Browsing by Author "Sumit Kumar"

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A comprehensive review on CFD simulations of left ventricle hemodynamics: numerical methods, experimental validation techniques, and emerging trends
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Priyanshu Soni; Sumit Kumar; B. V. Rathish Kumar; Sanjay Kumar Rai; Ashish Verma; Om Shankar
Globally, high death rates due to heart failure are an essential topic in medical research. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of cardiac dysfunction and collapse, with high mortality and morbidity rates. Early diagnosis and prognosis of CVD will reduce the risk of cardiovascular conditions. It is essential to develop various tools that provide accurate, real-time insight into the heart's physiology, functionality, and cardiac events. Due to the dispersed nature of the information and the reported results, a comprehensive literature review is required because there is a shortage of data about the hemodynamics analysis of blood flow in the ventricular region. Therefore, reviewing the status of hemodynamics analysis of ventricle blood flow is the prime importance of this review article. This article reviews the numerous investigations conducted over the past 15 years to simulate ventricular blood flow using experimental and computational techniques on patient-specific models or idealized models with or without specific medical conditions. This article discusses the fundamentals of hemodynamic analysis, such as the geometry types of a particular cardiac phase, medical conditions, and medical imaging methods. Recent developments in hemodynamic analysis, such as AI, HPC, and digital twins, were also mentioned in this comprehensive review study. This review article concluded that improvements in medical image processing and data acquisition techniques are needed to obtain accurate information regarding the functioning of the heart. Our review of previous studies shows that blood flow simulation is developing into a proper medical tool for instant heart function diagnosis. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2024.
A Novel Rhodamine Probe Acting as Chemosensor for Selective Recognition of Cu2+ and Hg2+ Ions: An Experimental and First Principle Studies
(Springer, 2024) Pawan Kumar Sada; Amit Bar; Amanpreet Kaur Jassal; Prabhat Kumar; S. Srikrishna; Alok Kumar Singh; Sumit Kumar; Laxman Singh; Abhishek Rai
Copper and Mercury ions have vital role to play in biological world as their excess or deficiency can cause different type of diseases in human being as well as biological species including plants and animals. Therefore, their detection at trace level becomes very important in term of biological. The current studies embody the fabrication, structural characterization and recognition behavior of a novel rhodamine B hydrazone formed when hydrazide of rhodamine B was condensed with 5-Allyl-3-methoxy salicylaldehyde (RBMA). RBMA was found to be responsive towards the very trace level of Cu2+ and Hg2+ among other tested cations so far. The sensing procedure is based on the classical opening of the spiroatom ring of rhodamine. The limit of detection (LOD) and binding constant is 5.35 ppm, 2.06 × 104 M−1 and 5.16 ppm, 1.26 × 104 M−1 for Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions respectively. The probable mechanism correlates the specific binding of RBMA with Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions. The 1:1 stoichiometry of RBMA with Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions have been supported by HRMS, FT-IR data, Job's plot, and binding constant data. Reversibility is well exhibited by RBMA by the involvement of CO32− ions via demetallation process. The real time application is well demonstrated by the use of paper strip test. The DFT study also carried out which agrees well with the experimental findings. The results displayed the novelty of this current work towards the trace level analysis of the Cu2+ and Hg2+ of the cations which are play the crucial role in industry. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023.
A randomized controlled trial of high rate rtms versus rtms and amitriptyline in chronic migraine
(American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians, 2021) Jayantee Kalita; Sumit Kumar; Varun K. Singh; Usha K. Misra
Background: The patients with chronic migraine (CM) respond poorly to pharmacological agents including tricyclic antidepressants, β-blockers, anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, flunarizine, and melatonin. The combination of 2 or more pharmacological agents has not shown better efficacy but increased side effects. High rate repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been reported effective in episodic migraine and converts CM to episodic migraine. A combination of high rate rTMS with a pharmacological agent may be more effective compared to rTMS alone. Objectives: We evaluate the efficacy and safety of 10 Hz rTMS compared to rTMS and amitriptyline in CM. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Tertiary care teaching institute in India. Methods: Patients with CM as per International Classification of Headache Disorder third edition (ICHD-3) beta criteria were included whose age was between 18 years and 55 years. CM was defined if there were 15 headache days per month and at least 8 of these attacks having migraine characteristics for a period of more than 3 months. Patients with major psychiatric, other neurological or systemic disease, and those on migraine prophylaxis were excluded. The demographic details, frequency of headache attacks and headache days per month, migraine triggers, and associated symptoms were noted. The severity of headache was noted using a 0-10 Visual Analog Scale and the number of abortive drugs per month was noted. CM patients were randomly assigned to rTMS (group I) or rTMS and amitriptyline (group II). 10 Hz rTMS was applied using a figure of eight magnetic stimulation coil. The coil was placed over the left frontal cortex corresponding to the hot spot of the right abductor digiti minimi, which is approximately 7 cm lateral from the midline and 2 cm anterior to interaural line. The motor threshold was measured, and 70% of it was used for rTMS. Ten trains of 10 Hz rTMS, each train comprising of 60 pulses with an inter-train interval of 45 seconds were delivered in one session. Three such sessions were delivered on an alternate day and were repeated every month for 3 months. Amitriptyline was prescribed in a dose of 10mg, increased to 25mg after 2 weeks; thereafter increase in dose to 50 mg was optional. The primary outcome was > 50% reduction in headache days, and secondary outcomes were the reduction in severity of headache, abortive drug, and side effects. Results: Forty-one patients were included in group I and 42 in group II, and their baseline characteristics were comparable. A higher proportion of group II patients had more than 50% reduction in headache days at 3 months (76.2 vs 31.7%; P < 0.001) compared to group I. More than 50% reduction in headache severity was also greater in group II compared to group I at 3 months (47.6% vs 19.5%; P = 0.01). Side effects were comparable, and none had to be withdrawn. Limitations: A higher proportion of patients was shifted from group I to group II. Conclusion: Combination of rTMS and amitriptyline is safe and more effective in CM compared to rTMS alone. © 2021, American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians. All rights reserved.
A review on phytotoxicity and defense mechanism of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on plants
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023) Sumit Kumar; Prahlad Masurkar; Bana Sravani; Dipanjali Bag; Kamal Ravi Sharma; Prashant Singh; Tulasi Korra; Mukesh Meena; Prashant Swapnil; Vishnu D. Rajput; Tatiana Minkina
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are noteworthy used nanomaterials in a wide array of fields, particularly in the agricultural sector. Plants play a multifarious role in the ecosystem and provide a source of food for mankind. The responsibility of the scientific community is to recognize the deleterious impact of AgNPs (1–100 nm in size) on critical crop growth and development of plants, which is required for the assessment of environmental threats to plant, human, and animal health. The continued use of AgNPs in agriculture areas may have negative effects on plant biochemical and physiological responses. The current context focused mainly on AgNPs uptake, transport, and accumulation on crop plants and summarizes different levels of phytotoxicity of AgNPs on plant functions and focused on mechanisms of phytotoxicity employed by AgNPs. Moreover, some tolerance mechanisms and various survival strategies developed by plants under AgNPs toxicity are discussed. This background provides comprehensive information necessary to facilitate profound understanding of the toxic impacts of AgNPs on crop plants. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
An open loop 0D-3D modeling of pulsatile hemodynamics for the diagnosis of a suspected coronary arterial disease with patient data
(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2023) Sumit Kumar; B. V. Rathish Kumar; Sanjay Kumar Rai; Om Shankar
Due to the high degree of curvature of the coronary arteries, normal blood flow patterns are disrupted, making them susceptible sites for stenosis and atherosclerosis, leading to decrease in flow. Myocardial ischemia and infarction are the results of this reduced myocardial flow perfusion. Therefore, we conducted an extensive hemodynamic analysis on a patient suspected to have chest pain because of coronary artery disease in order to recognize the processes behind behaviors instigated by intricate geometry of the coronary artery. First, using coronary computed tomography angiography data, which were obtained from an ethically approved data provider, a patient-specific model was reconstructed. Open-circuit resemblance lumped parameter network coupled with zero-three dimensional (0D-3D) model was built to mimic coronary pressure and flow. Hemodynamic parameters such as the flow streamlines, time-average wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, flow rate, and relative resilience time were investigated using computational fluid dynamics. It is critical for cardiac specialists to adequately care for their patients and provide corrective therapies at early onset of coronary problems caused by myocardial infarctions and demand coronary bypass surgery and stenting. The open loop modeling approach with lumped parameter-based physiologically and geometrically realistic outflow pressures will assist cardiologists in analyzing blood dynamics using the medically imaged coronary arteries of their patients and computing the magnitude of the hemodynamic parameters to provide them with a reliable assessment of the risk of coronary arterial disease for their patients. © 2023 Author(s).
Analysis of morphometric characteristics and prioritization of micro watersheds of Karamnasa River Basin using remote sensing & GIS technique
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Sumit Kumar; Dhiraj Kumar; V.K. Chandola; Niraj Kumar Sonkar; Anuj Kumar Dwivedi; C.S.P. Ojha
The Karamnasa River, originating in Bihar’s Kaimur district, serves as a vital water resource in the region. This research, conducted at coordinates 25°30’54’‘N latitude and 83°52’30’’ E longitude, aimed to identify optimal sites for water conservation structures within the Karmanasa River Basin (KRS) using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. By analysing morphometric parameters (MP) of the basin, including slope, stream length, and drainage density, the study delineated the basin into seven sub-watersheds and five stream orders. The comprehensive analysis revealed SW2 as the most critical sub-watershed, necessitating immediate conservation efforts. Assigning ranks to parameters like bifurcation ratio and circulatory ratio, SW2 emerged as the priority sub-watershed. Fifteen potential conservation sites were identified, comprising 9 farm ponds, 3 percolation tanks, and 3 check dams. The research underscores the significance of prioritizing sub-watersheds based on morphometric characteristics, with lower parameter values indicating higher priority. The study’s drainage network analysis, conducted through remote sensing and GIS, enhances understanding of the KRS hydrological features. This research highlights sustainable development through effective water resource use and targeted conservation in the Karamnasa River Basin, emphasizing community engagement and participatory methods for enduring, resilient environmental stewardship and successful land management. © 2024 Indian Society for Hydraulics.
Assessment of plant extracts and their in vitro efficacy against potato early blight incited by Alternaria solani
(Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2021) Sumit Kumar; Ram Chandra; Lopamudra Behera
Botanicals obtained from the plants are well known for the suppression of inimical plant pathogens. the present study explores the efficacy of five locally available plant extracts for their antifungal activity against the early blight of potato incited by Alternaria solani. the extracts include Datura stramonium, Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globulus, and Lantana camara. All extracts reduced mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. solani. In vitro studies showed that extracts obtained from A. sativum and A. indica have significant inhibition of mycelial growth of A. solani (88.80 and 86.62 percent) at 20 percent concentration. higher concentrations of A. sativum extract caused a higher reduction of A. solani radial growth on potato dextrose agar medium. extracts obtained from A. sativum and A. indica at 20 percent concentration, were found most effective for inhibition of conidial germination (85.50 and 80.04 percent) respectively of A. solani. Observations by scanning electron microscope (seM) showed dramatic alteration in A. solani hyphae collapsed and spores shrinked when treated with extract of A. sativum at a 20 per cent concentration. the qualitative and quantitative analysis of various phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, and phenols was showed A. sativum extract better than all the other plant extracts. Observation also revealed that 20 percent concentration of garlic extract has potential to inhibit to A. solani. © The Author(s) 2021.
Bacillus spp.: Nature’s Gift to Agriculture and Humankind
(Springer, 2024) Shailesh K. Vishwakarma; Talat Ilyas; Mohammad Shahid; Deepti Malviya; Sumit Kumar; Sachidanand Singh; Parul Johri; Udai B. Singh; Harsh V. Singh
The productivity of crops is heavily depending on microbial communities present in rhizospheric soil; within the last few decades, PGPR has emerged as significant and promising tools for the sustainable agriculture practices. PGPR related to Bacillus spp. as symbiotic with plant roots or free-living in rhizosphere contribute significantly to the viability, development, and yield of plants under biotic and abiotic challenges. The Bacillus species are rod-shaped, Gram-positive, endosporic, aerobic, or facultative anaerobic and ubiquitous in nature. Many Bacillus species, e.g., B. megaterium, B. circulans, B. coagulans, B. subtilis, B. azotofixans, B. macerans, B. velezensis, etc. are extensively researched for their PGPR actions. Enhancement of nutrient uptake (N, P, K, and other vital minerals) and regulation of plant hormones are direct actions of PGPR, while promoting plant growth by inhibiting plant pathogen and induction of ISR are indirect actions of PGPR. The genus Bacillus holds largest share in microbe-based agricultural and commercial products. Due to the greater efficacy of production of metabolites and spore-forming nature of Bacillus spp., which increases the life span of cells in commercially manufactured products, Bacillus-based biofertilizers are more active than Pseudomonas-based formulations. The Bacillus species are frequently regarded as an ideal candidate for bioformulations because of their rapid growth, ease of handling, and better colonizing abilities. The Bacillus-based bioformulations for broad-spectrum application against several biotic and abiotic issues are also addressed. In this chapter we will discuss about the mechanism of Bacillus-mediated crop protection and their wide application. PGPR traits of Bacillus are discussed in terms of nutrient uptake, siderophore production, stimulation and production of phytohormone and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), antimicrobial compounds, CRY proteins, and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. Induction of induced systemic resistance (ISR) in Bacillus inoculated plants and its molecular mechanism is also discussed in this chapter. Bacillus-mediated abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in different host, possible mechanisms, and their effects are also discussed. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Bacillus subtilis-Mediated Induction of Disease Resistance and Promotion of Plant Growth of Vegetable Crops
(Springer, 2024) Sumit Kumar; Anjali; R. Arutselvan; Prahlad Masurkar; Udai B. Singh; Ruchi Tripathi; Ingudam Bhupenchandra; Tatiana Minkina; Chetan Keswani
Vegetable crops are the major nutrient source of food worldwide and are considered as perishable crops compared to cereal, oilseed, and legume crops. They play a crucial role in daily human life because they contain a plethora of immunity-boosting compounds like vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, and crucial macro- and micronutrients important for human life. India contributes 16% global vegetable crop production, making it as second-largest producer globally. Vegetable crop production is significantly limited because, during their whole lives, they are attacked by an armada of noxious pathogens that reduce quality and quantity as well as suppress the current food supply. Synthetic chemicals are frequently used, which has detrimental impacts on macro- and microflora as well as the environment and human wellbeing. A continuous increment in the population of resistant pathogens to chemicals puts pressure on pathologists to investigate novel, sustainable, and best alternative methods to combat dangerous microbes. From the various kinds of plant disease management prospects, the implication of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, i.e. PGPRs, is becoming an effective substitute strategy worldwide because of their environmentally friendly nature. One of the most promising PGPRs representing sustainable agriculture growth is Bacillus subtilis, which has been suggested as a potential tool for combating harmful vegetable diseases with respect to promoting plant health and growth. B. subtilis has the ability to produce a diverse range of compounds to promote plant growth and suppress pathogen ingression, which makes it a potential candidate. Furthermore, B. subtilis enhances plant immunity against pathogen infection by triggering the response via induced systemic resistance (ISR). Additionally, B. subtilis promotes plant growth via different mechanisms of action, such as nitrogen fixation, phytohormonal production, and phosphate solubilisation. In this chapter, a comprehensive study on the application of B. subtilis has been emphasized, with a focus on uses in the promotion of plant growth and controlling vegetable crop health issues. It would undoubtedly assist vegetable growers in reducing their reliance on agrochemicals while also providing profound perceptions and highlights on the environmentally friendly management of vegetable diseases. Farmers will be benefitted from cost-effective management once they have a better understanding of the management strategy. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Correlation of the Effect of Native Bioagents on Soil Properties and Their Influence on Stem Rot Disease of Rice
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023) Sowmya Vanama; Maruthi Pesari; Gobinath Rajendran; Uma Devi Gali; Santosha Rathod; Rajanikanth Panuganti; Srivalli Chilukuri; Kannan Chinnaswami; Sumit Kumar; Tatiana Minkina; Estibaliz Sansinenea; Chetan Keswani
Soil is a crucial component for plant growth, as it provides water, nutrients, and mechanical support. Various factors, such as crop cultivation, microflora, nutrient addition, and water availability, significantly affect soil properties. Maintaining soil health is important, and one approach is the introduction of native organisms with multifaceted activities. The study evaluates the effects of introducing these microbes (Trichoderma asperellum strain TAIK1, Bacillus cabrialesii strain BIK3, Pseudomonas putida strain PIK1, and Pseudomonas otitidis strain POPS1) and their consortium, a combination of four bioagents, on soil health, plant growth, and the incidence of stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium oryzae in rice. Upon treatment of soil with the consortium of the four native bioagents mentioned above through seed treatment or soil application, variations/increases in the chemical properties of the soil were observed, viz., pH (8.08 to 8.28), electrical conductivity (EC) (0.72 to 0.75 d S m−1), organic carbon (OC) (0.57 to 0.68 %), available soil nitrogen (SN) (155 to 315 kg/ha), soil phosphorus (SP) (7.87 to 24.91 kg/ha), soil potassium (SK) (121.29 to 249.42 kg/ha), and soil enzymes (urease (0.73 to 7.33 µg urea hydrolyzed g−1 soil h−1), acid and alkaline phosphatase (0.09 to 1.39 and 0.90 to 1.78 µg of p-nitrophenol released g−1 soil h−1), and dehydrogenase (0.14 to 16.44 mg triphenyl formazan (TPF) produced g−1 soil h−1)), compared to untreated soil. Treatment of seeds with the consortium of four native bioagents resulted in a significant increase in plant height (39.16%), the number of panicles (30.29%), and average grain yield (41.36%) over control plants. Under controlled conditions, the bioagent-treated plants showed a 69.37% reduction in stem rot disease. The findings of this study indicate a positive correlation between soil properties (pH, EC, OC, SN, SP, SK, and soil enzymes) and plant growth (shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight) as well as a highly negative association of soil properties with stem rot disease severity. The results suggest that using native bioagents as a management strategy can control stem rot disease and enhance crop productivity, while reducing reliance on chemical management. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of sustainable agricultural practices that maximize productivity by minimizing negative environmental impacts, which promotes soil health, plant growth, and disease management. © 2023 by the authors.
Deciphering the complex signaling networks in phytophthora infected plants: Insights into microbiome interactions and plant defense mechanisms
(Elsevier Masson s.r.l., 2025) Rameshkumar Arutselvan; Sumit Kumar; A. U. Akash; Kothur Greeshma; Sushmita Suman Sinha; Amjada S. Khan; Kalidas Pati; Vijay Bahadur Singh Chauhan; K. Hanume Gowda; Sulekha Pradhan; Muthulekshmi Lajapathy Jeeva; Syamala Swayamvaran Veena; Thangaraj Makeshkumar; Mukesh Kumar Meena; Balakrishnan Geetha Sangeetha; Kuttumu Laxminarayana; Maniyam Nedunchezhiyan
Phytophthora species are destructive plant pathogens that cause severe economic losses in agriculture and natural ecosystems, known for their rapid spread through soil and water and resistance to conventional control methods. Understanding the complex signaling networks activated in plants during Phytophthora infection is crucial for developing effective management strategies. This review summarizes research findings on Phytophthora-plant interactions, with special emphasis on Phytophthora-plant microbiome interactions. Initially, molecular mechanisms involved in the plant response to Phytophthora infection are discussed, further emphasizing key signaling pathways activated by Phytophthora in host plants. The role of phytohormones in imparting resistance to Phytophthora infections is explored in depth. Additionally, the interaction and effects of Phytophthora and the plant immune system with the plant microbiome are examined, highlighting how these interactions facilitate disease and/or aid in plant defense. Various biotechnological approaches for enhancing plant resistance to Phytophthora, including recent technologies like CRISPR-Cas systems, are also reviewed. The conclusion addresses the need for further research into signaling networks within Phytophthora-plant-microbiome interactions and their future implications for crop protection. © 2025 Elsevier Masson SAS
Defense Inducers Mediated Mitigation of Bacterial Canker in Tomato through Alteration in Oxidative Stress Markers
(MDPI, 2022) Ruchi Tripathi; Karuna Vishunavat; Rashmi Tewari; Sumit Kumar; Tatiana Minkina; Ugo De Corato; Chetan Keswani
The bacterial canker disease of tomato caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) has been reported to adversely affect the tomato cultivation in the NE hilly regions of India. Defense inducers such as salicylic acid (SA), isonicotinic acid (INA), benzothiadiazole (BTH) and lysozyme were used as prophylactic and curative sprays at different concentrations to test their efficacy in inducing resistance in tomato plants against Cmm under protected conditions. The induced resistance was studied through the alteration in the activities of oxidative stress marker enzymes (PAL, PO, PPO, TPC and PR-2 protein), hydrogen peroxide formation in leaf tissues and lignin accumulation in stem tissues, as well as through the reduction in disease severity under glasshouse conditions. The results of the present study revealed that the enzymatic activity, hydrogen peroxide formation and lignin production were significantly higher in the BTH (500 ppm)-treated leaves than in those observed in the control. The lowest disease incidence was recorded when BTH was applied as a prophylactic spray (27.88%) in comparison to being applied as a curative spray (53.62%), thereby suggesting that a defense inducer, BTH, shows antibacterial activity against Cmm, reduces disease incidence severity and induces defense responses in the tomato plant. © 2022 by the authors.
Development of a new rhodamine 6G based probe and its application as an optical sensor of Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions: A comprehensive experimental and Theoretical studies
(Elsevier Inc., 2024) Pawan Kumar Sada; Amanpreet Kaur Jassal; Amit Bar; Prabhat Kumar; S. Srikrishna; Sumit Kumar; Alok Kumar Singh; Youngil Lee; Laxman Singh; Abhishek Rai
A new rhodamine appended probe 3-allyl salicylaldehyde rhodamine hydrazone (RGAL) has been synthesized and thoroughly characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, as well as single crystal XRD. The optical properties of RGAL were investigated in 10 mM HEPES buffer in H2O:CH3CN (2:8, v/v, pH=7.2) in the presence of various cations. RGAL showed selectivity and sensitivity towards Cu2+ during absorption process and “turn on” behavior towards Fe3+ during emission study owing to the opening of a spirolactum ring. The detection limits for Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions using RGAL were determined to be 6.15 ppm and 4.75 ppm, respectively. The binding constant of RGAL with Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions was found to be 1.20 × 104 M−1 and 1.71 × 104 M−1, respectively. Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint analysis of RGAL provides the in-depth analysis of pairwise interaction between two atoms. Furthermore, the topological analysis of RGAL is performed using NCI, AIM, ELF and LOL analysis. The analysis provides information about O78-H79…N71 and C40-H41…O77 hydrogen bonding interactions in the monomer of RGAL whereas various inter- and intra- molecular interactions give strength to the dimer pattern of RGAL. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Dual Trichoderma consortium mediated elevation of systemic defense response against early blight in potato
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022) Sumit Kumar; Ram Chandra; Lopamudra Behera; Chetan Keswani; Estibaliz Sansinenea
The annual crop loss caused due to phytopathogens is a serious problem affecting food security. To overcome the losses due to phytopathogens, the application of toxic pesticides is the only alternative but pose a serious threat to human and environmental health. Hence, more eco-friendly and sustainable approaches for efficient management of phytopathogens are urgently required. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum as single as well as in consortium for elevating the systemic defense response and growth promotion activities in potato challenged with early blight pathogen Alternaria solani. The percent of mycelial inhibition of A. solani by T. viride (91.88%) and T. harzianum (80.11%) was recorded and compared with control. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations revealed the collapsed hyphae and sunken conidia of A. solani due to antagonistic activity of T. viride and T. harzianum. Induction of defense enzymes including total phenolic content (TPC), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total protein content was increased 3.19, 3.72, 1.99 and 2.5 folds, respectively in consortia of Trichoderma spp. treated plants as compared to pathogen infected plants at 48 hapi. HPLC analysis demonstrated higher production free poly-phenolic compounds during combined application of Trichoderma spp. treated potato plants in the response of A. solani infection. This study demonstrates that the consortium of Trichoderma spp. is effective in elevating the host defense response by modulating the activities of phenylpropanoid derivatives, pathogenesis related proteins (PR-proteins), enzymes of oxidative stress network, and growth parameters in potato challenged with the early blight pathogen, A. solani. © 2021, Koninklijke Nederlandse Planteziektenkundige Vereniging.
Effect of rheological models on pulsatile hemodynamics in a multiply afflicted descending human aortic network
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Sumit Kumar; B.V. Rathish Kumar; S.K. Rai; Om Shankar
In the cardiovascular diseased (CVD) conditions, it is essential to choose a suitable rheological model for capturing the correct physics behind the hemodynamic in the multiply afflicted diseased arterial network. This study investigates the effect of blood rheology on hemodynamics in a blood vessel with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and right internal iliac stenosis (RIIAS). A model with AAA and RIIAS is reconstructed from a human subject’s computed tomography (CT) data. Localized mesh generation and pulsatile inflow condition are considered. Non-Newtonian models such as the Power-law, Carreau, Cross, and Herschel Berkley models are used in simulations. The outcome from a validated computational model is compared with the Newtonian model to identify the suitable model for dealing with pathological complications under consideration. The capabilities and significance of various rheological models are also examined via Wall Pressure (WP), Wall Shear Stress (WSS), velocity, Global non-Newtonian importance factor (IG), Vorticity Streamlines, and Swirling Strength. It is noted that during the entire cardiac cycle, the IG factor of the cross model is found to be relatively more significant. Power Law depicts larger IG factor during peak systole and early diastole. Also, the cross model depicts larger WSS, WPS, swirling strength distribution and vorticity during the peak systolic and diastolic phases It is noted that IG ∼0.02 is an appropriate non-Newtonian blood activity cut-off value in the descending abdominal artery having AAA and RIIAS. The critical important WSS values are in the range of 0–9 Pa which is stated in WSS contour plot. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Endophytes: Rendering Systemic Resistance to Plants
(Springer, 2022) Diptanu Datta; Lopamudra Behera; Vallabhaneni Tillak Chaudhary; Sumit Kumar; Kartikay Bisen
Endophytes are those microorganisms that live throughout the life cycle of a plant without causing noticeable negative signs. As endophytes are known to induce resistance in plants and can also suppress phytopathogens, they can be used as a replacement for harmful chemicals. Mostly endophytes establish a symbiotic or commensal relationship with plants, thereby benefitting the latter in terms of nutrition, growth, and disease resistance. Endophytes are known to induce plant hormones, the key chemical constituents that provide tolerance against a number of abiotic and biotic stresses. Endophytes induce resistance in plants and also inhibit phytopathogens by producing several bioactive molecules, defense-related enzymes, PR proteins, siderophores, hyper parasitism, antibiosis, and through induced systemic resistance. Different bioformulations on endophytic fungi and bacteria have yielded promising results in the management of diseases. After reviewing the work done on endophytes, it could be concluded that in the era of sustainable agriculture, endophytes opened a new venture in terms of eco-friendly disease management. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Enhanced corrosion resistance of low alloy steel in NaCl environment using 3-substituted chromone derivatives in epoxy coatings
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Meenakshi Sharma; Meenakshi Thakran; Rakesh Kumar Tiwari; Gautam Kumar; Vinod Prasad Singh; Suman Lata; Sumit Kumar
This study investigates the corrosion-controlling impact of newly synthesized 3-substituted chromone derivatives incorporated as eco-friendly additives in epoxy coatings to improve the corrosion resistance of low alloy steel (LAS) exposed to a corrosive 3.5 % NaCl solution. This is the first time, as far as we know, that such a chromone-based compound has been investigated for use in coatings, marking a significant advancement from traditional toxic corrosion inhibitors to environmentally benign alternatives. The novel chromone derivates were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FT-IR. 3-substituted chromone derivates were applied to LAS substrates and evaluated for their corrosion protection using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques(PDP) at 298 K at various concentrations (0.25 %, 0.50 %, and 1.00 %), where 0.25 wt% were identified as an optimized concentration for all compounds. Furthermore, EIS and potentiodynamic polarization studies of the various formed coatings also revealed that 0.25 % of (E)‑prop-2-yn-1-yl 3-(7‑hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl) acrylate (MSC-5) was the most optimized coating, with an outstanding protection efficacy of 96.91 % even after 336 h of immersion in a 3.5 % NaCl solution. An improvement attributed to the presence of phenolic -OH in MSC-5 enhanced the adhesion and barrier properties of the coating. Contact angle measurements demonstrated the hydrophobicity order of the BS < Epoxy < MSC < MSC-4 < MSC-5-containing coating and highlighted their efficacy as a moisture-resistant barrier. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and FESEM analyses further illustrated the homogeneous dispersion of MSC-5 within the epoxy matrix, with minimal pores or microcracks, thus contributing to the coating's integrity and corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the protective properties of the coating were reinforced by the donor-acceptor interaction using density functional theory. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Exploring ESIPT Dynamics, Aggregation, and Sensing Applications in Novel Naphthalene-Based Aroylhydrazone Luminophores Functionalized with Electron Donating and Withdrawing Groups
(American Chemical Society, 2025) Aman Rajput; Krishanu Bandyopadhyay; Sharsti Goyal; Sumit Kumar; Harshita Mehar; Satyen Saha; Rajat Walia; Abhineet Verma
Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) luminophores exhibit unique photophysical properties for sensing and optoelectronics. This study examines naphthalene-based aroylhydrazone derivatives (NBH-NH2 and NBH-F) to understand the impact of electron-donating (−NH2) and electron-withdrawing (-F) groups on ESIPT dynamics. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) reveals differences in molecular packing and rigidity, while UV–vis absorption, fluorescence, and excitation-dependent emission studies demonstrate the observable difference in photophysical behavior. Notably, the substituent effects are profound in different DMF/Water percentages, with NBH-NH2 showing Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) and NBH-F displaying Aggregation-Caused Quenching (ACQ). Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations provide insights into electronic structure variations during the ESIPT process. Notably, NBH-NH2 exhibits strong fluorescence and amine-induced spectral shifts, enabling real-time biogenic amine sensing for food spoilage detection. These findings establish a structure–property relationship, offering design principles for ESIPT-based materials in fluorescence sensing, optoelectronics, and food safety applications. © 2025 American Chemical Society
Exploring the Potentiality of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a Prominent Biocontrol Agent: A Comprehensive Overview
(Springer, 2024) Talat Ilyas; Shailesh K. Vishwakarma; Mohammad Shahid; Deepti Malviya; Sumit Kumar; Sachidanand Singh; Parul Johri; Udai B. Singh; Harsh V. Singh
One of the most potential bacteria for plant growth promotion with minimal adverse reactions is Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The plant growth-promoting (PGP) mechanisms of B. amyloliquefaciens have received a great deal of attention since it is a highly effective biofertiliser and biocontrol agent in agriculture. In this work, we studied B. amyloliquefaciens’s PGP processes as well as the present restrictions on its use in agriculture. Primarily, B. amyloliquefaciens can increase the availability of soil nutrients by increasing the delivery of nitrogen, solubilisation of potassium and phosphate, and the production of siderophores. Subsequently, B. amyloliquefaciens can alter the soil microbial community by increasing the accessibility of minerals and enhancing the environment for plant growth. Additionally, B. amyloliquefaciens can also emit hormones and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) linked to plant cell proliferation and root development, which would enhance plants’ ability to absorb nutrients. B. amyloliquefaciens can also help in increasing the plant resistance to biotic stressors caused by soil pathogens by competing for nutrients and functions, creating compounds such cyclic lipopeptides and VOCs that directly combat pathogens and system resistance in the plants. Similar to this, B. amyloliquefaciens inoculation can stimulate plant growth by altering the host plant’s genetic makeup, chemistry, and physical structure to make it more resilient to abiotic stressors. It is additionally suggested that in future research, greater attention should be made to nitrogen absorption processes of plants using improved methodologies in varied soil conditions and locations. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Generalized Inverse Xgamma Distribution: Properties, Estimation and Its Applications To Survival Data
(Thai Statistical Association, 2025) Harsh Tripathi; Abhimanyu Singh Yadav; Mahendra Saha; Sumit Kumar
This article introduces a new form of IXGD called the generalized inverse Xgamma distribution. The proposed model exhibits the pattern of an inverted bathtub type hazard rate and it belongs to the family of positively skewed models. The explicit expressions of some distributional properties, such as, moments, inverse moments, conditional moments, mean deviation, quantile function etc. are derived. To estimate the unknown model parameters as well as survival characteristics, viz., survival function and hazard rate function, we used different estimation procedures, namely, method of maximum likelihood estimation, ordinary and weighted least squares estimation, Cramer-von-Mises estimation and maximum product of spacings estimation. Also, the Bayesian estimation of the same is studied with respect to the squared error loss function. The asymptotic confidence intervals and the Bayes credible intervals of the parameters are computed. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to compare the performances of the proposed methods of estimation in terms of average mean squared errors for the point estimates, average widths and coverage probabilities for interval estimates. Finally, the potential and practical applicability of the proposed model is illustrated through two real life examples. © 2025, Thai Statistical Association. All rights reserved.