Browsing by Author "Sunil Kumar Rai"

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A prospective pilot study on serum cleaved tau protein as a neurological marker in severe traumatic brain injury
(Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2017) Sharad Pandey; Kulwant Singh; Vivek Sharma; Deepa Pandey; Ravi Prakash Jha; Sunil Kumar Rai; Richa Singh Chauhan; Royana Singh
Objective: Neurotrauma has been labelled as a “silent epidemic” affecting both the developed and the developing nations. To date, no single brain-specific biomarker has been unanimously accepted for routine clinical use in TBI. Our study aims to determine the correlation of “cleaved-tau protein” in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at the time of admission, mode of injury, CT findings and outcome at discharge. Methods: The study has been approved by the institutional ethical committee. 40 cases with severe TBI and 40 randomly selected healthy controls were included in this prospective study. Venous blood samples were collected and serum cleaved tau protein levels were measured and correlated with gender, mode of injury, CT findings GCS score and GOS score at discharge. Results: In the severe TBI group, the mean serum cleaved tau protein levels in males were 91.65 ± 41.34 pg/ml (mean ± S.D.), and females were 104.43 ± 53.08 pg/ml (mean ± S.D.), (p = 0.27). Mean serum C-tau level in study group was 95.48 ± 44.87 pg/ml (range 36.44-192.34), 95% C.I. (81.13–109.83) and in controls was 33.82 ± 13.65 pg/ml (range 2.48–66.54), 95% C.I. (29.46–38.19) (p < 0.001). The distribution of serum C-tau was in severe TBI group varied in all categories of GCS at 0th day (p < 0.001). Serum cleaved tau protein levels in the good outcome group were 74.26 ± 25.43 pg/ml (mean ± S.D.), range 36.44–144.54, 95% C.I. (63.52-85.00) and the poor-outcome group were 127.32 ± 49.40 pg/ml, range 66.65–192.34, 95% C.I. (100.99-153.64) (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In severe TBI, serum cleaved tau protein levels were significantly higher as compared to the controls in this prospective study. However, results of this study are preliminary in nature and there is a need to undertake larger prospective studies to reach a definitive conclusion. © 2017 The Neurosurgical Foundation.
An excellent stable fluorescent probe: Selective and sensitive detection of trace amounts of Hg+2 ions in natural source of water
(Elsevier B.V., 2017) Ranjana Singh; Sunil Kumar Rai; Manish Kumar Tiwari; Anurag Mishra; Ashish K. Tewari; Phool Chand Mishra; Ranjan K. Singh
The fluorescent and stable aqueous solution of 3-Cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridone (CDPy) has been used as a probe for selective detection of Hg+2 ions in natural river water. The fluorescence intensity of the probe was reduced on adding Hg+2 ions. The DFT and TD-DFT confirmed that the reduction in fluorescence intensity occurred due to excited state charge transfer between the CDPy molecule and Hg+2 ions. This procedure can be used to detect Hg+2 ions up to a detection limit ∼0.41 μM. It is reproducible with excellent stability (∼10 weeks) and applicable in a wide linear range (3–231 μM). © 2017
Āyurvedic Psychotropic Drugs (Medhya Rasayan Drugs) and Their Effect on Manovaha Srotas
(CRC Press, 2024) Jasmeet Singh; Nanki Singh; Sneh Shalini; Sunil Kumar Rai; Garima Malik; Rinki Kumari; G.P. Dubey
The ancient system of Āyurveda (science of life) offers a holistic approach to mental health that integrates the mind, body, and soul. Āyurvedic theory of health is based on tridoṣa (primary life forces or biological humours). The five elements (pancamāhabhūta) combine in pairs to constitute the three doṣas-Vāta (ether and air), Pitta (water and fire), and Kapha (water and earth). The combination of these doṣas inherited at birth indicates an individual’s unique constitution called Prakriti. The dynamic balance of tridoṣas creates health. Ayurveda defines mental health as a state of mental, intellectual, and spiritual well-being. Many of the Āyurvedic medicinal plant drugs, i.e., Medhya Rasayana Drugs, single are compound preparation is being used for mental well-being (brain food) from the ancient period to improve Dhi, Dhṛati, and Smṛati. Manovikāras (diseases of the psyche) can be defined as a group of clinical conditions affecting individuals with Alpasatva (weak psyche). Unmāda (Insanity), Apasmara (epilepsy), Avasāda (Depression), Citto-udvega (anxiety, neurosis), Buddhi Mandāta (Mental Retardation), Atatva-abhineviṣa (obsessive disorders), Madātyaya (intoxication), etc. are the common clinical conditions. There are some psychotropic drugs i.e. Brahmi (Centella asiatica), Aindri (Bacopa monnieri), Āmalakī (Embelica officinale), Vaca (Acorus calamus), Aswagandhā (Withenia somnifera), Sankhapuṣpī (Convolvulus pluralism), Jyotiṣmati (Celastrus paniculatus), Jaṭāmānsī (Nardostachys jatamansi), Tagara (Valeriana wallichii), Yaṣṭimadhu (Glycyrrhiza Alabama), etc. has been used for mental health. This study has been conducted for the description of Mana, Manovaha srotas, its vikara, and treatment by single medicinal plants given in Ayurvedic text with modern review. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Soumya Mukherjee, Akula Ramakrishna, and Atanu Bhattacharjee; individual chapters, the contributors.
Dual role of drugs: beneficial and harmful aspects
(Elsevier, 2018) Sunil Kumar Rai; Ashish Kumar Tewari
Drugs are the compounds used for treatment of diseases; but when found having side-effects such as addiction, there starts their harmful effects on the body, the phenomenon of what is called drug abuse. This chapter is confined to those drugs that were isolated from natural resources or being derived from them, and have their medical applications as well as abuse. We have described from their historical background the chemical and biosyntheses. Herein, we have reviewed amphetamine, charas, cocaine, heroin, and lysergic acid diethylamide in detail. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Epidemiology of Congenital Heart Disease in India
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2015) Ritu Bhardwaj; Sunil Kumar Rai; Abhishek Kumar Yadav; Siddharth Lakhotia; Damyanti Agrawal; Ashok Kumar; Bhagyalaxmi Mohapatra
Objective: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) affect a large number of newborns and account for a high proportion of infant mortality worldwide. There are regional differences in the prevalence and distribution pattern of CHDs. The aim of this study is to estimate the distribution pattern and prevalence of CHDs among the population of north-central India and to compare the results with studies in other regions of the country to get an overview of prevalence of CHDs in India. Design: We carried out a prospective study in the outpatient department of a tertiary care referral center in north-central India. This study was carried out from January 2011 to April 2014, with 34517 individuals being recruited for the study. All patients were examined by chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, and 2D echocardiography. Prevalence rate per 1000 individuals examined was calculated. Relative frequencies of individual CHD types as a proportion of total CHDs were also calculated. Results: Out of 34517 individuals examined, 661 were diagnosed with CHDs, giving a prevalence of 19.14 per 1000 individuals. The most common defect was ventricular septal defect (33%), followed by atrial septal defect (19%) and tetralogy of Fallot (16%). The majority of CHD cases (58%) diagnosed were between 0 and 5 years of age. The prevalence of CHDs in adults was 2.4 per 1000 individuals in this cohort, with atrial septal defect (44.5%) being the most frequent defect. Conclusion: The prevalence of CHDs in our cohort was high, possibly because of the power of the diagnostic methods we used and the inclusion of all age groups. Adults with CHDs may significantly contribute to the prevalence of CHDs in the next generation, and this needs to be considered when estimating prevalence rates. Although several small regional studies have been carried out in India, there is an urgent need to establish a nationwide registry/database for congenital heart defects. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimation of real COVID-19 cases in India during the first wave
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Prajjval Pratap Singh; Sunil Kumar Rai; Gyaneshwer Chaubey
In 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread across the world within a few months. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had a devastating effect on humanity, with social and economic consequences. The continents of Europe and America have been hit the hardest. However, there has also been a huge loss of life in India, with the country having the fourth highest number of total deaths worldwide. Nevertheless, the infection and death rates per million and the case fatality ratio in India are substantially lower than those in many developed nations. Several explanations for this have been proposed, including genetics. Mathematical modelling has suggested that the actual number of infections is much higher than the number of reported cases. Therefore, to understand the dynamics of actual infection and the population-level immunity against SARS-CoV-2, a serosurvey (antibody testing) was performed among 2301 individuals in urban regions of 14 districts in six states of India. A notable outcome of this study was that a large proportion of the Indian population had an asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. The real infection rate in India was several fold higher than the reported number of cases. Therefore, a large number of people in the country have developed SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. In this survey, the seroprevalence (frequency antibody-positive) varied between 0.01 (95% CI 0.002–0.054) and 0.477 (95% CI 0.392–0.563), suggesting a high variability in viral transmission between the states and the possibility of future waves. In this study population, the frequency of asymptomatic infection was highest in the younger age groups. It was also found that the numbers of cases reported by the government were several-fold lower than the real incidence of infection. It is likely that the high number of asymptomatic cases was the main driver of this discrepancy. © 2023 The Author(s)
Genetics and distribution of fertility restoration associated RAPD markers in inbreds of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
(2007) Sanjeet Kumar; Vineeta Singh; Major Singh; Shubha Rai; Sanjeev Kumar; Sunil Kumar Rai; Mathura Rai
Experiments were conducted to study genetics of fertility restoration and to examine distribution of RAPD markers (OPW19800 and OPP131400) linked with fertility restoration gene (Rf) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) inbreds. Forty-two hot and five sweet pepper inbreds were crossed on a cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) line CCA-4261 and F1s were evaluated for fertility restoration under open field conditions. DNA of 5 plants of CCA-4261 and individual plants of 47 inbreds was isolated and PCR reaction was performed using OPW19 and OPP13 primers. The results revealed that most of the hot pepper lines posses Rf gene. The Rf gene associated two markers, viz., OPW19800 and OPP131400 were not frequently distributed in the restorer inbred lines because presence of marker bands often does not coincide with the presence of Rf gene identified in many restorer inbreds. The case specific applications of both the RAPD markers have been described. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PRUNE is crucial for normal brain development and mutated in microcephaly with neurodevelopmental impairment
(Oxford University Press, 2017) Massimo Zollo; Mustafa Ahmed; Veronica Ferrucci; Vincenzo Salpietro; Fatemeh Asadzadeh; Marianeve Carotenuto; Reza Maroofian; Ahmed Al-Amri; Royana Singh; Iolanda Scognamiglio; Majid Mojarrad; Luca Musella; Angela Duilio; Angela Di Somma; Ender Karaca; Anna Rajab; Aisha Al-Khayat; Tribhuvan Mohan Mohapatra; Atieh Eslahi; Farah Ashrafzadeh; Lettie E. Rawlins; Rajniti Prasad; Rashmi Gupta; Preeti Kumari; Mona Srivastava; Flora Cozzolino; Sunil Kumar Rai; Maria Monti; Gaurav V. Harlalka; Michael A. Simpson; Philip Rich; Fatema Al-Salmi; Michael A. Patton; Barry A. Chioza; Stephanie Efthymiou; Francesca Granata; Gabriella Di Rosa; Sarah Wiethoff; Eugenia Borgione; Carmela Scuderi; Kshitij Mankad; Michael G. Hanna; Piero Pucci; Henry Houlden; James R. Lupski; Andrew H. Crosby; Emma L. Baple
PRUNE is a member of the DHH (Asp-His-His) phosphoesterase protein superfamily of molecules important for cell motility, and implicated in cancer progression. Here we investigated multiple families from Oman, India, Iran and Italy with individuals affected by a new autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorder in which the cardinal features include primary microcephaly and profound global developmental delay. Our genetic studies identified biallelic mutations of PRUNE1 as responsible. Our functional assays of disease-associated variant alleles revealed impaired microtubule polymerization, as well as cell migration and proliferation properties, of mutant PRUNE. Additionally, our studies also highlight a potential new role for PRUNE during microtubule polymerization, which is essential for the cytoskeletal rearrangements that occur during cellular division and proliferation. Together these studies define PRUNE as a molecule fundamental for normal human cortical development and define cellular and clinical consequences associated with PRUNE mutation. © The Author (2017).
Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Toxicity of Melatonin-Loaded Poly (D,L-Lactic Acid) Nanoparticles (Mel-PLA-Nanoparticles) and Its Putative Use in Osteoporosis
(Springer Singapore, 2020) Somenath Ghosh; Sunil Kumar Rai; Chandana Haldar; Ravi S. Pandey
Melatonin-loaded PLA nanoparticles are nowadays important in biological system for its biodegradable nature for targeted drug delivery. Hence, aim of the study is to note applicability and toxicity of Mel-PLA nanoparticles in osteoporosis. Different concentrations of melatonin and PLA were prepared by dissolving in dichloromethane (DCM). The final dried nanoparticles were used for structural analysis by SEM, TEM, and FTIR. Toxicity and immunological impact of nanoparticles were evaluated on rats: Control and nanoparticle treated (n = 5/group) for 7 days. Afterward animals were sacrificed and blood, liver, and kidney were collected. A fraction of blood was processed for TLC, DLC, and %LC, and the remaining was centrifuged at 3000x g at 4 °C for 30 min. Separated plasma was used for measurements of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, urea, creatinine, and BUN. Both plasma and tissue homogenates were used for AST, ALT, ACP, and ALP estimations. We noted significantly high (p < 0.05) levels of TLC, DLC, %LC and IL-2, and TNF-α upon treatment. The rest of the parameters were found to be significantly low (IL-6, IL-1β, AST, ALT; p > 0.05) or unaffected (IFN-γ, ACP, and ALP). From our preliminary study, we may conclude that we have synthesized Mel-PLA nanoparticles and their effects were nontoxic to animals. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.
Unusual reverse face-to-face stacking in propylene linked pyrazole system: Perspective of organic materials
(Springer New York LLC, 2015) Sunil Kumar Rai; Priyanka Srivastava; Hariom Gupta; Maria Del C. Puerta; Pedro Valerga; Ashish Kumar Tewari
Flexible dimers 1, 2, and 3 of "pyrazole" derivatives linked with propylene spacer are synthesized and conformational stability in solid, solution, and gaseous states is studied through single crystal X-ray diffraction, 2D NOESY,and DFT, respectively. The folded conformation of compound 2 is stable in all three states and X-ray diffraction evince that molecule is intramolecularly stacked in reverse face-to-face manner. TEM image of compound 2 exhibits rigid hollow nanospikes with high tendency to form agglomerates. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.