Browsing by Author "Tara Singh"

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A review on dissociative perspective of attention and consciousness
(Gyandhara International Academic Publications, 2019) Aarushi Agarwal; Ajeet Patel; Tara Singh; Trayambak Tiwari; Anju Lata Singh
Purpose of the study: To answer the two existing controversies regarding attention and consciousness as brain processes. 1) Can one be aware of objects or events without attending to it? 2) Can one attend to objects or events without being aware of it? And also how top-down attention and awareness have opposing functions. Methodology: This article is a systematic review of the relationship between visual attention and awareness. An extensive elaborate study on concepts relating to attention and consciousness dissociation has been done. In this article we also narrow it down to experimental design that requires independent manipulation of each. Which include top-down attention and awareness aspect of consciousness? Main Findings: Many researches have been put forward supporting the independent nature of attention from awareness using sophisticated experimental and physiological shreds of evidence. On the other hand, some researches still stick to the contemporary common-sense notion of no awareness no attention. Our evaluation suggests an independent nature of attention and awareness. Application: This article intends to give a clear perspective of the ongoing debate on the relationship between attention and consciousness. Simplification of both umbrella terms will give basis for building more empirical evidence. Novelty: Further, this article put forward studies on both sides of debate aiming to bridge the gap to get a conclusive outlook in the future. © Agarwal et al.
Deprivation, Context, and Processing of Textual Materials
(1993) Tara Singh; C.B. Dwivedi
Levy’s (1983) familiarization and proofreading paradigm was used to examine the context-processing relationship during reading of Hindi textual materials. Sixty high- and 60 low-deprived male students in Classes 11 and 12 were asked to proofread error-filled passages of easy and difficult text. Familiarity was manipulated by presenting error-free versions of the passages to some subjects but not to others for a single reading before their actual proofreading. Familiar passages were processed faster than unfamiliar passages irrespective of students’ deprivation and passage difficulty. Slow processing was recorded for highly deprived subjects and for easy passages. Faster processing was associated with higher error detection and higher short-term retention scores, whereas the opposite was true for slower processing. Familiarity enhanced short-term retention, suggesting some involvement of conceptually driven process even after familiarization. Findings are discussed in light of interactive processing models of reading. © 1993 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Effect of aerobic exercise on reaction time during vigilance task performance
(Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 2017) Naveen; Tarun Mishra; Trayambak Tiwari; Indramani Lal Singh; Anju L. Singh; Tara Singh
Physical exercise has been linked to mental health benefits. However, little is known about how physical exercise affects cognitive functioning. Results obtained from laboratory studies on the effect of physical exercise on cognitive performance has been inconsistent. The present study examined the effect of different level of aerobic exercise on visual vigilance task performance. Thirty three male participants in the age range of 19 to 24 years participated in this study. A 3 (Exercise Protocols: No exercise, 7 minutes, 14 minutes) ×4 (Time Periods: Four 10 minutes block) mixed factorial design with repeated measure on the last factor was used. The analysis of variance results revealed a significant difference between vigilance task performance of the groups (p = 0.001). The performance of the group with 14 minutes exercise protocol was more inhibited than the performance of the groups with 7 minutes and no exercise. The findings have been discussed in terms of resource depletion theory of Kahneman (1973). © 2016 Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology.
Effect of Emotional Valence on Working Memory of Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES) Patients
(Georg Thieme Verlag, 2022) Priyesh K. Singh; Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia; Sujeet Pratap; Trayambak Tiwari; Vijay N. Mishra; Tara Singh
Background ?The present study investigated how emotional valence influenced the working memory of patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) as compared to healthy individuals. Methods ?Emotional-N-Back task (E-N-back task) was administered to 15 PNES patients and equal number of healthy individuals. A 2 × 3 one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Correct detection (accuracy) and reaction (RT) time were recorded as behavioral performance measures. Results ?The ANOVA result of correct detection (accuracy) measure revealed significant difference in the performance of patients with PNES as compared with healthy individual, F (2, 48) = 17.08, p = 0.001. However, on the measure of reaction time (RT), both groups performed equally and there was no significant difference, F (2, 48) = 1.13, p = 0.33. Also the results of present study showed that patients with PNES are quicker in identifying unpleasant picture stimuli, which is evident from their mean comparison: unpleasant (M = 65.55, SD = 15.66), pleasant (M = 58.22, SD = 20.03), and neutral (M = 45.11, SD = 23.13). Conclusion ?Conclusively, the finding of the present study shows a significant effect of emotional valence on working memory of patients with PNES on the measure of correct detection (accuracy), but not for second measure, i.e., reaction time this clearly reveals that patients with PNES are poor at emotional-cognitive integration, specifically at working memory level. © 2022 Georg Thieme Verlag. All rights reserved.
Effects of task load and cue validity on simultaneous sustained attention search task performance
(Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 2018) Tarun Mishra; Naveen; T. Tiwari; Indramani L. Singh; Rakesh Pandey; Tara Singh; A.L. Singh
The present study aimed to examine the effect of task load on visual search sustained attention task performance. Cue works as a signal and may facilitate or deteriorate the performance. These effects depend on cue validity and its temporal properties. Present study used cue validity to observe the effect of cue on participant’s performance. Ninety participants were randomly assigned into different experimental conditions. A 2 (Task load: High and Low event rate) X3 (Cue validity: Valid, Invalid and Neutral) X4 (time block: 10 minutes each) mixed factorial design with repeated measure on the last two factors was used. Correct detection, incorrect detection and reaction time were recorded as performance measures to analyze sustained attention task performance. Results revealed that correct detection and perceptual sensitivity was higher under low task load condition in comparison to high task load condition. Moreover, response latency was found better under low task load condition than high task load. Ample evidences have proven that attentional tasks are resource demanding, when the temporal load of task increases it works as a catalyst to diminish our ability to perform on task. The present study holds promises to counter such decrement with the help of cue. © Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology.
Exploring relationship between attention and consciousness using dual-task paradigm
(LED Edizioni Universitarie, 2020) Aarushi Agarwal; Ajeet Patel; Tara Singh; Trayambak Tiwari; Anju Lata Singh
The ongoing debate on distinctiveness of attention and consciousness form decades claims that some form of awareness exist even in absence of attention. To testify this claim dual-task paradigm has been recreated for independent manipulation of top-down attention and awareness. While the subject are engaged in an attentional demanding central letter task, for awareness periphery task consisting gist of the natural scene, animal image and gender were presented for discrimination for less than 100ms. The subject performed in both single-task and dual-task conditions. After an adequate amount of training, stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was determined for all subjects individually. After final testing we can conclude that attention and consciousness are distinct phenomena. Subject could discriminate natural scene and animal images both in coloured and greyscale with performance as high as 90% correct judgement, while in gender discrimination the performance was moderately low around 70-80%. © 2020 Edizioni Universitarie di Lettere Economia Diritto.
The relation of text structure to context processing during reading
(1994) Tara Singh; C.B. Dwivedi
Following Levy's (1983) familiarization and proofreading paradigm, we investigated the effect of familiarization, type of reading unit, and content type on text processing. Young adults (N = 120) were asked to process storied and normal Hindi passages presented in Devanagari script, as well as scrambled passages that contained errors that were either normally spaced or not spaced at all. Better processing and short-term retention were evident when passages retained interword spaces than when interword spaces were omitted. Text processing required more time under the familiarization condition and informed error detection in spaced passages. The processing speed decreased from storied, to scrambled, to normal passages. Thus, the contextual inducement of familiarization and passage structure implies that conceptually driven processes are the preferred units of processing in reading and word meaning. © 1994 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Various techniques used to diagnose psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): A brief overview
(Institute of Medico-Legal Publications, 2019) Priyesh Kumar Singh; Naveen; Tara Singh; Vijay N. Mishra; Rameshwar N. Chaurasia; Trayambak Tiwari
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) mimic epilepsy with multiple biopsychosocial etiology without involment of cortical activity as in epilepsy. Till date professionals are facing problems in its basic categorization which creates is a big challenge in its diagnosis. Although video-encephalography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of PNES, but it is restricted due to its cost and availability issues. Therefore, professional use other techniques like semiological details: ictal and post-ictal observation, psychological measure, neuro-physiological measures, induction proctols and bio-chemical markers etc. These techniques or procedures are having their own limitation. This paper will provide a brief overview of possible diagnostic procedure involved in PNES diagnosis. © 2019, Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.
Verbal episodic memory in young hypothyroid patients
(Medknow Publications, 2017) Vatsal Priyadarshi Pandey; Tara Singh; S.K. Singh
Context: Hypothyroidism affects cognitive functions especially memory. However, most of the previous studies have generally evaluated older hypothyroid patients and sample size of these studies varied in terms of age range. Aims: To see whether hypothyroidism affects memory in young patients. Settings and Design: The sample consisted of 11 hypothyroid patients with an age of 18-49 and 8 healthy controls matched on age and education. Subjects and Methods: Verbal episodic memory was assessed using Hindi adaptation of Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Statistical Analysis Used: An independent t-test was used to see the difference between mean performance of the patient group and healthy control on memory measures. Results: Results indicated nonsignificant difference between verbal episodic memory of patient group and healthy controls. Conclusions: On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that hypothyroidism may not affect younger patients in terms of episodic verbal memory the same way as it does in the older patients. © 2017 Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.