Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2021"

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Systemic resistance in chilli pepper against anthracnose (Caused by colletotrichum truncatum) induced by trichoderma harzianum, trichoderma asperellum and paenibacillus dendritiformis
(MDPI AG, 2021) Mukesh Yadav; Manish Kumar Dubey; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
In the present study, Paenibacillus dendritiformis, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma asperellum were appraised as potential biocontrol agents that induce resistance in chilli (Capsicum annuum) against the devastating pathogen Colletotrichum truncatum, which causes anthracnose. Bright-field and scanning electron micrographs showed the hyphal degradation, lysis, and abnormal swelling in C. truncatum against P. dendritiformis in a dual plate assay. Under greenhouse conditions, chilli seeds pretreated with P. dendritiformis, T. asperellum, T. harzianum, and T. asperellum + T. harzianum by soil soak method inflicted an induced systemic resistance (ISR) in chilli against a C. truncatum-challenged condition. In chilli, the disease index percentage was significantly reduced in the T. asperellum + T. harzianum-treated seeds, followed by the T. harzianum-, T. asperellum-, and P. dendritiformis-treated seeds as compared to the untreated and challenged, respectively. Chilli seeds were primed with T. asperellum + T. harzianum (78.67%), which revealed maximum disease protection under the challenged condition, followed by T. harzianum (70%), T. asperellum (64%), and P. dendritiformis (56%) as compared to untreated and C. truncatum-challenged (6%) condition served as control. The seeds that were pretreated with biocontrol agents (BCAs) inflicted ISR against C. truncatum by enhancing the activity of defence-related enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)), accumulating phenolic compounds, and increasing the relative chlorophyll content in chilli. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) stains were used to detect the accumulation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide that appeared nearby the fungal infection sites. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (O2− and H2O2 ) in the pathogen-inoculated leaves was a maximum of 48 hpi, followed by P. dendritiformis, T. asperellum, T. harzianum, and T. asperellum + T. harzianum treated tissue upon C. truncatum-challenged condition as compared to the control. Overall, our results showed the potential of T. harzianum, T. asperellum, and P. dendritiformis as biocontrol agents that prevent infection by C. truncatum and inflict an induced systemic resistance in chilli by enhancing the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, defence and antioxidative enzymes, and reducing the lesion development and reactive oxygen species accumulation. This is the first report of induced systemic resistance against anthracnose in chilli obtained by application of T. harzianum, T. asperellum and P. dendritiformis, through seed priming. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Genome-wide association mapping reveals key genomic regions for physiological and yield-related traits under salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(Academic Press Inc., 2021) Shiksha Chaurasia; Amit Kumar Singh; Arvind Kumar; L.S. Songachan; Mahesh C. Yadav; Sundeep Kumar; Jyoti Kumari; Ruchi Bansal; Parbodh Chander Sharma; Kuldeep Singh
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using six different multi-locus GWAS models and 35K SNP array to demarcate genomic regions underlying reproductive stage salinity tolerance. Marker-trait association analysis was performed for salt tolerance indices (STI) of 11 morpho-physiological traits, and the actual concentrations of Na+ and K+, and the Na+/K+ ratio in flag leaf. A total of 293 significantly associated quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for 14 morpho-physiological traits were identified. Of these 293 QTNs, 12 major QTNs with R2 ≥ 10.0% were detected in three or more GWAS models. Novel major QTNs were identified for plant height, number of effective tillers, biomass, grain yield, thousand grain weight, Na+ and K+ content, and the Na+/K+ ratio in flag leaf. Moreover, 48 candidate genes were identified from the associated genomic regions. The QTNs identified in this study could potentially be targeted for improving salinity tolerance in wheat. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
Surface modified PAMAM dendrimers with gallic acid inhibit, cell proliferation, cell migration and inflammatory response to augment apoptotic cell death in human colon carcinoma cells
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) Khushbu Priyadarshi; Kavita Shirsath; N. Bhargav Waghela; Anupama Sharma; Ajay Kumar; Chandramani Pathak
To overcome the obstacle of anti-cancer therapy significant attention has been drawn for improving drug delivery system. Since recent past, different approaches were applied using synthetic or natural derivatives for improving efficacy of anti-cancer drugs in cancer therapeutics. Gallic acid (GA) is a natural polyphenol, which exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, but its therapeutic application was limited due to poor bioavailability and toxicity. In the present study, we had conjugated the GA with PAMAM dendrimers and proposed the insights of molecular mechanism on inhibition of cell proliferation and programmed cell death through apoptotic pathway in human colon carcinoma cells. GA was chemically conjugated with 4.0 G PAMAM dendrimer at outer surface and characterized by different biophysical methods. We further examined its bioavailability, anti-cancer activity and explored the molecular mechanism of programmed cell death signaling in HCT116 cells. The results show that PAMAM-GA conjugate inhibits cell proliferation of different origin of cancer cells, improves cellular uptake of GA, inhibits colonogenic ability, restricts cancer cell migration by down regulating the expression of MMP-9, inhibits NF-kB activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines to manifest apoptotic cell death in HCT 116 cells rather than necrosis. On other hand, PAMAM-GA conjugate showed negligible cytotoxic response as compared to the free Gallic acid to the normal cells. In conclusion, findings of this study revealed that PAMAM-GA conjugate improves the bioavailability of GA and specificity towards cancer cellsto manifests apoptotic cell death. This indispensable approach may be beneficial for the revolution of anti-cancer therapy. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
GENERALIZED INVEXITY and MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMS
(Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade, 2021) Bhuwan Chandra Joshi; Rakesh Mohan; Pankaj
In this paper, using generalized convexity assumptions, we show that M-stationary condition is sufficient for global or local optimality under some mathematical programming problem with equilibrium constraints(MPEC). Further, we formulate and study Wolfe type and Mond-Weir type dual models for the MPEC, and we establish weak and strong duality theorems. © 2021 Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade. All rights reserved.
The Initial Steps in Neonatal Resuscitation
(Springer, 2021) P.M.C. Nair; Ashok Kumar
[No abstract available]
DEEPHER: Human Emotion Recognition Using an EEG-Based DEEP Learning Network Model †
(MDPI, 2021) Akhilesh Kumar; Awadhesh Kumar
Emotion identification and categorization have been emerging in the brain machine interface in the current era. Audio, visual, and electroencephalography (EEG) data have all been shown to be useful for automated emotion identification in a number of studies. EEG-based emotion detection is a critical component of psychiatric health assessment for individuals. If EEG sensor data are collected from multiple experimental sessions or participants, the underlying signals are invariably non-stationary. As EEG signals are noisy, non-stationary, and non-linear, creating an intelligent system that can identify emotions with good accuracy is challenging. Many researchers have shown evidence that EEG brain waves may be used to determine feelings. This study introduces a novel automated emotion identification system that employs deep learning principles to recognize emotions through EEG signals from computer games. EEG data were obtained from 28 distinct participants using 14-channel Emotive Epoc+ portable and wearable EEG equipment. Participants played four distinct emotional computer games for five minutes each, with a total of 20 min of EEG data available for each participant. The suggested framework is simple enough to categorize four classes of emotions during game play. The results demonstrate that the suggested model-based emotion detection framework is a viable method for recognizing emotions from EEG data. The network achieves 99.99% accuracyalong with less computational time. © 2021 by the authors.
Cadmium toxicity in plants and alleviation through seed priming approach
(Springer, 2021) Navneet Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Bandana Bose; Rajesh Kumar Singhal
Heavy metals (Cd) contamination of soil and water due to anthropogenic activity, causing toxicity/stress, has potential to turn down the crop productivity and quality globally. Cd affects the fundamental and crucial processes of plants from seed germination to grain maturity, among them antioxidant defense and photosynthesis are prime one. Recent development in various disciplines of agricultural and biological sciences such as molecular breeding, integrative multiomics, and advance agronomical technology involved in heavy metal tolerance, although they are limited to lab conditions or less popular among farmers fields. Therefore, seed priming is promising and versatile approach to heavy metal stress tolerance. Seed priming with various organic and inorganic salts (CaCl2, Mg (NO3)2, proline), plant growth regulators (auxin, gibberellins, salicylic acid), showed the promising results in counteracts the effect of Cd. Seed priming involve in improvements of seed germination, seedling establishment, antioxidant defense, water and mineral nutrition, and carrying stress memory in progenies. To consider the above points, this review summarizes the effect of Cd toxicity on plant system and mineral nutrition. We also provide a glance of seed priming technology in respect to Cd stress tolerance at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels at different plant growth stages. © 2021, Indian Society for Plant Physiology.
Unusual Behavior of Ketoximes: Reagentless Photochemical Pathway to Alkynyl Sulfides
(American Chemical Society, 2021) Dhananjay Yadav; Abhijeet Srivastava; Monish Arbaz Ansari; Maya Shankar Singh
The unique properties of ketoximes are used prominently for the synthesis of heterocycles. In contrast, their potential to absorb light and photoelectron transfer processes remains challenging. Widespread interest in controlling direct excitation of ketoxime tacticity unlocks unconventional reaction pathways, enabling photochemical intramolecular skeletal modification to constitute alkynyl sulfides that cannot be realized via traditional activation. Despite decades of advancements, the alkynyl sulfides, particularly those composed of polar functionalities and derived from renewable sources, remain unknown. These findings demonstrate the importance of decelerated ketoxime from β-oxodithioester for the identification of reaction conditions. The method uses mild reaction conditions to generate excited-state photoreductant for the functionalization of an array of alkynyl sulfides. Additionally, a fundamental understanding of elementary steps using electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques/experiments revealed a PCET pathway to this transformation, while the involved substrates and their properties with improved economical tools indicated the translational potential of this method. © 2021 American Chemical Society.
Evidence for the plant recruitment of beneficial microbes to suppress soil-borne pathogens
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2021) Hongwei Liu; Jiayu Li; Lilia C. Carvalhais; Cassandra D. Percy; Jay Prakash Verma; Peer M. Schenk; Brajesh K. Singh
An emerging experimental framework suggests that plants under biotic stress may actively seek help from soil microbes, but empirical evidence underlying such a ‘cry for help’ strategy is limited. We used integrated microbial community profiling, pathogen and plant transcriptive gene quantification and culture-based methods to systematically investigate a three-way interaction between the wheat plant, wheat-associated microbiomes and Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fp). A clear enrichment of a dominant bacterium, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila (SR80), was observed in both the rhizosphere and root endosphere of Fp-infected wheat. SR80 reached 3.7 × 107 cells g−1 in the rhizosphere and accounted for up to 11.4% of the microbes in the root endosphere. Its abundance had a positive linear correlation with the pathogen load at base stems and expression of multiple defence genes in top leaves. Upon re-introduction in soils, SR80 enhanced plant growth, both the below-ground and above-ground, and induced strong disease resistance by boosting plant defence in the above-ground plant parts, but only when the pathogen was present. Together, the bacterium SR80 seems to have acted as an early warning system for plant defence. This work provides novel evidence for the potential protection of plants against pathogens by an enriched beneficial microbe via modulation of the plant immune system. © 2020 The Authors New Phytologist © 2020 New Phytologist Foundation
Reparameterization Invariant Model of a Supersymmetric System: BRST and Supervariable Approaches
(Hindawi Limited, 2021) A. Tripathi; B. Chauhan; A.K. Rao; R.P. Malik
We carry out the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) quantization of the one 0+1-dimensional (1D) model of a free massive spinning relativistic particle (i.e., a supersymmetric system) by exploiting its classical infinitesimal and continuous reparameterization symmetry transformations. We use the modified Bonora-Tonin (BT) supervariable approach (MBTSA) to BRST formalism to obtain the nilpotent (anti-)BRST symmetry transformations of the target space variables and the (anti-)BRST invariant Curci-Ferrari- (CF-) type restriction for the 1D model of our supersymmetric (SUSY) system. The nilpotent (anti-)BRST symmetry transformations for other variables of our model are derived by using the (anti-)chiral supervariable approach (ACSA) to BRST formalism. Within the framework of the latter, we have shown the existence of the CF-type restriction by proving the (i) symmetry invariance of the coupled Lagrangians and (ii) the absolute anticommutativity property of the conserved (anti-)BRST charges. The application of the MBTSA to a physical SUSY system (i.e., a 1D model of a massive spinning particle) is a novel result in our present endeavor. In the application of ACSA, we have considered only the (anti-)chiral super expansions of the supervariables. Hence, the observation of the absolute anticommutativity of the (anti-)BRST charges is a novel result. The CF-type restriction is universal in nature as it turns out to be the same for the SUSY and non-SUSY reparameterization (i.e., 1D diffeomorphism) invariant models of the (non-)relativistic particles. © 2021 A. Tripathi et al.
Crop water status from plant stable carbon isotope values: A test case for monsoonal climates
(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2021) Penelope J Jones; Tamsin C O’Connell; Martin K Jones; R.N. Singh; Cameron A Petrie
Stable carbon isotope analysis is increasingly used in archaeology as an indicator of crop water status and/or water management regime. While the technique shows promise, robust modern baseline studies are required to inform and validate archaeological interpretations. Here, we test stable carbon isotope values as a crop water status proxy in a monsoonal climatic context for the first time. Specifically, we test the relationship between grain stable carbon isotope values (δ13Cgrain), water availability, irrigation and soil type in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. (Zohary and Hopf.)) in north-west India, with the aim of deriving a locally-appropriate model for isotopic interpretation. We test this relationship across a substantial rainfall gradient (200–1000 mm/year) and find a negative logarithmic relationship between climatic water availability and δ13C. However, there is significant noise in the relationship, and we report δ13Cgrain variation of over 3‰ amongst samples drawn from similar climatic contexts. Soil type, irrigation type and irrigation frequency have no clear modifying effects. We conclude that: (1) barley stable carbon isotope values can act as an archaeological water status proxy in monsoonal areas, but will be most sensitive in areas receiving <450 mm rainfall per year; and (2) it is not possible to precisely infer water management regimes. On the basis of our results, we propose guidelines for archaeological barley stable carbon isotope interpretation in north-west India and analogous monsoonal climates. © The Author(s) 2021.
Delay in budget allocation for vaccination and awareness induces chaos in an infectious disease model
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) Arvind Kumar Misra; Rajanish Kumar Rai; Pankaj Kumar Tiwari; Maia Martcheva
In this paper, we propose a model to assess the impacts of budget allocation for vaccination and awareness programs on the dynamics of infectious diseases. The budget allocation is assumed to follow logistic growth, and its per capita growth rate increases proportional to disease prevalence. An increment in per-capita growth rate of budget allocation due to increase in infected individuals after a threshold value leads to onset of limit cycle oscillations. Our results reveal that the epidemic potential can be reduced or even disease can be eradicated through vaccination of high quality and/or continuous propagation of awareness among the people in endemic zones. We extend the proposed model by incorporating a discrete time delay in the increment of budget allocation due to infected population in the region. We observe that multiple stability switches occur and the system becomes chaotic on gradual increase in the value of time delay. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Targeting PD-1 in CD8+T Cells with a Biomimetic Bilirubin-5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine-Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoconstruct for Effective Chemotherapy against Experimental Lymphoma
(American Chemical Society, 2021) Prateek Srivastava; Ankush Paladhi; Ranjeet Singh; Divesh Narayan Srivastava; Ram Adhar Singh; Sumit Kumar Hira; Partha Pratim Manna
We fabricated bilirubin-bovine serum albumin (BR-BSA) nanocomplexes as candidates for the delivery of 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine (5FUdr) against experimental murine lymphoma. BR was attached to 5FUdr via acid-labile ester bonds mimicking small-molecule drug conjugates. The construct was self-assembled with BSA through strong noncovalent interactions with high drug occupancy in the core and labeled with folic acid (FA) to target cancer cells. The BR-5FUdr-BSA-FA nanoconstruct exhibits excellent biocompatibility, prevents nephrotoxicity, and is tolerated by red blood cells and mononuclear cells. The construct also showed increased accumulation in lymph nodes and tumor cells. BR-5FUdr-BSA-FA caused prolonged growth inhibition and apoptosis, enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, and minimized the viability of parental and doxorubicin-resistant Dalton's lymphoma cells. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with BR-5FUdr-BSA-FA significantly increased the life span of the animals, improved their histopathological parameters, and downregulated PD-1 expression, suggesting the potential of the construct for 5FUdr delivery to treat lymphoma. © 2021 American Chemical Society.
Identification of Potential Recharge Zones in Drought Prone Area of Bundelkhand Region, India, Using SCS-CN and MIF Technique Under GIS-frame work
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021) Prashant Pandey; S.K. Tiwari; H.K. Pandey; Abhishek Kumar Chaurasia; Sachchidanand Singh
Jaspura watershed a part of Yamuna basin is situated in drought prone area lying in the Banda district of Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh, India. The drastic decline of groundwater level and consistently drying up of the phreatic aquifer has led to the acute shortage of groundwater in the study area. The situation is further aggravated due to base flow in the areas adjoining the major order streams. To mitigate such problem in study area, MIF technique, combined with RS and GIS, has been effectively used to delineate the potential recharge zone using seven thematic layers, viz., LULC, soil, slope, drainage density (Dd), geomorphology, depth to water level map of post-monsoon, and groundwater fluctuation map. Relative rates and weight of each influencing factor have been calculated on the basis of major and minor effect of these thematic layers. Based on their influence on groundwater recharge capacity using seven thematic layers under potential zone, five classes under artificial recharge have been identified, viz., very high (96.4 km2), high (157.4 km2), moderate (146.1 km2), low (72.9 km2), and very low (34.2km2). The runoff in 15 micro-watersheds has been estimated using SCS-CN approach. Integration of runoff and potential recharge zone has yielded the suitable sites and type of groundwater recharge structure. On the basis of its percolation tank (PT), check dam (CD) and sub-surface dam (SD) have been identified as feasible and suitable groundwater recharge structure. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Role of viscous swirling in the formation of magnetite ocelli or fleck structure in the migmatites of Shillong Plateau Gneissic Complex, eastern India
(The Physiological Society of Japan, 2021) Bibhuti Gogoi; Gaurav Hazarika; Hiredya Chauhan; Sowrav Saikia
The quartzofeldspathic gneiss of the Shillong Plateau Gneissic Complex has preserved magnetite-centered ocellar texture or fleck structure. Results presented in this work suggest that the intrusion of hot, volatile-rich pegmatitic magma into the thermally elevated quartzofeldspathic gneiss during the late Pan-African tectonothermal event initiated very localized partial melting in the latter forming neosomes. After their formation, the neosomes were infiltrated by the highlyviscous pegmatite magma leading to chaotic mixing between the two magmatic phases. The occurrence of chaotic mixing enabled the pegmatite magma to venture into the neosomes as veins or filaments by stretching and folding dynamics. As the pegmatitic veins traversed through the partially molten rocks or neosomes due to advection, substantial stretching caused the veins to develop sinuous perturbations. Eventually, the perturbations magnified and nascent swirls began to grow on the sinuous filaments by concentrating the high-viscosity pegmatitic veins into globules and impoverishing the areas in between them. Gradually, the globules separated from each other and commingled with the surrounding neosome, producing individual emulsions or ocelli. The viscous swirling phenomenon produced discrete diffusive elements that significantly enhanced the interfacial area between the two magmatic phases, which promoted diffusion and eased mixing between them. © 2021 by The Geochemical Society of Japan.
Plant growth promotion of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by potassium solubilizing bacteria with multifarious plant growth promoting attributes
(Horizon e-Publishing Group, 2021) Tanvir Kaur; Rubee Devi; Divjot Kour; Ashok Yadav; Ajar Nath Yadav
Potassium (K) is the foremost macronutrients for growth of plant, soil health and fertility. The huge application of NPK chemical fertilizers negatively impacts the economy and is a threat to environmental sustainability. The rapid depletion of K mineral in soil is due to the application of agrochemicals agricultural fields for the production of crops in India. In present investigation, K-solubilizing microbes (KSM) were isolated and enumerated from cereal crops growing in Sirmour Himachal Pradesh. A total 125 bacteria were isolated and screened for K- solubilization on Aleksandrov agar plates and found that 31 bacterial strains exhibited K-solubilization. These 31 K-solubilizing strains of bacteria were additionally screened for other plant growth promoting (PGP) potential including solubilization of minerals, production of siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and indole acetic acids. The performance of an efficient K-solubilizer was evaluated for plant growth promoting ability in pot assay under in vitro conditions. The strain EU-LWNA-25 positively influenced shoot length, fresh weight, carotenoids and total sugar content than the full dose, half dose and control. The strain enhancing physiological and growth parameters was identified by BLASTn analysis as Pseudomonas gessardii EU-LWNA-25. K-solubilizing plant growth promoting bacteria could be suitable bioinoculants for Rabi seasonal crops and overcomes the challenges of sustainable agriculture in K-deficient soil. © The Author(s).
Estimation procedures for a flexible extension of Maxwell distribution with data modeling
(Gnedenko Forum, 2021) Abhimanyu Singh Yadav; H.S. Bakouch; S.K. Singh; Umesh Singh
In this paper, we introduce a flexible extension of the Maxwell distribution for modeling various practical data with non-monotone failure rate. Some main properties of this distribution are obtained, and then the estimation of the parameters for the proposed distribution has been addressed by maximum likelihood estimation method and Bayes estimation method. The Bayes estimators have been obtained under gamma prior using squared error loss function. Also, a simulation study is gained to assess the estimates performance. A real-life applications for the proposed distribution have been illustrated through different lifetime data. Copyright © 2022 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.
Endophyte roles in nutrient acquisition, root system architecture development and oxidative stress tolerance
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021) S.K. Verma; P.K. Sahu; K. Kumar; G. Pal; S.K. Gond; R.N. Kharwar; J.F. White
Plants associate with communities of microbes (bacteria and fungi) that play critical roles in plant development, nutrient acquisition and oxidative stress tolerance. The major share of plant microbiota is endophytes which inhabit plant tissues and help them in various capacities. In this article, we have reviewed what is presently known with regard to how endophytic microbes interact with plants to modulate root development, branching, root hair formation and their implications in overall plant development. Endophytic microbes link the interactions of plants, rhizospheric microbes and soil to promote nutrient solubilization and further vectoring these nutrients to the plant roots making the soil-plant-microbe continuum. Further, plant roots internalize microbes and oxidatively extract nutrients from microbes in the rhizophagy cycle. The oxidative interactions between endophytes and plants result in the acquisition of nutrients by plants and are also instrumental in oxidative stress tolerance of plants. It is evident that plants actively cultivate microbes internally, on surfaces and in soils to acquire nutrients, modulate development and improve health. Understanding this continuum could be of greater significance in connecting endophytes with the hidden half of the plant that can also be harnessed in applied terms to enhance nutrient acquisition through the development of favourable root system architecture for sustainable production under stress conditions. © 2021 The Society for Applied Microbiology
Towards recycling: Understanding the modern approach to recover waste aluminium dross
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Arunabh Meshram; Rohit Jha; Seby Varghese
With a growing concern of the modern recycling engineers, the industrial wastes pose a challenge that the world faces. Aluminium dross is one of the many industrial wastes that are generated in aluminium smelter plants all around the world. Utilizing these industrial wastes for the generation of valuable products is one of the major areas of current research. The primary target of the recyclers has been to recover the metallic content of aluminium dross. The modern Salt-Free Technologies (SFT) has been able to achieve this target. The cost of operation, however, is greater than the conventional rotary salt furnaces (RSF). The hydrometallurgical routes involve the leaching of the dross. This process leads to the extraction of metallic aluminium into the liquor and this liquor is utilized to synthesize various valuable products like alums and sulfates, etc. With the leaching, the liberation of various gases (H2, CH4and NH3) takes place. These gases may be captured and used in their respective applications. The residual solid obtained post-leaching is utilized for the production of alumina, which further finds its applications in the generation of composites. The dross has also been directly used as a raw material for the production of refractories, composites, cement clinkers, etc. Therefore, an industrial waste, aluminium dross is employed with good resultant products. Not only is the metallic content of the dross valued, the modern trend implies the complete utilization of the waste. With minimum waste generation and reduced environmental burden, the modern approaches of recycling achieve the recovery of aluminium dross. The present work focuses on these modern technologies and the recent research trends. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Soil organic carbon restoration in India: Programs, policies, and thrust areas
(CRC Press, 2021) Ram Swaroop Meena; Sandeep Kumar; Seema Sheoran; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Rajan Bhatt; Gulab Singh Yadav; Kodigal A. Gopinath; Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao; Rattan Lal
[No abstract available]