Browsing by Author "V. Gupta"

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A clinico-radiological appraisal of stylagia
(1979) V. Mohan; I. Singh; V. Gupta; J.P. Gupta
Six proved cases of stylagia are presented as regards their clinical presentation and diagnosis. A modified technique for taking antero-posterior and lateral views of skull for proper visualisation of the styloid process is recommended. The literature is reviewed briefly.
A study of bone marrow failure syndrome in children
(Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd, 2008) V. Gupta; S. Tripathi; T.B. Singh; V. Tilak; B.D. Bhatia
Background: Bone marrow failure syndrome (BMFS), or aplastic anemia, includes peripheral blood single cytopenias, as well as pancytopenia due to inability of the marrow to effectively produce blood cells. Aim: To study the clinico-hematological profile and etiological factors of bone marrow failure syndrome in children. Setting and Design: This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Pediatrics of a university teaching hospital over 36 months. Materials and Methods: Children with pancytopenia (Hb < 10 g/dl, absolute neutrophil count < 1.5 × 109/L, platelet count < 100 × 109/L) and bone marrow cellularity < 25% were included in the study. History of exposure to drugs, socioeconomic status, ethnicity and occupation of father were noted. Bone marrow aspiration; trephine biopsy; Ham test; viral studies for hepatitis A, B and C; and cytogenetic investigations were carried out. Statistical Analysis: Relative risk was estimated by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) in matched cases and controls. Results: Of the 53 children studied, 6 (11.3%) were diagnosed as Fanconi anemia. Two cases had features of myelodysplastic syndrome. Forty-five children were labeled as acquired aplastic anemia, of whom one had evidence of hepatitis B infection and two patients (5.8%) had paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Aplastic anemia was more common in children from family with lower socioeconomic status; in Muslims; and where the father's occupation was weaving, dyeing and painting. However, the number was small to make statistically significant conclusions. No correlation could be established with exposure to drugs. Conclusion: Fanconi anemia was responsible for approximately one-tenth of the cases of bone marrow failure syndrome. Majority of the patients had acquired aplastic anemia. Hepatitis B infection was an uncommon cause of acquired aplastic anemia.
A study of clinico-haematological profiles of pancytopenia in children
(2008) V. Gupta; S. Tripathi; V. Tilak; B.D. Bhatia
We report on the clinico-haematological profile of pancytopenia in children from the Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India, over a period of 30 months. Pancytopenia was defined as: haemoglobin <10 g/dL, absolute neutrophil count 1.5 × 109/L and platelet count <100 × 109/L. A detailed history, clinical examination and haematological parameters were recorded. Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy were carried out in all cases. One hundred and five cases aged 1.5–18 years, with a mean age of 8.6 years, were included in the study. Aplastic anaemia was the most common cause of pancytopenia (43%) followed by acute leukaemia (25%). Infections were the third most common cause of pancytopenia of which kala azar was the most common. Megaloblastic anaemia was seen in 6.7%. © 2008, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.
Abdominal tuberculosis with autoimmune hemolytic anemia
(The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2005) V. Gupta; B.D. Bhatia
An eight-year-old male child presented with progressive distension of abdomen, fever, pallor and jaundice with a history of tubercular contact. Investigations were suggestive of abdominal tuberculosis with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The child responded well to a course of oral steroids with antitubercular treatment. A literature search did not reveal any previous case report of an association between tuberculosis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Authors' reply [6]
(The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2006) V. Gupta; B.D. Bhatia
[No abstract available]
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
(2008) V. Gupta; J. Shukla; B.D. Bhatia
Objective. To study the clinico-hematological profile and treatment outcome in children suffering from auto immune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Methods. Twelve children were diagnosed with auto immune hemolytic anemia over a period of four years. Direct antiglobulin test was positive in all the cases. Other causes of hemolytic anemia like thalassemia syndromes, hereditary spherocytosis, G6PD deficiency were excluded by appropriate tests. The children were followed up for 6 months to 4 years. Results. The age ranged from 7 mth to 9 yr with a mean age of 4.51 yr. All patients had pallor as the presenting complaint followed by splenomegaly (83.3%), jaundice (66.7%), fever (50%) and bleeding manifestations (16.7%). 9 patients had primary disease and 3 had secondary disease. Tubercular infection was seen in 2 patients with secondary disease. Jaundice was seen equally in both the groups. Oral prednisolone produced remission in 83.3% cases. 4 patients (3 in primary and one in secondary group) had relapse after initial response. All responded to a second course of steroids but had subsequent relapses and developed a chronic course. Conclusion. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is an uncommon cause of hemolytic anemia in children. Tubercular infection is an underlying pathology in cases of secondary autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Although oral steroids induce remission in most of the cases, relapses are common. © 2008 Dr. K C Chaudhuri Foundation.
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis
(The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2005) V. Gupta; M. Kumar; B.D. Bhatia
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare cause of cholestasis in children. The disease may start in infancy or early childhood. Jaundice persists or recurs throughout life but does not lead to chronic liver disease or cirrhosis. Treatment is mostly symptomatic. The condition has not been reported in Indian children. We report an interesting case of BRIC in a 9-year-old boy who had recurrent episodes of jaundice since when he was 1 yr old.
Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis in children.
(1991) S.K. Gupta; V. Gupta
[No abstract available]
Correlation between clinical features and degree of immunosuppression in HIV infected children
(2008) D. Agarwal; J. Chakravarty; S. Sundar; V. Gupta; B.D. Bhatia
We conducted this study to find out correlation of CD4% with clinical status in 102 HIV infected antiretroviral naïve children. Mean age of presentation was 4.8 years. Perinatal transmission was the commonest mode of transmission (94%). Fever (53%), chronic diarrhea (36%), and cough (29%) were the commonest presenting symptoms. Protein energy malnutrition was seen in 56.7% of children. 33.3% children were asymptomatic, whereas 45.1% were in WHO clinical stages III and IV at the time of presentation. The most common opportunistic infection was tuberculosis. CD4% correlated significantly with the deterioration of the WHO clinical stages (P<0.01) and increasing grades of protein energy malnutrition (P<0.05).
Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Current concepts
(2008) R. Kumar; V. Gupta
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired disorder in which normal hemostatic balance is disturbed. There is excessive thrombin formation leading to fibrin deposition in microcirculation and consequent ischemic organ damage. The etiology is multifactorial. A number of medical, surgical, oncological and obstetrical conditions can cause DIC. The diagnosis is essentially clinical supported by laboratory parameters and a scoring system based on these. The mainstay of treatment is correction of underlying cause and hemostatic support with replacement of coagulation factors. The role of heparin therapy and other therapeutic options including activated protein C, antithrombin III etc. have also been discussed. © 2008 Dr. K C Chaudhuri Foundation.
Dyskeratosis congenita
(2008) V. Gupta; B.D. Bhatia
[No abstract available]
Erratum: Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (The Lancet (2016) 388(10053) (1775–1812)(S0140673616314702)(10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2))
(Elsevier B.V., 2017) N.J. Kassebaum; R.M. Barber; L. Dandona; S.I. Hay; H.J. Larson; S.S. Lim; A.D. Lopez; A.H. Mokdad; M. Naghavi; C. Pinho; C. Steiner; T. Vos; H. Wang; T. Achoki; G.M. Anderson; M. Arora; S. Biryukov; J.D. Blore; A. Carter; D.C. Casey; M.M. Coates; M. Coggeshall; D.J. Dicker; E. Dossou; T. Fleming; M.S. Fraser; J. Friedman; N. Fullman; N. Graetz; J. Hancock; C. Huynh; M. Iannarone; L. Kemmer; X.R. Kulikoff; M.J. Kutz; P.Y. Liu; N. Marquez; A. Misganaw; M.D. Mooney; M. Moradi-Lakeh; M. Ng; G. Nguyen; A. Pain; K.A. Shackelford; N. Silpakit; A. Sligar; J.M. Smith; R.J.D. Sorensen; S.E. Vollset; J.A. Wagner; T. Wolock; Y. Zhao; M. Zhou; C.J.L. Murray; B.E. Ebel; N.D. Futran; K.M. Harun; Z.A. Bhutta; M.I. Nisar; N. Akseer; P. Jeemon; R. Dandona; S. Goenka; G.A. Kumar; P.W. Gething; D. Bisanzio; A. Deribew; C. Cooper; R. Ali; D.A. Bennett; V. Jha; K. Rahimi; Y. Kinfu; G.V.S. Murthy; Y. Li; S. Liu; L. Wang; X. Liang; S. Yu; P. Azzopardi; K.B. Gibney; A. Meretoja; C.E.I. Szoeke; K. Alam; S.M. Colquhoun; R.G. Weintraub; T. Wijeratne; R. Lozano; I.R. Campos-Nonato; J.C. Campuzano; H. Gomez-Dantes; H. Lamadrid-Figueroa; F. Mejia-Rodriguez; J.C. Montañez Hernandez; P. Montero; G.A. Mensah; J.A. Salomon; A.L. Thorne-Lyman; O.N. Ajala; T. Bärnighausen; E.L. Ding; M.S. Farvid; J.R.A. Fitchett; A.A. Abajobir; L.D. Knibbs; R. Lalloo; N.K.M. Alam; Y. Guo; K.H. Abate; T.T. Gebrehiwot; A.T. Gebremedhin; K.M. Abbas; F. Abd-Allah; M.A. Abdallat; A.M. Abdulle; S.F. Abera; Y.A. Melaku; F.H. Tesfay; A.F. Aregay; T.A. Bayou; B.D. Betsu; M. Gebremedhin; A.A. Gebru; G.B. Hailu; T. Tekle; A.Z. Yalew; H.G. Yebyo; V. Aboyans; I. Abubakar; R.W. Aldridge; A. Banerjee; N.M. Aburmeileh; A.O. Adebiyi; A.L. Adelekan; F.A. Ojelabi; I.A. Adedeji; A.K. Adou; K.A. Afanvi; A. Badawi; A. Agarwal; A. Agarwal; A Ahmad Kiadaliri; T.F. Akinyemiju; D.C. Schwebel; J.A. Singh; Z. Al-Aly; K. Alam; A.H. Kemp; J. Leigh; A.B. Mekonnen; D. Alasfoor; S.F. Aldhahri; A.S. Terkawi; S. Alhabib; A. Alkerwi; F. Alla; R. Al-Raddadi; U. Alsharif; E Alvarez Martin; N. Alvis-Guzman; A.T. Amare; L.G. Ciobanu; G.A. Tessema; T. Setegn; A. Amberbir; A.K. Amegah; A.A. Kudom; W. Ammar; H.L. Harb; S.M. Amrock; H.H. Andersen; R.M. Antoine; C.A.T. Antonio; E.J.A. Faraon; J. Ärnlöv; A. Larsson; V.S. Arsic Arsenijevic; A. Barac; A. Artaman; H. Asayesh; S. Atique; E.F.G.A. Avokpaho; A. Awasthi; B.P. Ayala Quintanilla; U. Bacha; M.C. Bahit; K. Balakrishnan; S.L. Barker-Collo; S. Mohammed; S. Basu; Y.T. Bayou; S. Bazargan-Hejazi; J. Beardsley; N. Bedi; T. Bekele; M.L. Bell; B.J. Biroscak; J.J. Huang; I.S. Santos; I.M. Bensenor; P.A. Lotufo; A. Berhane; C.D. Wolfe; E. Bernabé; A.S. Beyene; S. Biadgilign; B. Bikbov; A.A. Bin Abdulhak; E. Bjertness; A.S. Htet; M. Brainin; A. Brazinova; M. Majdan; J. Shen; N.J.K. Breitborde; T.S. Brugha; Z.A. Butt; R. Cárdenas; S. Fereshtehnejad; M. Kivipelto; E. Weiderpass; R. Havmoeller; S. Sindi; C.A. Castañeda-Orjuela; C.A. Castañedaorjuela; R.E. Castro; F. Catalá-López; F. Cavalleri; V. Colistro; H. Chang; J. Chang; L. Chavan; C.E. Chibueze; V.H. Chisumpa; C.C. Mapoma; F. Masiye; J.J. Choi; R. Chowdhury; D.J. Christopher; M. Cirillo; L.T. Cooper; T. Dahiru; A. Damasceno; H. Danawi; A.H. Refaat; J Das Neves; D. De Leo; R.P. Dellavalle; K. Deribe; A.D. Hailu; W. Tefera; A.Z. Giref; T. Jibat; G Temam Shifa; D.C. Des Jarlais; S.D. Dharmaratne; M. Dubey; M.H.U. Rahman; U. Ram; A. Singh; A.K. Yadav; C.L. Ellingsen; M. Savic; V. Skirbekk; I. Elyazar; S.P. Ermakov; S. Soshnikov; B. Eshrati; F. Farzadfar; A. Kasaeian; F. Pishgar; A. Esteghamati; N. Hafezi-Nejad; S. Sheikhbahaei; A. Khosravi; R. Malekzadeh; G. Roshandel; S.G. Sepanlou; V. Rahimi-Movaghar; T.A. Farid; A.R. Khan; C.S.E.S. Farinha; A. Faro; J.C. Fernandes; F. Fischer; N. Foigt; E.B. Franca; R.C. Franklin; T. Fürst; A. Majeed; K. Gambashidze; K. Kazanjan; M. Kereselidze; I. Khonelidze; M. Shakh-Nazarova; L. Sturua; A. Gamkrelidze; T. Gebre; J.M. Geleijnse; M. Giroud; M.D. Gishu; A.K. Tura; E. Glaser; P. Gona; A. Goodridge; S.V. Gopalani; A. Goto; H.C. Gugnani; R. Gupta; V. Gupta; O.F. Norheim; R.R. Hamadeh; S. Hamidi; A.J. Handal; G.J. Hankey; S. Harikrishnan; H.W. Hoek; M. Horino; N. Horita; H.D. Hosgood; D.G. Hoy; G. Hu; H. Huang; I. Huybrechts; K.M. Iburg; B.T. Idrisov; V.J. Iyer; K.H. Jacobsen; N. Jahanmehr; M.B. Jakovljevic; M. Javanbakht; A.U. Jayatilleke; S.H. Jee; D.K. Lal; S. Zodpey; G. Jiang; Y. Jiang; J.B. Jonas; Z. Kabir; R. Kamal; C.N. Kesavachandran; J. She; H. Kan; A. Karch; D. Karletsos; A. Kaul; N. Kawakami; K. Shibuya; J.F. Kayibanda; D.S. Kazi; P.N. Keiyoro; A.P. Kengne; C.S. Wiysonge; K. Sliwa; A. Keren; Y.S. Khader; E.A. Khan; Y.H. Khang; S. Won; J. Khubchandani; Y.J. Kim; Y. Kokubo; S. Kosen; P.A. Koul; A. Koyanagi; S. Krishnaswami; B Kuate Defo; B Kucuk Bicer; H. Lam; Q. Lan; D.O. Laryea; R. Leung; S.E. Lipshultz; J.D. Wilkinson; E.P. Simard; Y. Liu; M.R. Phillips; Q. Xiao; B.K. Lloyd; R. Lunevicius; D. Pope; S. Ma; H Magdy Abd El Razek; W. Marcenes; P.A. Meaney; D.J. Margolis; M.B. Marzan; A.J. Mason-Jones; T.T. Mazorodze; A. Mehari; M.M. Mehndiratta; S.M. Woldeyohannes; B.A. Tedla; Z.A. Memish; W. Mendoza; T.J. Meretoja; F.A. Mhimbira; T.R. Miller; E.J. Mills; N. Mohamed Ibrahim; K.A. Mohammad; A. Mohammadi; G.L.D. Mola; L. Monasta; M. Montico; L. Ronfani; J.D. Monis; A.R. Moore; M. Moradilakeh; L. Morawska; R.E. Norman; R. Mori; A. Werdecker; U.O. Mueller; R. Westerman; S. Murthy; F. Pourmalek; J.B. Nachega; A.J. Paternina Caicedo; S. Seedat; B.X. Tran; A. Naheed; L. Naldi; G. Remuzzi; D. Nand; V. Nangia; D. Nash; S. Neupane; J.N. Newton; F.N. Ngalesoni; P. Nguhiu; Q.L. Nguyen; M. Nomura; L. Nyakarahuka; C.M. Obermeyer; F.A. Ogbo; I. Oh; P.R. Olivares; B.O. Olusanya; J.O. Olusanya; J.N. Opio; E. Oren; E. Ota; A.S. Oyekale; P.A. Mahesh; N. Papantoniou; V. Stathopoulou; E. Park; H. Park; S.B. Patten; V.K. Paul; A. Roy; R. Sagar; M. Satpathy; D.M. Pereira; M. Cortinovis; N. Perico; K. Pesudovs; M. Petzold; J.D. Pillay; S. Polinder; M. Qorbani; A. Rafay; S.U. Rahman; R.K. Rai; C.L. Ranabhat; T. Rangaswamy; P.V. Rao; S. Resnikoff; D. Rojas-Rueda; G.M. Ruhago; B.F. Sunguya; M.M. Saleh; J.R. Sanabria; M.D. Sanchez-Niño; R. Sarmiento-Suarez; B. Sartorius; M. Sawhney; M.I. Saylan; I.J.C. Schneider; D.A.S. Silva; E.E. Servan-Mori; M.A. Shaikh; R. Sharma; M. Shin; S. Yoon; R. Shiri; K. Shishani; I. Shiue; I.D. Sigfusdottir; D.G.A. Silveira; J.I. Silverberg; Y. Yano; O.P. Singh; P.K. Singh; V. Singh; S. Soneji; J.B. Soriano; L.A. Sposato; C.T. Sreeramareddy; K. Stroumpoulis; S. Swaminathan; B.L. Sykes; R. Tabarés-Seisdedos; K.M. Tabb; R.T. Talongwa; M. Tavakkoli; B. Taye; A.Y. Endries; G. Temam Shifa; A.J. Thomson; R. Tobe-Gai; R. Topor-Madry; J.A. Towbin; Z. Tsala Dimbuene; S. Tyrovolas; K.N. Ukwaja; O.A. Uthman; T. Vasankari; N. Venketasubramanian; F.S. Violante; S.K. Vladimirov; V.V. Vlassov; S. Weichenthal; M. Wubshet; G. Xu; B. Yakob; P. Yip; N. Yonemoto; M.Z. Younis; C. Yu; Z. Zaidi; M.E. Zaki; H. Zeeb; L.J. Zuhlke
GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388: 1775–812—In this Article, an extra affiliation has been added for Simon I Hay. The affiliation for Monica Cortinovis has been edited. The funding statement for Simon I Hay has been added. These corrections have been made to the online version as of Jan 5, 2017. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
(Elsevier Ltd, 2016) H. Wang; T.M. Wolock; A. Carter; G. Nguyen; H.H. Kyu; E. Gakidou; S.I. Hay; W. Msemburi; M.M. Coates; M.D. Mooney; M.S. Fraser; A. Sligar; H.J. Larson; J. Friedman; A. Brown; L. Dandona; N. Fullman; J. Haagsma; I. Khalil; S.S. Lim; J. Mikesell; A.H. Mokdad; M. Moradi-Lakeh; K. Pearson; BS Silpakit; MPH Sorensen; A.M. Temesgen; S.E. Vollset; L. Zoeckler; C.J.L. Murray; R. Alfonso-Cristancho; K.M. Harun; D.M. Prokop; E.J. Mills; A. Trickey; O.N. Ajala; T. Bärnighausen; E.L. Ding; M.S. Farvid; A.L. Thorne-Lyman; S. Won; J.R.A. Fitchett; J. Salomon; A.A. Abajobir; D.G. Hoy; N.K.M. Alam; K.H. Abate; T.T. Ghiwot; A.T. Gebremedhin; K.M. Abbas; M.M. Abd El Razek; F. Abd-Allah; A.M. Abdulle; S.F. Abera; Y.A. Melaku; F.H. Tesfay; G.Y. Abyu; T.A. Bayou; B.D. Betsu; A.A. Gebru; G.B. Hailu; T. Tekle; A.Z. Yalew; H.G. Yebyo; I. Abubakar; R.W. Aldridge; L.J. Abu-Raddad; N.M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; A.O. Adebiyi; I.A. Adedeji; A.L. Adelekan; F.A. Ojelabi; K. Adofo; A.K. Adou; T.F. Akinyemiju; D.C. Schwebel; J.A. Singh; N. Akseer; F.H. Al Lami; Z. Al-Aly; K. Alam; R.G. Weintraub; P.P. Chiang; A. Meretoja; A.D. Lopez; T. Wijeratne; T.R. Driscoll; A.H. Kemp; J. Leigh; A.B. Mekonnen; C.K. Karema; D. Alasfoor; S.F.S. Aldhahri; A.S. Terkawi; M.A. Alegretti; A.V. Aleman; Z.A. Alemu; C. Cooper; A. Deribew; P.W. Gething; R. Ali; D.A. Bennett; D. Bisanzio; K. Rahimi; A. Alkerwi; F. Alla; R.M.S. Al-Raddadi; M.Y. Saeedi; U. Alsharif; E. Alvarez; N. Alvis-Guzman; A.T. Amare; H.W. Hoek; A.K. Tura; L.G. Ciobanu; G.A. Tessema; A. Amberbir; A.K. Amegah; W. Ammar; H.L. Harb; S.M. Amrock; C.A.T. Antonio; P. Anwari; J. Ärnlöv; A. Larsson; A. Artaman; H. Asayesh; R.J. Asghar; R. Assadi; S. Atique; L.S. Atkins; E.F.G.A. Avokpaho; A. Awasthi; E. Bhatia; B.P. Ayala; U. Bacha; A. Badawi; A. Barac; A. Basu; Y.T. Bayou; S. Bazargan-Hejazi; J. Beardsley; N. Bedi; I.S. Santos; I.M. Bensenor; P.A. Lotufo; A.S. Beyene; Z.A. Bhutta; M.I. Nisar; S. Biadgilign; B. Bikbov; S.M. Birlik; M. Brainin; A. Brazinova; M. Majdan; N.J.K. Breitborde; E. Oren; M. Burch; Z.A. Butt; J.C. Campuzano; I.B. Heredia-Pi; E.E. Servan-Mori; R. Cárdenas; S. Fereshtehnejad; M. Kivipelto; E. Weiderpass; J.J. Carrero; R. Havmoeller; S. Sindi; C.A. Castañeda-Orjuela; J. Castillo Rivas; F. Catalá-López; R. Tabarés-Seisdedos; H. Chang; J. Chang; L. Chavan; W. Chen; M. Chibalabala; V.H. Chisumpa; C.C. Mapoma; F. Masiye; P. de Jager; M. Petzold; J.J. Choi; Y. Khang; D.J. Christopher; S. Mohammed; T. Dahiru; S.A. Damtew; K. Deribe; G. Temam; P. Jeemon; R. Dandona; S. Goenka; G.A. Kumar; D.K. Lal; G.V.S. Murthy; S. Zodpey; J. das Neves; D.M. Pereira; D. De Leo; L. Degenhardt; R.P. Dellavalle; D.C. Des Jarlais; S.D. Dharmaratne; P.P. Doshi; K.E. Doyle; M. Dubey; M.H.U. Rahman; U. Ram; A.K. Yadav; Y.M. Elshrek; I. Elyazar; A.Y. Endries; S.P. Ermakov; B. Eshrati; A. Esteghamati; N. Hafezi-Nejad; S. Sheikhbahaei; F. Farzadfar; A. Kasaeian; R. Malekzadeh; G. Roshandel; S.G. Sepanlou; V. Rahimi-Movaghar; M. Yaseri; I.D.A. Faghmous; S.M. Langan; M. McKee; C.S. Farinha; A. Faro; J.C. Fernandes; F. Fischer; N. Foigt; T. Fürst; A. Majeed; F.G. Gankpé; T. Gebre; J.M. Geleijnse; T. Jibat; B.D. Gessner; M. Giroud; M.D. Gishu; E. Glaser; A. Goodridge; S.V. Gopalani; A. Goto; H.C. Gugnani; M.D.C. Guimaraes; R. Gupta; V. Gupta; H. Hagan; R.R. Hamadeh; S. Hamidi; M. Hammami; G.J. Hankey; Y. Hao; S. Harikrishnan; A. Koyanagi; J.M. Haro; M.T. Hedayati; V. Skirbekk; M. Horino; N. Horita; H.D. Hosgood; M. Hsairi; G. Hu; H. Huang; J.J. Huang; K.M. Iburg; B.T. Idrisov; K. Innos; V.J. Iyer; K.H. Jacobsen; N. Jahanmehr; M.B. Jakovljevic; M. Javanbakht; A.U. Jayatilleke; V. Jha; G. Jiang; Y. Jiang; J.B. Jonas; Z. Kabir; R. Kamal; C.N. Kesavachandran; J. She; H. Zhang; H. Kan; A. Karch; D. Karletsos; A. Kaul; N. Kawakami; K. Shibuya; J.F. Kayibanda; P.N. Keiyoro; A.P. Kengne; K. Sliwa; B.M. Mayosi; Y.S. Khader; A.R. Khan; E.A. Khan; J. Khubchandani; Y.J. Kim; Y. Kinfu; Y. Kokubo; S. Kosen; P.A. Koul; B. Kuate Defo; B. Kucuk Bicer; V.S. Kulkarni; H. Lam; J.O. Lam; B.X. Tran; V.C. Lansingh; R. Leung; Y. Li; S.E. Lipshultz; J.D. Wilkinson; S. Liu; L. Wang; S. Yu; B.K. Lloyd; G. Logroscino; R. Lunevicius; H. Magdy; M.E. Zaki; S. Polinder; M. Mahdavi; P.A. Mahesh; W. Marcenes; J. Martinez-Raga; M.B. Marzan; A.J. Mason-Jones; P.A. Meaney; M.M. Mehndiratta; B.A. Tedla; P. Memiah; Z.A. Memish; W. Mendoza; T.J. Meretoja; F.A. Mhimbira; T.R. Miller; M. Mirarefi; K.A. Mohammad; L. Monasta; R. Mori; A. Werdecker; U.O. Mueller; R. Westerman; B. Murimira; A. Naheed; L. Naldi; V. Nangia; D. Nash; H. Nawaz; C. Nejjari; F.N. Ngalesoni; J.D. Ngirabega; Q.L. Nguyen; O.F. Norheim; R.E. Norman; L. Nyakarahuka; C.M. Obermeyer; F.A. Ogbo; I. Oh; B.O. Olusanya; J.O. Olusanya; J.N. Opio; E. Ota; H. Park; J. Park; S.T. Patil; S.B. Patten; V.K. Paul; A. Roy; R. Sagar; E.K. Peprah; N. Perico; G. Remuzzi; K. Pesudovs; M.R. Phillips; E.P. Simard; J.D. Pillay; D. Plass; F. Pourmalek; M. 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Background Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. Methods For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. Findings Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1–3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5–2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6–40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7–1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1–1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections. Interpretation Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institute of Mental Health and National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
Experimental studies by complementary terahertz techniques and semi-classical calculations of N2- broadening coefficients of CH335Cl
(2012) M. Guinet; F. Rohart; J. Buldyreva; V. Gupta; S. Eliet; R.A. Motiyenko; L. Margulès; A. Cuisset; F. Hindle; G. Mouret
Room-temperature N 2-broadening coefficients of methyl chloride rotational lines are measured over a large interval of quantum numbers (6≤J≤50, 0≤K≤18) by a submillimeter frequency-multiplication chain (J≤31) and a terahertz photomixing continuous-wave spectrometer (J≥31). In order to check the accuracy of both techniques, the measurements of identical lines are compared for J=31. The pressure broadening coefficients are deduced from line fits using mainly a Voigt profile model. The excellent signal-to-noise ratio of the frequency-multiplication scheme highlights some speed dependence effect on the line shape. Theoretical values of these coefficients are calculated by a semi-classical approach with exact trajectories. An intermolecular potential including atom-atom interactions is used for the first time. It is shown that, contrary to the previous theoretical predictions, the contributions of short-range forces are important for all values of the rotational quantum numbers. Additional testing of modifications required in the semi-classical formalism for a correct application of the cumulant expansion is also performed. It is stated that the use of the cumulant average on the rotational states of the perturbing molecule leads, for high J and small K values, to slightly higher line-broadening coefficients, as expected for the relatively strong interacting CH 3Cl-N 2 system. The excellent agreement between the theoretical and the experimental results ensures the reliability of these data. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Functional and radiological assessment of arthropathy in Indian children with haemophilia
(2013) V. Gupta; H.S. Sandeep; A. Rai; J. Shukla
[No abstract available]
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
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Pereira; R. Perez-Padilla; K. Pesudovs; J.D. Pillay; D. Plass; J.A. Platts-Mills; C.D. Pond; N.M. Prasad; M. Qorbani; A. Radfar; A. Rafay; M. Rahman; S.U. Rahman; R.K. Rai; S. Rajsic; A.H. Refaat; A.L. Ribeiro; D. Rojas-Rueda; A. Roy; R. Sagar; M. Satpathy; N. Tandon; R. Sahathevan; J.R. Sanabria; M.D. Sanchez-Niño; R. Sarmiento-Suarez; B. Sartorius; M. Sawhney; M.P. Schaub; I.J.C. Schneider; D.A.S. Silva; B. Schöttker; D.C. Schwebel; J.A. Singh; A. Shaheen; M.A. Shaikh; R. Sharma; U. Sharma; M. Shin; S. Yoon; I.D. Sigfusdottir; D.G.A. Silveira; O.P. Singh; P.K. Singh; K. Søreide; K. Sliwa; D.J. Stein; J.B. Soriano; L.A. Sposato; C.T. Sreeramareddy; V. Stathopoulou; L.J. Stovner; S. Steinke; K. Stroumpoulis; B.F. Sunguya; S. Swaminathan; B.L. Sykes; R. Tabarés-Seisdedos; J.S. Takala; D. Tanne; A.S. Terkawi; E.M. Tuzcu; A.J. Thomson; G.D. Thurston; R. Tobe-Gai; R. Topor-Madry; F. Topouzis; T. Truelsen; Z. Tsala Dimbuene; M. Tsilimbaris; S. Tyrovolas; K.N. Ukwaja; C.J. Uneke; O.A. Uthman; C.H. van Gool; T. Vasankari; N. Venketasubramanian; F.S. Violante; S.K. Vladimirov; V.V. Vlassov; S.G. Waller; S. Weichenthal; R.A. White; H.C. Williams; M. Wubshet; D. Xavier; G. Xu; L.L. Yan; Y. Yano; P. Yip; N. Yonemoto; M.Z. Younis; C. Yu; Z. Zaidi; M.E. Zaki; H. Zeeb; L.J. Zuhlke
Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2016) N.J. Kassebaum; R.M. Barber; L. Dandona; S.I. Hay; H.J. Larson; S.S. Lim; A.D. Lopez; A.H. Mokdad; M. Naghavi; C. Pinho; C. Steiner; T. Vos; H. Wang; T. Achoki; G.M. Anderson; M. Arora; S. Biryukov; J.D. Blore; A. Carter; D.C. Casey; M.M. Coates; M. Coggeshall; D.J. Dicker; E. Dossou; T. Fleming; M.S. Fraser; J. Friedman; N. Fullman; N. Graetz; J. Hancock; C. Huynh; M. Iannarone; L. Kemmer; X.R. Kulikoff; M.J. Kutz; P.Y. Liu; N. Marquez; A. Misganaw; M.D. Mooney; M. Moradi-Lakeh; M. Ng; G. Nguyen; A. Pain; K.A. Shackelford; N. Silpakit; A. Sligar; J.M. Smith; R.J.D. Sorensen; S.E. Vollset; J.A. Wagner; T. Wolock; Y. Zhao; M. Zhou; C.J.L. Murray; B.E. Ebel; N.D. Futran; K.M. Harun; Z.A. Bhutta; M.I. Nisar; N. Akseer; P. Jeemon; R. Dandona; S. Goenka; G.A. Kumar; P.W. Gething; D. Bisanzio; A. Deribew; C. Cooper; R. Ali; D.A. Bennett; V. Jha; K. Rahimi; Y. Kinfu; G.V.S. Murthy; Y. Li; S. Liu; L. Wang; X. Liang; S. Yu; P. Azzopardi; K.B. Gibney; A. Meretoja; C.E.I. Szoeke; K. Alam; S.M. Colquhoun; R.G. Weintraub; T. Wijeratne; R. Lozano; I.R. Campos-Nonato; J.C. Campuzano; H. Gomez-Dantes; H. Lamadrid-Figueroa; F. Mejia-Rodriguez; J.C. Montañez Hernandez; P. Montero; G.A. Mensah; J.A. Salomon; A.L. Thorne-Lyman; O.N. Ajala; T. Bärnighausen; E.L. Ding; M.S. Farvid; J.R.A. Fitchett; A.A. Abajobir; L.D. Knibbs; R. Lalloo; N.K.M. Alam; Y. Guo; K.H. Abate; T.T. Gebrehiwot; A.T. Gebremedhin; K.M. Abbas; F. Abd-Allah; M.A. Abdallat; A.M. Abdulle; S.F. Abera; Y.A. Melaku; F.H. Tesfay; A.F. Aregay; T.A. Bayou; B.D. Betsu; M. Gebremedhin; A.A. Gebru; G.B. Hailu; T. Tekle; A.Z. Yalew; H.G. Yebyo; V. Aboyans; I. Abubakar; R.W. Aldridge; A. Banerjee; N.M. Aburmeileh; A.O. Adebiyi; A.L. Adelekan; F.A. Ojelabi; I.A. Adedeji; A.K. Adou; K.A. Afanvi; A. Badawi; A. Agarwal; A Ahmad Kiadaliri; T.F. Akinyemiju; D.C. Schwebel; J.A. Singh; Z. Al-Aly; A.H. Kemp; J. Leigh; A.B. Mekonnen; D. Alasfoor; S.F. Aldhahri; A.S. Terkawi; S. Alhabib; A. Alkerwi; F. Alla; R. Al-Raddadi; U. Alsharif; E Alvarez Martin; N. Alvis-Guzman; A.T. Amare; L.G. Ciobanu; G.A. Tessema; T. Setegn; A. Amberbir; A.K. Amegah; A.A. Kudom; W. Ammar; H.L. Harb; S.M. Amrock; H.H. Andersen; R.M. Antoine; C.A.T. Antonio; E.J.A. Faraon; J. Ärnlöv; A. Larsson; V.S. Arsic Arsenijevic; A. Barac; A. Artaman; H. Asayesh; S. Atique; E.F.G.A. Avokpaho; A. Awasthi; B.P. Ayala Quintanilla; U. Bacha; M.C. Bahit; K. Balakrishnan; S.L. Barker-Collo; S. Mohammed; S. Basu; Y.T. Bayou; S. Bazargan-Hejazi; J. Beardsley; N. Bedi; T. Bekele; M.L. Bell; B.J. Biroscak; J.J. Huang; I.S. Santos; I.M. Bensenor; P.A. Lotufo; A. Berhane; C.D. Wolfe; E. Bernabé; A.S. Beyene; S. Biadgilign; B. Bikbov; A.A. Bin Abdulhak; E. Bjertness; A.S. Htet; M. Brainin; A. Brazinova; M. Majdan; J. Shen; N.J.K. Breitborde; T.S. Brugha; Z.A. Butt; R. Cárdenas; S. Fereshtehnejad; M. Kivipelto; E. Weiderpass; R. Havmoeller; S. Sindi; C.A. Castañeda-Orjuela; C.A. Castañedaorjuela; R.E. Castro; F. Catalá-López; F. Cavalleri; V. Colistro; H. Chang; J. Chang; L. Chavan; C.E. Chibueze; V.H. Chisumpa; C.C. Mapoma; F. Masiye; J.J. Choi; R. Chowdhury; D.J. Christopher; M. Cirillo; L.T. Cooper; T. Dahiru; A. Damasceno; H. Danawi; A.H. Refaat; J Das Neves; J.V. Santos; D. De Leo; R.P. Dellavalle; K. Deribe; A.D. Hailu; W. Tefera; A.Z. Giref; T. Jibat; G Temam Shifa; D.C. Des Jarlais; S.D. Dharmaratne; M. Dubey; M.H.U. Rahman; U. Ram; A. Singh; A.K. Yadav; C.L. Ellingsen; M. Savic; V. Skirbekk; I. Elyazar; S.P. Ermakov; S. Soshnikov; B. Eshrati; F. Farzadfar; A. Kasaeian; F. Pishgar; A. Esteghamati; N. Hafezi-Nejad; S. Sheikhbahaei; A. Khosravi; R. Malekzadeh; G. Roshandel; S.G. Sepanlou; V. Rahimi-Movaghar; T.A. Farid; A.R. Khan; C.S.E.S. Farinha; A. Faro; J.C. Fernandes; F. Fischer; N. Foigt; E.B. Franca; R.C. Franklin; T. Fürst; A. Majeed; K. Gambashidze; K. Kazanjan; M. Kereselidze; I. Khonelidze; M. Shakh-Nazarova; L. Sturua; A. Gamkrelidze; T. Gebre; J.M. Geleijnse; M. Giroud; M.D. Gishu; A.K. Tura; E. Glaser; P. Gona; A. Goodridge; S.V. Gopalani; A. Goto; H.C. Gugnani; R. Gupta; V. Gupta; A.D. Hailu; O.F. Norheim; R.R. Hamadeh; S. Hamidi; A.J. Handal; G.J. Hankey; S. Harikrishnan; H.W. Hoek; M. Horino; N. Horita; H.D. Hosgood; D.G. Hoy; G. Hu; H. Huang; I. Huybrechts; K.M. Iburg; B.T. Idrisov; V.J. Iyer; K.H. Jacobsen; N. Jahanmehr; M.B. Jakovljevic; M. Javanbakht; A.U. Jayatilleke; S.H. Jee; D.K. Lal; S. Zodpey; G. Jiang; Y. Jiang; J.B. Jonas; Z. Kabir; R. Kamal; C.N. Kesavachandran; J. She; H. Kan; A. Karch; D. Karletsos; A. Kaul; N. Kawakami; K. Shibuya; J.F. Kayibanda; D.S. Kazi; P.N. Keiyoro; A.P. Kengne; C.S. Wiysonge; K. Sliwa; A. Keren; Y.S. Khader; E.A. Khan; Y.H. Khang; S. Won; J. Khubchandani; Y.J. Kim; Y. Kokubo; S. Kosen; P.A. Koul; A. Koyanagi; S. Krishnaswami; B Kuate Defo; B Kucuk Bicer; H. Lam; Q. Lan; D.O. Laryea; R. Leung; S.E. Lipshultz; J.D. Wilkinson; E.P. Simard; Y. Liu; M.R. Phillips; Q. Xiao; B.K. Lloyd; R. Lunevicius; D. Pope; S. Ma; H Magdy Abd El Razek; M Magdy Abd El Razek; W. Marcenes; P.A. Meaney; D.J. Margolis; M.B. Marzan; A.J. Mason-Jones; T.T. Mazorodze; A. Mehari; M.M. Mehndiratta; S.M. Woldeyohannes; B.A. Tedla; Z.A. Memish; W. Mendoza; T.J. Meretoja; F.A. Mhimbira; T.R. Miller; E.J. Mills; N. Mohamed Ibrahim; K.A. Mohammad; A. Mohammadi; G.L.D. Mola; L. Monasta; M. Montico; L. Ronfani; J.D. Monis; A.R. Moore; M. Moradilakeh; L. Morawska; R.E. Norman; R. Mori; A. Werdecker; U.O. Mueller; R. Westerman; S. Murthy; F. Pourmalek; J.B. Nachega; A.J. Paternina Caicedo; S. Seedat; B.X. Tran; A. Naheed; L. Naldi; G. Remuzzi; D. Nand; V. Nangia; D. Nash; S. Neupane; J.N. Newton; F.N. Ngalesoni; P. Nguhiu; Q.L. Nguyen; M. Nomura; L. Nyakarahuka; C.M. Obermeyer; F.A. Ogbo; I. Oh; P.R. Olivares; B.O. Olusanya; J.O. Olusanya; J.N. Opio; E. Oren; E. Ota; A.S. Oyekale; P.A. Mahesh; N. Papantoniou; V. Stathopoulou; E. Park; H. Park; S.B. Patten; V.K. Paul; A. Roy; R. Sagar; M. Satpathy; D.M. Pereira; M. Cortinovis; N. Perico; K. Pesudovs; M. Petzold; J.D. Pillay; S. Polinder; M. Qorbani; A. Rafay; M. Rahman; S.U. Rahman; R.K. Rai; C.L. Ranabhat; T. Rangaswamy; P.V. Rao; S. Resnikoff; D. Rojas-Rueda; G.M. Ruhago; B.F. Sunguya; M.M. Saleh; J.R. Sanabria; M.D. Sanchez-Niño; R. Sarmiento-Suarez; B. Sartorius; M. Sawhney; M.I. Saylan; I.J.C. Schneider; D.A.S. Silva; E.E. Servan-Mori; M.A. Shaikh; R. Sharma; M. Shin; S. Yoon; R. Shiri; K. Shishani; I. Shiue; I.D. Sigfusdottir; D.G.A. Silveira; J.I. Silverberg; Y. Yano; O.P. Singh; P.K. Singh; V. Singh; S. Soneji; J.B. Soriano; L.A. Sposato; C.T. Sreeramareddy; K. Stroumpoulis; S. Swaminathan; B.L. Sykes; R. Tabarés-Seisdedos; K.M. Tabb; R.T. Talongwa; M. Tavakkoli; B. Taye; A.Y. Endries; G. Temam Shifa; A.J. Thomson; R. Tobe-Gai; R. Topor-Madry; J.A. Towbin; Z. Tsala Dimbuene; S. Tyrovolas; K.N. Ukwaja; O.A. Uthman; T. Vasankari; N. Venketasubramanian; F.S. Violante; S.K. Vladimirov; V.V. Vlassov; S. Weichenthal; M. Wubshet; G. Xu; B. Yakob; P. Yip; N. Yonemoto; M.Z. Younis; C. Yu; Z. Zaidi; M.E. Zaki; H. Zeeb; L.J. Zuhlke
Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10–54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and/or miscarriage. Historical patterns suggest achievement of SDG 3.1 will require 91% coverage of one antenatal care visit, 78% of four antenatal care visits, 81% of in-facility delivery, and 87% of skilled birth attendance. Interpretation Several challenges to improving reproductive health lie ahead in the SDG era. Countries should establish or renew systems for collection and timely dissemination of health data; expand coverage and improve quality of family planning services, including access to contraception and safe abortion to address high adolescent fertility; invest in improving health system capacity, including coverage of routine reproductive health care and of more advanced obstetric care—including EmOC; adapt health systems and data collection systems to monitor and reverse the increase in indirect, other direct, and late maternal deaths, especially in high SDI locations; and examine their own performance with respect to their SDI level, using that information to formulate strategies to improve performance and ensure optimum reproductive health of their population. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2016) H. Wang; M. Naghavi; C. Allen; R.M. Barber; A. Carter; D.C. Casey; F.J. Charlson; A.Z. Chen; M.M. Coates; M. Coggeshall; L. Dandona; D.J. Dicker; H.E. Erskine; A.J. Ferrari; C. Fitzmaurice; K. Foreman; M.H. Forouzanfar; M.S. Fraser; N. Fullman; E.M. Goldberg; N. Graetz; J.A. Haagsma; S.I. Hay; C. Huynh; C.O. Johnson; N.J. Kassebaum; X.R. Kulikoff; M. Kutz; H.H. Kyu; H.J. Larson; J. Leung; S.S. Lim; M. Lind; R. Lozano; N. Marquez; J. Mikesell; A.H. Mokdad; M.D. Mooney; G. Nguyen; E. Nsoesie; D.M. Pigott; C. Pinho; G.A. Roth; L. Sandar; N. Silpakit; A. Sligar; R.J.D. Sorensen; J. Stanaway; C. Steiner; S. Teeple; B.A. Thomas; C. Troeger; A. VanderZanden; S.E. Vollset; V. Wanga; H.A. Whiteford; T. Wolock; L. Zoeckler; T. Achoki; A. Afshin; L.T. Alexander; G.M. Anderson; B. Bell; S. Biryukov; J.D. Blore; A. Brown; J. Brown; K. Cercy; A. Chew; A.J. Cohen; F. Daoud; E. Dossou; K. Estep; A. Flaxman; J. Friedman; J. Frostad; W.W. Godwin; J. Hancock; L. Kemmer; I.A. Khalil; P.Y. Liu; F. Masiye; A. Millear; M. Mirarefin; A. Misganaw; M. Moradi-Lakeh; K. Morgan; M. Ng; A. Pain; J. Quame-Amaglo; P. Rao; M.B. Reitsma; K.A. Shackelford; P. Sur; J.A. Wagner; T. Vos; A.D. Lopez; C.J.L. Murray; R.G. Ellenbogen; C.N. Mock; D.A. Quistberg; B.O. Anderson; C.D. Blosser; N.D. Futran; S.R. Heckbert; P.N. Jensen; T.J. Montine; D.L. Tirschwell; D.A. Watkins; Z.A. Bhutta; M.I. Nisar; N. Akseer; N.K.M. Alam; L.D. Knibbs; R. Lalloo; H.N. Gouda; J.J. McGrath; P. Jeemon; R. Dandona; G.A. Kumar; P.W. Gething; C. Cooper; S.C. Darby; A. Deribew; R. Ali; D.A. Bennett; V. Jha; K. Rahimi; Y. Kinfu; I.D.A. Faghmous; S.M. Langan; M. McKee; G.V.S. Murthy; N. Pearce; B. Roberts; I.R. Campos-Nonato; J.C. Campuzano; H. Gomez-Dantes; I.B. Heredia-Pi; F. Mejia-Rodriguez; J.C. Montañez Hernandez; P. Montero; M.J. Rios Blancas; E.E. Servan-Mori; S. Villalpando; L. Duan; S. Liu; L. Wang; P. Ye; X. Liang; S. Yu; G.A. Mensah; J.A. Salomon; A.L. Thorne-Lyman; O.N. Ajala; T. 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Younis; Z. Zaidi; M.E. Zaki; F. Zannad; D.E. Zavala; H. Zeeb; D. Zonies; L.J. Zuhlke
Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography–year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·4–61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5–72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7–17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5–70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1% (2·6–5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0% (15·8–18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1% (12·6–16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1% (11·9–14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1%, 39·1–44·6), malaria (43·1%, 34·7–51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8%, 24·8–34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1%, 19·3–37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000–183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000–532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
Hearing evaluation in children with bacterial meningitis
(1993) V. Gupta
[No abstract available]
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
(2008) V. Gupta; V. Tilak; B.D. Bhatia
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is the commonest cause of sudden onset thrombocytopenia in a healthy child. The condition is frequently preceded by a viral infection. The hematological parameters are essentially normal except a low platelet count. Bone marrow examination is not routinely indicated except in specific situations. The pros and cons of drug treatment have been discussed as the disease is benign with excellent prognosis in majority of the cases. The various treatment options including low and high dose steroids, intravenous immunoglubulins and anti D have been discussed at length with other modalities of treatment and role of splenctomy. Current therapeutic options with rituximab and other drugs for stimulating platelet production in chronic cases have also been included in discussion. © 2008 Dr. K C Chaudhuri Foundation.