Browsing by Author "T.K. Banerjee"

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A cytochemical study of the 'chloride cells' in the skin of a fresh water teleost (Channa striata (Bl.) Channidae, Pisces)
(1975) T.K. Banerjee; A.K. Mittal
[No abstract available]
A histochemical study of the epidermal keratinization in the skin of a fresh water teleost Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) (Sisoridae, Pisces)
(1974) A.K. Mittal; T.K. Banerjee
[No abstract available]
A histochemical study of the epidermis of the climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (anabantidae, pisces)
(1980) S.K. Agarwal; T.K. Banerjee; A.K. Mittal
A histochemical investigation has been made to localize and characterize various lipid, protein, carbohydrate and enzyme constituents present within the different cell types of the epidermis of Anabas testudineus. The polygonal cells contain glycogen, the amount of which gradually increases as the cells move towards the surface until they reach the most superficial layer where the amount of glycogen slightly decreases indicating the metabolically active state of these cells. The basal cells, which frequently undergo cell proliferation, contain no glycogen. The polygonal cells give strong reactions for SDH, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol esters and nonsulphated acid mucopolysaccharides, moderate reactions for acidic lipids, phospholipids and free cholesterol and weak reactions for neutral mucopolysaccharides, protein bound NH2 groups, mucoprotein, tyrosine, tryptophan and cysteine bound sulphydryl groups. These cells in the outermost layer give stronger reactions for acidic lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol esters and weaker reactions for SDH and alkaline phosphatase activities. The above findings reveal that the polygonal cells remain metabolically active throughout the epidermis. The mucus cells are numerous and secrete a mixture of neutral mucopolysaccharides, sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides and nonsulphated acid mucopolysaccharides. The contents of the sacciform granulated cells are mainly proteins. A thick coat of slime over the body surface containing mucopolysaccharides, lipids and proteins is important in keeping the skin moist and may facilitate the survival of the fish while it is on land. The melanophores in the epidermis play an important role in preventing the colonization by parasites, fungi and bacteria over the body surface, and act as macrophages.
A study on carbohydrate moieties of gills and air-breathing organs of the walking catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) following exposure to arsenic
(2009) A.K. Singh; T.K. Banerjee
The chronic sublethal (1 ppm) effects of an arsenic (As) salt, disodium arsenate heptahydrate (DSA) was examined on the carbohydrate moieties of the gills and air-breathing organs (ABO) of the walking catfish Clarias batrachus Linn. The glycogen content increased quantitatively in the gills during initial stages followed by a decrease after 7 days and throughout treatment. The fall was significant after 30-45 days exposure. This was also accompanied by an increase followed by a decrease in mucogenic activity of the gills. Glycoproteins (GPs) along with the mucous cells stained strongly for carboxylic groups and O-sulfated esters. Unlike the gills, the air-breathing organs showed an increase in glycogen content that surpassed the level of untreated control fish after prolonged exposure. The data indicate that As disturbed aerial respiration after chronic exposure. Mucogenic activity in the air-breathing organs fell markedly and always remained below the level of untreated control fish. Similar to the gills, the air-breathing organs also showed a strong affinity for GPs containing carboxylic groups and O-sulfated esters. © 2009 Taylor & Francis.
Acute toxic effects of mercuric chloride on the mucocytes of the epithelial lining of the accessory respiratory organ and skin of the air breathing catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).
(1992) M.T. Rajan; T.K. Banerjee
Acute toxicity of 0.3 ppm mercuric chloride on the mucocytes of the branchial diverticulum and skin of Heteropneustes fossilis results in cyclic increases followed by decreases in the density, area occupancy and volume at different intervals of exposure. The alterations in the two tissues do not follow the same path perhaps due to different modes of action of the mercury salt: The skin comes under direct contact effects, while the branchial diverticulum may be affected by hormonal imbalance caused by a stress effect.
Ammonium sulphate induced stress related alterations in the opercular epidermis of the live fish Heteropneustes (Saccobranchus) fossilis (Bloch)
(1996) V.I. Paul; T.K. Banerjee
Histopathological analysis of the sublethal toxicity induced by 0.2 g/l (10% of 96 h LC50 value) of the inorganic fertilizer ammonium sulphate to the outer and inner opercular epidermis of Heteropneustes fossilis has been made. Density and dimension of the goblet mucous cells (MCs) of the outer opercular epidermis increase enormously in the initial stages of exposure. Perinuclear vacuoles appear in the necrotic epithelial cells (ECs) which also bear pyknotic nuclei before their shedding at several stages of treatment. The club cells also exhibit great vacuolization. The damage becomes more extensive in later stages of exposure when severe wear and tear of the epidermis take place. The inner opercular lining however does not show such massive necrotic changes. Hyperplasia of the ECs and great vacuolization at various stages of exposure are the main histopathological alterations.
Ammonium sulphate induced stress related alterations in the respiratory epithelium of the airbreathing organ of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 1996) V.I. Paul; T.K. Banerjee
In this paper, histopathological changes in the inner lining of the accessory respiratory organ of Heteropneustes fossilis following exposure to sublethal concentration (0-2 gl-1) of ammonium sulphate (3mgl-1 total ammonia-N) has been described. The goblet cells show periodic increased followed by decreased secretory activities. Necrosis and shedding of the epithelial cells over the secondary lamellae cause periodic haemorrhages which lead to degeneration and decreased number of secondary lamellae. Subsequently regeneration takes place each time as evidenced by the appearance of inflammatory tissue. Fusion of more than one secondary lamellae is also common. Regeneration also leads to uncontrolled hyperplasia of haphazardly arranged epithelial cells. This hyperplasia causes increased distance of respiratory blood-air barrier in the secondary lamellae, leading to impaired normal aerial respiration.
Arsenic induced hematological and biochemical responses in nutritionally important catfish Clarias batrachus (L.)
(Elsevier Inc., 2016) Randhir Kumar; T.K. Banerjee
The impact of sublethal toxicity of sodium arsenite on hematological and certain biochemical parameters of the fresh water catfish Clarias batrachus has been analyzed following exposure of sublethal concentration (1 mg/L; 5% of LC50 value) of sodium arsenite for 10, 30, 45, and 60 days. Arsenic bioaccumulation in the blood tissue of the fish increased progressively with increased period of exposure. The values of total erythrocyte count (TECs), total leucocytes count (TLCs), hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume (PCV) 1.40 ± 0.03 × 106/mm3, 174.83 ± 2.74 × 103/mm3, 5.01 ± 0.26 g/100 ml, 25.00 ± 1.06 were observed respectively at the end of 60 days of exposure. The results of hematological indices were found to be 179.23 ± 8.81fl/cell for mean corpuscular volume (MCV), 35.92 ± 1.89 pg/cell for mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and 20.17 ± 1.12 g/dl for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The present findings are clearly indicating severe fish anemia due to the arsenic salt exposure. The continued arsenic toxicity results in decreased serum protein concentration that might be a cause for the loss of weight as well as weakness in the fish. © 2016.
Contamination of metals in different tissues of rohu (labeo rohita, cyprinidae) collected from the Indian River Ganga
(2013) Huma Vaseem; T.K. Banerjee
In the present paper, accumulation of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) was determined in different tissues (skin, muscles, liver, gills, kidney and brain) of rohu (Labeo rohita) collected from the River Ganga in Varanasi, India. Concentrations of Cu (except gills), Fe and Cr (except brain for Cr) in most of the tissues were above the permissible safe limits for human consumption suggested by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO 1983). Concentrations of all metals were higher in River Ganga fish than those from the University fish farm. With the exception of Zn in skin, muscle and brain tissue, the studied metals were bioaccumulated in all tissues. The total metal accumulation or metal pollution index was highest in liver (20.8 ± 0.50) followed by kidney (16.8 ± 0.44), gills (15.2 ± 0.15), muscles (12.1 ± 0.08), skin (10.5 ± 0.53) and brain (7.0 ± 0.02). © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.
Contamination of the River Ganga and its toxic implication in the blood parameters of the major carp Labeo rohita (Ham)
(2013) Huma Vaseem; T.K. Banerjee
A field study was conducted to examine different physicochemical properties of water and various haematological and biochemical parametres of the fish Labeo rohita collected from the Ganga River (National river of India) at Varanasi district, India. The water was found to be greatly contaminated with a number of dissolved metals (Fe, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb) whose concentrations were above the safe limits suggested by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS 1991) for drinking water (Fe, 1,353.33 %; Cr, 456 %; Mn, 553.33 %; Ni, 4,490 % and Pb, 1,410 %). The metal accumulation in the fish blood was very high (Fe, 2,408 %; Cr, 956.57 %; Zn, 464.90 %; Cu, 310.57 %; Mn, 1,115.48 %) in comparison to the control fish maintained under strict quality control. Lower values of the various haematological parameters (total erythrocytes count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and O2-carrying capacity) in the river fish in comparison to the control indicate toxic manifestation exerted by the contaminated river water on the fish. The higher level of total leucocytes count further illustrates stressed condition of the river fish. The toxic impact of the Ganga water is also expressed in the fish by the presence of higher levels of cholesterol, glucose, elevated activities of the enzymes aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase, and lowered protein concentration. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Decontamination of coal mine effluent generated at the Rajrappa coal mine using phytoremediation technology
(Taylor and Francis Inc., 2017) Kalpana C. Lakra; B. Lal; T.K. Banerjee
Toxicity of the effluent generated at the Rajrappa coal mine complex under the Central Coalfields Limited (CCL, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited) in Jharkhand, India was investigated. The concentrations (mg L−1) of all the toxic metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Cd) in the coal mine effluent were above the safe limit suggested by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 2003). Among these, Fe showed the highest concentration (18.21 ± 3.865), while Cr had the lowest effluent concentration (0.15 ± 0.014). Efforts were also made to detoxify the effluent using two species of aquatic macrophytes namely “‘Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes.” After 10 days of phytoremediation, S. molesta removed Pb (96.96%) > Ni (97.01%) > Cu (96.77%) > Zn (96.38%) > Mn (96.22%) > Fe (94.12%) > Cr (92.85%) > Cd (80.99%), and P. stratiotes removed Pb (96.21%) > Fe (94.34%) > Ni (92.53%) > Mn (85.24%) > Zn (79.51%) > Cr (78.57%) > Cu (74.19%) > Cd (72.72%). The impact of coal mine exposure on chlorophyll content showed a significant decrease of 42.49% and 24.54% from control values in S. molesta and P. stratiotes, respectively, perhaps due to the damage inflicted by the toxic metals, leading to the decay of plant tissues. © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Efficacy of phytoremediation technology in decontaminating the toxic effluent released during recovery of metals from polymetallic sea nodules
(Springer Verlag, 2015) Huma Vaseem; T.K. Banerjee
Efficacy of phytoremediation using two macrophytes Azolla pinnata and Lemna minor in decontaminating the toxic effluent released during recovery of metals from polymetallic sea nodules was analysed by applying fish bioassay. The economically important fish, L. rohita, was exposed to both, the Azolla-phytoremediated effluent (APE) and Lemna-phytoremediated effluent (LPE) for assessment of metal bioaccumulation (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd) and alterations in biochemical (proteins, lipids, glycogen, cholesterol, AST (aspartate amino transferase), ALT (alanine amino transferase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) composition of various tissues. Accumulation of metals (e.g. Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe) decreased in most of the tissues exposed to both the phytoremediated effluents perhaps due to decontamination of metals by the two macrophytes. The significantly recovered concentrations of different biomolecules included glycogen, lipids, cholesterol and proteins. The activities of three marker enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) in phytoremediated effluent-exposed fish also decreased due to lowering of the toxicity of the decontaminated effluents achieved by phytoremediation. The improvement in different biomolecules and reduction in metal concentration in the fish tissues were better in APE exposed fish. However, their concentrations in both the phytoremediated effluent-exposed fish failed to reach the levels of control fish. This study points towards the efficacy of phytoremediation in detoxification of metal-contaminated effluents often released following industrial activities. © 2015, The Author(s).
Enzymes in the epidermis of a fresh-water teleost Barbus sophor (Cyprinidae, Pisces). pisces). A histochemical investigation
(1979) S.K. Agrawal; T.K. Banerjee; A.K. Mittal
[No abstract available]
Estimation of acute toxicity of ammonium sulphate to the fresh water catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis I. Analysis of LC50 values determined by various methods.
(1993) T.K. Banerjee
The acute toxic effects of ammonium sulphate to fresh-water catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (H. fossilis) have been studied by determining LC50 values with 95% confidence limits, by the graphic method, the logistic method, the Spearman and Karber method and the trimmed Spearman-Karber method. The trimmed Spearman-Karber method was found the most ideal for ammonium salt toxicity test. The flaws in the trimmed Spearman-Karber method are also discussed.
Estimation of acute toxicity of ammonium sulphate to the fresh-water catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. II. A histopathological analysis of the epidermis.
(1993) T.K. Banerjee; V.I. Paul
The toxicity of 4000 ppm (96 h LC50 value) of the inorganic fertilizer ammonium sulphate on the epidermis of Heteropneustes fossilis (H. fossilis) at different intervals of time has been studied. The destruction induced by the ammonium salt is massive. Secretion of a copious amount of slime from the goblet mucous cells leading to the exhaustion and/or shedding and subsequent disappearance is perhaps the first reaction to the toxicity of the irritant. Later, the polygonal epithelial cells of the outermost layer show cyclic stages of necrosis and sloughing followed by their regeneration and repair. The contents of the club cells show enormous shrinkage and condensation with subsequent replacement of their areas with a hazy substance. In the earlier stages of exposure, regeneration takes place quickly, side by side with the degenerative changes at different stages of experimentation. Later after 8 to 10 d, the degenerative changes slow down and the epidermis appears identical to that of the normal skin. Goblet mucous cells also showed several cyclic increases followed by decreases in number and activity.
Estimation of sublethal toxicity of zinc chloride by histopathological analysis of fish (Heteropneustes fossilis, Bloch) epidermis
(1997) S. Hemalatha; T.K. Banerjee
The effect of zinc chloride on the outer (OE) and inner (IE) opercular epidermis of Heteropneustes fossilis has been investigated. The main toxicopathological alterations of the OE include extensive intercellular as well as intracellular vacuolization and hyperplasia of the epithelial cells (ECs) with regular exfoliation of round or globular ECs from the skin surface. Splitting of the epidermis from the junction of the outermost (OL) and middle layers (ML) leading to the lifting of the OL is sometimes also noticed. The mucous cells (MCs) show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. Extensive vacuolization of the epidermis along with hyperplasia of ECs along with periodic fluctuations in the density and staining behaviour of the MCs are the main alterations observed in the IE. The mucogenic activity of the IE throughout the exposure period remains mostly above the control level. Hence the damage is comparatively less severe. All these histo-pathological manifestations may be considered for their use for testing the quality of variously contaminated water samples.
Evaluation of pollution of Ganga River water using fish as bioindicator
(Springer International Publishing, 2016) Huma Vaseem; T.K. Banerjee
Ganga River, life line of millions of people got heavily polluted due to uncontrolled anthropogenic activities. To monitor the effect of pollution of the river on its aquatic life, a field study was conducted by analyzing the different biomarker enzymes and biochemical parameters in the various tissues (muscles, liver, gills, kidney, brain, and skin) of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita collected from the River Ganga from different study sites of Varanasi district. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and level of lipid peroxidation were found to be higher in the fish collected from the river showing pollutant-induced oxidative stress in the fish. Disturbed health status of the river fish was also manifested by increased activities of aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Concentration of nutritionally important biomolecules (proteins, lipids, and moisture) and energy value were also found to be significantly lower in the tissues of the River fish indicating its decreased nutritional value due to oxidative stress caused by different pollutants. © 2016, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Histochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and succinic dehydrogenase activities in the epidermis of the freshwater teleost, Amphipnous cuchia (Hamilton) (Symbranchiformes, Pisces)
(1976) T.K. Banerjee; S.K. Agarwal; A.K. Rai; A.K. Mittal
[No abstract available]
Histochemistry and the functional organization of the skin of a 'live fish' Clarias batrachus (Linn.) (Clariidae, Pisces)
(1975) T.K. Banerjee; A.K. Mittal
[No abstract available]
Histochemistry and the structure of the skin of a murrel, Channa striata (Bloch, 1797) (Channiformes, Channidae). I. Epidermis
(1975) A.K. Mittal; T.K. Banerjee
The functional organization and cytochemistry of the epidermis of an air breathing fish, Channa striata, is described. In the basal cells a dense population of mitochondria, strong alkaline phosphatase, and succinic dehydrogenase activity indicates high metabolic activity. In the outermost layer, polygonal cells showed strong succinic dehydrogenase activity and elaborated sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides and lipids. Mucous cells were also numerous. A new term, 'sacciform granulated cells' is proposed for the 'sacciform cells' or 'granular cells'. The contents of these cells are basic proteins. A thick coat of slime containing mucopolysaccharides, lipids, and basic proteins is probably important in keeping the skin moist for cutaneous respiration, retarding the rate of water loss by evaporation, facilitating burrowing in the mud and swimming movement in water, and protecting the skin from bacterial and fungal attacks. A relatively thin epidermis (32 μm on the general surface, 18 μm at the posterior free margins, and 6 μm below the scales) in conjunction with vascularization of the stratum laxum probably assists cutaneous respiration.