Browsing by Author "Sunil Kumar Patel"

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Assessment of flood hazards using morphometric compound factor and hypsometric integral in lower Gandak basin, India
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Sunil Kumar Patel; Parthapratim Ghosh; Dev Sen Gupta; Nidhi Gahlot; Jayanta Das
Catastrophic climate events such as floods significantly impact infrastructure, agriculture, and the economy. The lower Gandak River basin in India is particularly flood-prone, with Bihar experiencing annual losses of life and property due to massive flooding. Identifying flood-prone zones in this region is essential. Recently, geospatial techniques have become vital tools for determining flood-susceptible zones and managing floods. This study uses high-resolution ALOS DEM data to quantitatively analyse various morphometric and morphotectonic characteristics of 35 sub-watersheds (SW1 to SW35) to understand the drainage basin’s hydrological behaviour, particularly during the monsoon season. The compound factor weightage, calculated from morphometric analysis of 17 parameters, identifies flood-susceptible zones. Detailed statistical analysis revealed similarities and dissimilarities between each sub-watershed parameter. Sub-watersheds were classified into highly susceptible (26.24–24.00), moderately susceptible (23.18–21.12), and slightly susceptible (20.94–18.29) categories. Highly susceptible sub-watersheds (2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13) exhibit high erosion potential and greater flood devastation potential. Moderately susceptible sub-watersheds (1, 5, 10, 14, 15, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24, 30, and 34) show lesser flood effects. Slightly susceptible sub-watersheds (3, 16, 18, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, and 35) are less affected. Hierarchical cluster and compound factor analyses confirm that highly susceptible sub-watersheds need higher mitigation measures to minimise impacts on life and livestock. Implementing mitigation techniques across all susceptibility classes is crucial to prevent further loss of human life and livestock. The study’s outcomes have direct implications for effective watershed management. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.
Flood modeling using GIS-based analytical hierarchy process in Gandak river basin of Indian territory
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025) Sunil Kumar Patel; Parthapratim Ghosh; Dev Sen Gupta; Anjanay Kumar
Flood events in recent years have increased as a major catastrophic event and India is listed among top nations in the globe. The Gandak river basin in Indian Territory puts heavy flood situations every year and the present study was done to classify it into flood susceptible zones using analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The AHP was implemented through a series of steps, including the multicollinearity test, creation of a pairwise comparison matrix, the assignment of weights, consistency check, sensitivity analysis and weighted overlay analysis using ArcGIS V.10.5 platform. The Consistency Ratio (CR) values showed perfect consistency when calculated for each thematic parameter as the values were below 0.1 or 10% showing high acceptance for AHP model to run. To attain dependable precision, the study incorporated a substantial number of thematic layers (N = 12 for FSZ) and conducted multicollinearity analysis of these variables to address issues related to high correlation among them using SPSS. For the multicollinearity check, the tolerance value should be greater than 0.1, and the percentage of variance inflation factor (VIF) should be less than 10 for the accuracy evaluation of this test. The AHP was successfully employed in the present area and flood susceptibility zone (FSZ) map generated revealed elevation and slope were dominant factors affecting FSZ map. The map removal sensitivity analysis and single parameter sensitivity analysis described the importance of elevation and slope in the final FSZ map. The high flood susceptibility region mostly lies in the southern part of the study area and percent cover under high and very high is around 44.19% reflecting regions suffering extreme conditions of flood during monsoon season. Very low and low flood zones are situated in northern part of the basin which clearly indicates that slope and elevation are the predominant factors controlling the flood zones. The AUC/ ROC curve value was 83.60%. The current study finds its greater utilization for environmentalists, farmers, agricultural engineers and researchers to carry out sustainable development, and most importantly would help government bodies to regulate remedial measures. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.
Soil Erosion Susceptibility in the Gopad River Basin: An Interactive Geospatial and Statistical Approach for Effective Sub-Watershed Prioritisation
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2025) Anjanay Kumar; Kuldeep Prakash; Prinsi Singh; S. Dasaratha Kumar; Sunil Kumar Patel
Rivers are dynamic hydro-geomorphological systems that shape landscapes, transfer energy, and sustain ecosystems. Although the Gopad River Basin (GRB) is a significant tributary of the Son River in central India, it remains largely underexplored, even as it faces growing pressures from soil erosion, land degradation, and climate variability. Addressing this gap, the present study aims to assess and prioritise erosion-prone sub-watersheds to support sustainable watershed management. An integrated methodology combining morphometric analysis, hypsometric assessment, and principal component analysis-weighted sum approach (PCA-WSA) was employed. Essential morphometric parameters, including drainage density, form factor, bifurcation ratio, and rho coefficient have been recognised as significant indicators of erosion risk. Findings reveal that sub-watersheds 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 16 are critically susceptible to erosion, necessitating urgent soil and water conservation measures. Other sub-watersheds exhibit moderate to low risk, reflecting spatial heterogeneity in erosion vulnerability. The study offers a novel, data-driven, and spatially explicit framework that integrates geomorphometric parameters with statistical optimisation, moving beyond conventional single-method approaches. This contributes significantly to regional watershed planning by enabling targeted resource allocation, evidence-based prioritisation, and improved erosion mitigation strategies, while also providing a transferable framework for comparable basins. © 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.