Browsing by Author "Sonam Fathima Mehak"

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Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)-mediated oxidative and inflammatory responses in neurodegenerative diseases
(Elsevier, 2023) Kshema Umesh Hegde; Sonam Fathima Mehak; Gireesh Gangadharan; Vikram Gopalakrishna Pillai
Neurodegenerative diseases are increasing globally in parallel with modernization, changes in lifestyle, and aging populations. Understanding the etiology of the disease and the function of each biological factor that contributes to it is crucial for effective treatment. cPLA2, being a critical enzyme, intermediates the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in several neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to mediating neurodegenerative diseases, cPLA2 itself may also have a role in modifying membrane physical characteristics, altering membrane trafficking, glucose metabolism, platelet activation, memory and cognitive function, ovulation, and regulating some reproductive processes. The growing interest in cPLA2 is due to its hydrolysis at sn-2 position, which releases arachidonic acid (AA), the substrate for the catalytic action of cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases. Low calcium level activates cPLA2 and controls receptor-mediated eicosanoid production. The dependency on calcium at C2 domain, as well as the proclivity to go through several posttranslational changes, such as s-nitrosylation, and phosphorylation, contributes to the enzyme's unique catalysis. This review briefly emphasizes the function of cPLA2 in different neurodegenerative diseases, including AD, PD, and MS, and the signaling pathways involved in the cPLA2-mediated oxidative and inflammatory responses in different cells of CNS. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Raman Scattering Techniques for Neurodegenerative Diseases
(Springer Nature, 2022) Sparsha Kumari; Apoorva Bettagere Shivakumar; Sonam Fathima Mehak; Nirmal Mazumder; Gireesh Gangadharan; Vikram G. Pillai
As human life expectancy has increased, age-related neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are emerging as one of the greatest health and social threats of the twenty-first century. Most NDs manifest clinical symptoms at an advanced stage after the disease onset, making it difficult to detect before irreversible degenerative alterations in the brain occur. As a result, understanding the neural mechanisms and early detection of ND are crucial for enhancing human health and quality of life. Raman spectroscopy and microscopy techniques allow for label-free, video-rate data acquisition without any sample preparation, making them a viable tool for disease detection early on. Raman-based approaches can be employed in vivo for early diagnosis of NDs as they are noninvasive. They require simple instrumentation and enable non-destructive sample analysis, which makes them useful for real-time diagnosis. Here, we outline the various Raman spectroscopic and microscopic techniques with a special focus on their application as a diagnostic tool for neurodegenerative diseases. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.