell proliferation. The effluents produced from alkaloid processing industries is highly polluted having low pH, high COD, BOD5, sulfate, and TKN values, and a characteristic dark brown color. A number of physical as well as biological processes occurring in aquatic ecological unit may cause reduction of trace concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds. Treatment of wastewater generated from alkaloid processing is a challenging task because of the complex mixture of contaminants. Several methods for the treatment of these wastes, such as anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment, anaerobic treatment with membrane treatment, and aerobic treatment with catalytic wet air oxidation have been reported. Studies have also been conducted on physicochemical treatment in combination with activated sludge process. Membrane processes and Fenton oxidation have also been investigated as a post-treatment method. Membrane technologies are desirable for industrial wastewater treatment as no external addition of chemicals is required. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
EMERGING POLLUTANTS: OCCURRENCE, FATE, TOXICOLOGICAL IMPACTS AND REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES
(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2021) Sonam; Rohit Kushwaha; Pranjal Tripathi; R.S. Singh; Devendra Mohan
The presence of emerging contaminants in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants is a matter of growing concern. Emerging contaminants are chemical compounds including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hormones, other endocrine disruptors, surfactants, surfactant metabolites, industrial additives and personal care products. The occurrence of various emerging pollutants is often related to discharges from treatment plants, as a consequence of the extensive use of such compounds and the lack of efficient removal technologies. The list of compounds considered as emerging pollutants has increased significantly in recent years leading to a number of parent compounds and transformation products found in wastewater effluent, surface and groundwater and drinking water. The identification and quantification of these compounds in water or wastewater has become a major scientific task requiring highly sophisticated analytical methodologies which can detect even minute levels of pollutants. The quantification of emerging contaminants in complex waste water samples recognized through non-target screening approaches, has played a key role in the planning and design of water treatment facilities. A majority of emerging contaminants do not have standard regulations and could lead to lethal effects on human and aquatic life even at small concentrations. The conventional primary and secondary water treatment plants do not remove or degrade these toxic pollutants efficiently and hence need cost effective tertiary treatment method. Currently, membrane filtration technologies and the use of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely studied for the removal of micropollutants, either in wastewater or in drinking water. Among these treatments, the most relevant processes include ozonation, photocatalysis, electrochemical reactions, membrane bioreactors, nanofiltration or ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis and adsorption. Adsorption is a promising method for removal of pollutants, because of low initial cost for implementation, highly-efficient and has simple operating design. Research has shown that the application of different adsorbents such as activated carbons, modified bio-chars, nano-adsorbents (carbon nanotubes and graphene), composite adsorbents, and others are being used for removal of emerging contaminants from water and wastewater. Technologies based on hydrogen peroxide oxidation, such as Fenton or others activated by UV and ultrasound have also proved significant. The various sources and types of emerging pollutants along with their toxicological effect on health and environment have been highlighted. The review further focusses on the information about advancements in wastewater treatment technologies such as constructed wetland (CW) and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and the fate of emerging contaminants during these treatments. The ecological effects of these contaminants and their by-products formed during advanced treatment processes as well as different analytical techniques for the analysis of emerging contaminants have also been discussed. © 2021 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.