Browsing by Author "Udai Shanker"

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A Journey from Commit Processing in Distributed Databases to Consensus in Blockchain
(IEEE Computer Society, 2022) Kamal Kant; Sarvesh Pandey; Udai Shanker
Blockchain Technology (BT) is a futuristic data management technology that eliminates the intermediary/ third-party/central authority as it is operated over a peer-to-peer network running cryptographic protocols. It is tamper-proof as it utilizes a cryptographic hash feature. Some other features, it offers, are transparency, security, inalterability, immutability, and decentralization; these features of the BTs have acquired the wide attention of the computing research community. While a transaction is occurring between two parties, it ensures that the trust is a consensus-driven built-in technology component instead of relying on a third party for the same. With the help of a consensus algorithm, the newly generated block is appended at the end of the already existing chain. In this paper, a thorough analysis of the various blockchain consensus algorithms is conducted including their benefits and drawbacks. Finally, it enlists the challenges and opportunities in designing blockchain consensus algorithms. Further, it proposes an idea for designing a blockchain consensus algorithm and concludes the discussion. © 2022 IEEE.
A Priority Inheritance Centered Locking Protocol for DRTDBS
(Springer, 2023) Sarvesh Pandey; Udai Shanker
In distributed real-time applications, the static 2 Phase Locking with High Priority (S2PL-HP) protocol may resolve data conflict(s) among transactions executing concurrently. S2PL-HP is virtuously free from the priority inversion that may arise due to executing–executing conflict—both the transactions in the execution phase. However, its performance may degrade because of other problems, i.e., cyclic restart and unnecessary abort, starvation of transactions of longer length, and system resource wastage. We propose a new Priority Inheritance (PRIN) centered locking protocol to resolve the above problems. PRIN checks the wastage of system resources by preventing cyclic restart and unnecessary abort using the priority inheritance approach. It is also free from deadlock and reduces the effects of lengthy transaction starvation. The system performance is measured using the transaction miss percentage metric. We developed the simulator to assess the performance of the proposed protocol; the results confirm that our system, PRIN, achieves 1.05 ×–1.23 × performance improvement over the state-of-the-art systems. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Addressing Blockchain Efficiency: A Study on Super Node-Based Consensus Mechanisms
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Kamal Kant; Sarvesh Pandey; Udai Shanker
The success of applying blockchain technology for transaction processing is based on a consensus mechanism to be utilized. The new solutions for the same are being reported and claiming to fix or overcome it. However, the reported consensus protocols are not capable enough to serve the purpose adequately because the majority of widely used blockchain platforms purposefully exclude metrics like delay and throughput, which are essential for the efficiency of consensus protocols. Therefore, this paper discusses blockchain fundamentals, consensus mechanisms, their variants, and our super node concept is discussed, and we perform extensive experiments and our analysis preliminary results indicate that as the number of nodes increases, the throughput increases rapidly. © 2024 IEEE.
Blockchain transaction processing: Challenges and resolutions
(CRC Press, 2025) Kamal Kant; Sarvesh Pandey; Udai Shanker
This paper delves into the transformative shift from traditional databases to blockchain technology motivated by challenges such as tampering and central control inherent in databases. Traditional databases (e.g., relational databases) are structured in rows and columns while blockchain is structured as a chain of blocks secured through cryptographic primitives. Blockchain technology has paved the way for developing more practical solutions with its features, which include decentralization, security, and immutability etc. We introduce traditional databases and blockchain technology focusing on the shift towards the later. A emphasis is also placed on the pivotal role of consensus, a notable divergence that renders blockchain unique. Furthermore, we discuss key consensus algorithms, their challenges, and the opportunities they present. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Anurag Tiwari and Manuj Darbari.
On Developing Framework for Schedulable Priority-Driven Systems: A Futuristic Review
(Springer, 2023) Sarvesh Pandey; Udai Shanker
Over time, systems’ real-time data access requirements evolved, e.g., Real-Time Systems and Real-Time Database Systems and their variants. Assigning priorities to tasks/transactions in such a system has always been a critical decision as it forms a basis for allocating the limited number of shared resources optimally. This survey article studies the resource scheduling mechanisms of such systems. For resource scheduling, a priority is assigned to the smallest execution unit of the application, depending on the underlying scenario. The already existing resource scheduling algorithms are compared to make future recommendations – further exploration of all such unresolved open priority assignment policy-related problems is critical. Finally, we identify some new target technologies where one could foresee the future possibility of integrating custom-designed priority assignment policies. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Preface
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Sarvesh Pandey; Udai Shanker; Vijayalakshmi Saravanan; Rajinikumar Ramalingam
[No abstract available]
STEP: A Concomitant Protocol for Real Time Applications
(Springer, 2022) Sarvesh Pandey; Udai Shanker
In distributed real-time database system, utilizing a priority inheritance mechanism may help in reducing the priority inversion duration of a conflicting (and waiting) high priority transaction. However, mere integration of the priority inheritance scheme with classic 2PC is not enough and may lead to performance degradation. The two main problems that arise because of such integration are considerably longer ‘Priority-Inherit’ message dissemination time and extra message overhead. In addition, the explosion of priority inheritance events in the system might lead to the increased miss percentage for high-priority transactions. To address the above-mentioned problems, a Sophisticated Time and message utilization centered Priority inheritance (STEP) concomitant protocol is designed which brings down the overhead (time & message) by simply requiring of single round intelligent message transfer and eliminates priority de-boosting part of the general priority inheritance mechanism. Moreover, it also keeps a check on the no. of priority inheritance events occurrences with the help of real-time monitoring of priority inversions’ percentage in the system and thereby makes sure that high priority transaction miss percentage does not increase in an uncontrolled manner. The extensive performance study suggests that STEP protocol performs considerably well compared to the existing state-of-the-art protocols. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.