Scholarly Publications

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This community showcases the academic contributions of faculty and researchers at Banaras Hindu University (BHU) and provides a year-wise compilation of publications across disciplines. Institutional Repository BHU

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2D materials for flexible electronics
(Elsevier, 2022) Suyash Rai; Himanshu Mishra; Vijay K Singh; Tejendra K Gupta; Anchal Srivastava
Since the breakthrough of graphene, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted immense research interest due to their unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties, holding great potential for harnessing their applications in next-generation electronics, optoelectronics, and biomedical fields. The most striking feature of 2D materials is their atomic thickness, which makes them feasible to adhere to any kind of surface without losing much of their inherent properties. With this advantage, 2D materials can be integrated into various flexible and stretchable electronic devices in a conventional and scalable fashion. Here in this chapter the synthesis of 2D materials using different top-down and bottom-up methods followed by various efficient transfer methods has been discussed thoroughly. After that, state-of-the-art flexible device applications of 2D materials in electronics, sensors, and energy storage devices, along with their future possibilities, are discussed. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
3D Bioprinting of Liver Tissue
(CRC Press, 2025) Haleema Sabia; Sandhya Sharma; Radha Chaube
Animal models and 2D cell cultures are not accurately simulate human pathophysiology, leading to limitations in drug testing and providing the baseline for the discovery of 3D Bioprinting.The liver is one of the major and complex organs in the human body and liver diseases are among one of the major cause for worldwide morbidity. Patients frequently develop liver failure and other major liver-associated damage and due to a lack of organ donors and postoperative immunological rejection. Unlike 2D cell models, animal models, and organoids, 3D bioprinting may be successfully used to print biological tissues and organs such as blood vessels, bone, kidney, heart, and liver tissues, among others. Bioprinting is based on the idea that a precise arrangement of cells can communicate by sending physiological signals to create functional tissues. It allows scaffolds to mingle with target cells, which are then co-manufactured into desired shapes via computer control. Compared to conventional scaffold-based approaches, marked by limited functionality and complexity, 3D bioprinting can achieve accurate cell settlement, a high resolution, and more efficient usage of biomaterials, better mimicking the complex microstructures of native tissues. This technique will make contributions to disease modelling, drug discovery, and even regenerative medicine. Along with its advantages, it has some limitations, including the requirement of diverse fabrication technologies, the observation of drug dynamic responses under perfusion culture, and the challenge of reproducing the complex hepatic microenvironment . Despite this, 3D bioprinting is still a promising and innovative biofabrication strategy for the creation of artificial multicellular tissues/organs. This chapter emphasizes 3D Bioprinting of the liver. © 2025 P.V. Mohanan.
5-Hydroxytryptophan: A precursor of serotonin influences regional blood-brain barrier breakdown, cerebral blood flow, brain edema formation, and neuropathology
(Academic Press Inc., 2019) Aruna Sharma; Rudy J. Castellani; Mark A. Smith; Dafin Fior Muresanu; Prasanta Kumar Dey; Hari Shanker Sharma
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a precursor of serotonin, is therapeutically used for several psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression in the clinic. However, severe side effects, including abnormal mental functions, behavioral disturbances and intolerance are associated with this treatment. 5-HTP-induced elevation of plasma and brain serotonin levels may affect blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, edema formation and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) disturbances. Breakdown of BBB to serum proteins leads to vasogenic brain edema formation and cellular injuries. However, 5-HTP-neurotoxicity is still not well known. In this investigations 5-HTP induced elevation of endogenous plasma and brain serotonin levels and its effect on BBB breakdown, edema formation neuronal injuries was examined in a rat model. Furthermore, potential role of oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated. In addition, several neurochemical agents such as p-CPA (5-HT synthesis inhibitor) indomethacin (prostaglandin synthase inhibitor), diazepam (ant stress drug), cyproheptadine, ketanserin (5-HT2 receptor antagonists) and vinblastine (inhibitor of microtubule function) were examined on 5-HT neurotoxicity. Our observations suggest that 4 h after 5-HTP administrations, the endogenous serotonin levels increased by fourfold (150 mg/kg) in the plasma and brain associated with profound hyperthermia (+ 3.86 ± 0.24 °C, oxidative stress and NO upregulation. Breakdown of the BBB to Evans blue albumin (EBA) in 8 brain regions and to [131]Iodine in 14 brain regions was observed. The CBF exhibited marked reduction in all the brain regions examined. Brain edema and cellular injuries are present in the areas associated with BBB disruption. Drug treatments reduced the BBB breakdown, edema formation NO production and brain pathology. These observations are the first to point out that 5-HTP-neurotoxicity caused by BBB breakdown, edema formation and NO production is instrumental in causing adverse mental and behavioral abnormalities, not reported earlier. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
6 Diagnostic Techniques and Imaging Modalities
(CRC Press, 2025) Mohd Amir Shafeeque; Dilshad Ahmad; Satya Narayan Sankwar; Noorin Zaidi; Zainab Siddiqui
Precision diagnosis is the new paradigm in oncology. A comprehensive and precise diagnosis is necessary to formulate a treatment plan since colorectal cancer (CRC) is still rather common in young people. Research indicates that 70% of rectal cancers and 30% of CRC are diagnosed with the help of per rectal examination. Several endoscopic evaluations such as sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and proctoscopy are effective techniques for diagnosing CRC. This aids in the tumor localization along with the biopsy for histopathological examination. Besides, there are many non-invasive tests like a stool for occult blood and non-enzymatic tumor markers which help in screening, differential diagnosis, prognosis, and observation of CRC progression. Deep learning is a sub domain of artificial intelligence through which large datasets (radiological images and hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue slides) are processed to develop biomarkers. Nowadays imaging technology data is used to generate quantitative metrics which include the tumor phenotype, intra-tumor heterogeneity, and tumor microenvironment. Such analysis is known as radiomics. Similarly, radiogenomics also uses radiological images and constructs a precision model through deep learning. Additionally, it may be used to detect pre-neoplastic polyps. It is imperative to conduct prospective validation studies in order to identify accurate imaging biomarkers. © 2025 Gowhar Rashid, Deena Elsori, and Rana Ahmed Youness.
A Bayesian Reweighting Technique for Small Area Estimation
(CRC Press, 2015) Azizur Rahman; Satyanshu K. Upadhyay
Small area estimation (SAE) has received much attention in recent decades due to increasing demand for reliable small area statistics by policy makers. To develop e?ective policy on various crucial social, economic and health issues at a local level, policy makers need to use accurate data on those issues collected at small area levels. SAE techniques can produce such reliable estimates for small areas (see, for example, [19, 27] and [29]). Traditionally there are direct in Bayesian for SAE and each of these methods is linked with very simple to complex theories, algorithms and models. Overall, the direct SAE method comprises a range of estimators such as the Horvitz-Thompson estimator, generalised regression estimator, modi?ed survey estimator, etc. that are based on the survey-design and derived from very simple statistical theories and uncomplicated formulae, whereas the indirect method encompasses complex methodologies from statistics, economics and geography, among others. © 2015 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
A Bivariate Distribution with Generalized Exponential Conditionals: Properties and Applications
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2025) Indranil Ghosh; Suparna Basu; Hong Keung Tony Ng
In this paper, we propose an absolutely continuous bivariate probability distribution starting from two conditional distributions, which are univariate generalized exponential distributions. The resulting bivariate distribution has four parameters, which provide flexibility in analyzing various types of bivariate data sets. Several structural properties of the proposed bivariate distribution with generalized exponential conditionals are discussed. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators of the model parameters to facilitate the model fitting for bivariate data. Since the maximum likelihood estimators are not available in closed form, we explore the maximization of the log-likelihood function by using a four-dimensional optimization algorithm and a profile likelihood method. A Monte Carlo simulation study is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed parameter estimation procedures. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed bivariate distribution and the estimation methods, a real data set is analyzed. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
A Brief Review of the Current Scenario on the Synthesis and Application of TIO, Nanoparticles
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2025) Sudhakar Saroj; Laxman Singh; Satya Vir Singh
TiO2 nanomaterials can be synthesized in various types of structures, such as nano-powder, nano-films, nano-rods, nano-crystals, etc., by various methods such as biological, precipitation, hydrothermal, electrochemical, solvothermal, spray pyrolysis, co-precipitation, micro-emulsion, solution-combustion, and sol-gel, etc. Each method has unique importance, merits, and demerits. Such as biological method is an eco-friendly method and avoids toxic chemicals in the preparation of TiO₂-based nanomaterials. The co-precipitation technique is very convenient and easy, but its control over size distribution is not good, which results in coarser particles instead of nanoparticles. The micro-emulsion method facilitates good control over the particle size by the ratio of surfactant to water, low reaction temperature, and short processing time. The sol-gel method has high homogeneity in crystals, better tuning over the shape and size of the crystals with reasonable preparation cost. The hydrothermal and solvothermal processes have good chemical uniformity and a higher probability of synthesizing unique metastable structures at minimum reaction temperatures but nanomaterials synthesized via these methods are not stable for application at the higher temperature. The electrochemical technique facilitates a multifaceted and minimum temperature method to synthesize TiO, nanoparticles with good control over crystallite size, better yield, and negligible environmental effect. To synthesize the nanostructures of TiO₂, liquid phase processing is the most convenient method since it gives better homogeneity in the product with good control over shape and size. In this chapter, short literature regarding the synthesis of TiO₂ nanostructure by various methods and its applications are discussed. Moreover, the regeneration of used TiO₂-based nanoparticles is also reported. © 2025, Bentham Books imprint.
A case for the social history of homoeopathic hospitals in India: An invitation for its construction and rendition
(Taylor and Francis, 2021) Dhrub Kumar Singh
This chapter presents a case for constructing and rendering the social history of homoeopathic hospitals in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Indiaâ€”institutions otherwise generally associated with dominant allopathic medicine and care. The homoeopathic vision of cure, its method, and philosophy were initially disseminated through amateurish dispensaries which were not only associated with personalized care and cure analysis, but were also the recipient of homoeopathic ideas and methods arriving from Europe to South Asia especially in its eastern region. The context of recurrent epidemics, especially cholera, was also instrumental in making the reception of homoeopathy amenable during the nineteenth century. The history of this new radical view of the body, health, and disease as it acquired a foothold in and around Calcutta, and its dissemination beyond, is yet to be retrieved and documented. The pathy with astonishing adaptability still thrives, proliferates, and sustains itself. The history of homoeopathy and homoeopathic institutions is the missing strand in the narratives of colonial and imperial medicine pertaining to South Asia. Â© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Suvobrata Sarkar.
A comparative assessment of autoclave and microwave-assisted peroxometal complex in delignification of wood biomass for enhanced sugar production
(Springer Singapore, 2017) Pradeep Verma; Venkatesh Chaturvedi
For production of biofuels from woody biomass, an initial pretreatment step is required for removal of lignin prior to enzymatic saccharification. In the present study, ameliorating effects of peroxometal complexes on delignification of beech wood have been studied using external (autoclave) heating and microwave irradiation. The results clearly show that ammonium molybdate, when transformed to peroxometal complex by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), exhibits potent delignification property. The beech wood gave sugar yield of 69 and 41.8% after microwave irradiation and autoclave heating, respectively, under optimized conditions. The results indicate that maximum sugar yield depends upon delignification of biomass as lignin inhibits conversion of cellulose into sugars. It can be concluded that excellent delignifying capability of the H2O2-activated ammonium molybdate system can be achieved through microwave radiation. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017. All rights reserved.
A comparative investigation of polymers exposed to γ-rays, neutrons, and protons using optical and photoacoustic techniques
(Elsevier, 2022) Virendra N. Rai; Surya N. Thakur
Polymers are a special class of materials having important applications in various fields of science and technology, particularly in optics, electronics, biotechnology, photonics, and space research. The study of changes in the optical properties of two types of polymers, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and Kapton, after irradiation with various types of high energy particles (neutron, proton, and γ-ray), are presented. The optical transmission spectra of Kapton foils irradiated with ≥0.1MeV neutrons and ∼0.25MeV protons (H+) have been studied in the visible spectral region using photoacoustic spectroscopy. An increase in the absorption (decrease in transmission) as well as shift in the absorption edge to the longer wavelengths is observed in Kapton foil after irradiation, and it was dominant for proton (H+)-implanted Kapton foils. These results have been compared with the optical properties (UV, Vis, and FTIR) of the gamma (γ)-irradiated PMMA and Kapton foils. Both the foils show chain scission and cross-linking process taking place at different stages of irradiation. Dimerization of the carbonyl group and absorption of moisture are observed in both the PMMA and Kapton foils after gamma irradiation. Presence of moisture enhances the cross-linking process in the polymers. Some of the processes exhibit opposite behavior in PMMA and Kapton. Degradation behavior of these polymers after irradiation is also discussed. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A Comparative Study of Sustainability Reporting Techniques in Luxury Fashion Firms
(Taylor and Francis, 2025) Gufran Ahmad; Sujit Kumar Dubey
Luxury fashion firms, at present, use different techniques for reporting sustainability practices & efforts being undertaken by them. This leads to a lot of confusion among consumers and stakeholders alike; which data to look at and how to interpret the outcomes of overall sustainability efforts of the luxury fashion firms. This might also impact the transparency of the luxury fashion firms’ sustainability communication and people might accuse them of greenwashing. Luxury fashion firms need to thread carefully to incorporate sustainability in the communication and not leaving their essence of prestige and opulence. The present chapter works on a comparative study of techniques like ESG (Environmental, Social & Governance) and CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) reporting, Kering’s Environmental Profit & Loss Statements (EP& L) and upcoming ‘EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles’ sustainability legislation, with first out of 16 to be implemented by 2024. EU’s policies do away with the self-reporting of luxury fashion firm’s sustainability practices and has huge impact across the global fashion supply chains. The aim of this chapter is to provide a convenient reference for luxury fashion firm’s Sustainability Reporting reviews. © 2026 selection and editorial matter, Celia Rangel-Pérez, Belén López, and Manuel Fernández; individual chapters, the contributors.
A comprehensive outline of glioblastoma and molecular chemotherapy
(Elsevier, 2025) Neelu Mishra; Aastha Soni; Akshay Vijay Rathod; Samarendra Kumar Singh
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant form of adult gliomas, which are primary neoplasms of the central nervous system that arise from glial cells or their progenitors. Gliomas are cancers of soft tissues that eventually spread to form solid tumors, giving rise to GBM. It is characterized by rapid growth and a high propensity for recurrence, with a median life expectancy of 15 months due to its dismal prognosis. There is an urgent need to address and comprehensively explore GBM, focusing on the types, stages, occurrence, causative factors, mechanisms, and pathological features of GBM. Even though conventional treatments are present, their effectiveness is limited due to the intricate heterogeneity of tumors and their resistance mechanisms. In light of this, the chapter focuses on the molecular underpinnings of GBM, emphasizing the characterization and pathophysiology that dysregulate molecular pathways in GBM. Subsequently, the discussion pivots to molecular chemotherapy, an innovative approach that leverages molecular insights to develop targeted drug therapies aiming at specific genetic and molecular aberrations. One of the hallmarks of cancer is heterogeneity, which requires strategies for targeting multiple pathways to develop therapy for GBM. Despite aggressive treatment plans available currently, GBM relapses due to the development of resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. This chapter also elucidates the principles behind targeted therapy and the challenges encountered in translating these findings from bench to bedside. Additionally, it discusses integrating various means to overcome limitations such as metabolic heterogeneity, tumor invasion potential, drug resistance, poor pharmacokinetics, immuno-resistance, etc., and to achieve effective therapies for GBM, resulting in promising advancements in diagnosis and treatments. © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved..
A comprehensive review of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and concomitant resource recovery
(Elsevier, 2024) Atun Roy Choudhury; Neha Singh; Vihangraj V. Kulkarni; Vishal; Ayushi Gupta; Caitano Jose Fernandes; Subhasmita Sahoo; Sankar Ganesh Palani; Surajit Chakraborty
Due to the ever-rising demand for meat, the number of slaughterhouses and associated wastewater generation have significantly increased in the recent past. Processes such as lairage, sticking, washing, hide storage, and rendering require a huge volume of water. Tentatively, 82%-98% of the entire water consumed (~1100L of freshwater/adult ruminant) for slaughtering and ancillary processes gets converted as wastewater. The typical ranges of the parameters that characterize slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) are: pH: 6.2-7.9, TSS: 14,000-19,000mg/L, TDS: 1200-350,000mg/L, FOG: 12,000-37,000mg/L, COD: 4200-120,000mg/L, BOD: 1800-49,000mg/L, TKN: 120-1105mg/L, TP: 3-305mg/L. Large variations and a severely high concentration of nutrients and FOG complicate the SWW treatment and recovery processes. Formerly, a combination of pretreatment (drum screen, settler, coagulation and flocculation) followed by physical treatment (dissolved air floatation) or biological treatment (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, activated sludge process) was practiced to treat SWW. But the process requires a long start-up, acclimatization period, and large area, yet lacks efficacy, especially in removing TP. So, in recent times, advanced pretreatment by electrocoagulation followed by secondary treatment using an anaerobic baffled reactor or anaerobic sequencing batch reactor is practiced. Further, the treated effluent is subjected to membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis processes. Such a treatment strategy could lead to 90% efficiency or more. The treatment cost is approximately 0.12 USD/KL, which can be further lowered by facilitating energy recovery as methane-rich biogas from the anaerobic process (250mLCH4 gVS−1 SWW). The treated wastewater can be rationally reused to partially compensate for the water demand for in-situ processes such as scalding, chilling, dehairing, slaughter-line rind treatment, carcass dressing, cutting, deboning, and fat plant. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved including those for text and data mining AI training and similar technologies.
A COVID-19 Vaccine Notifier Android App “CoWin Mitra”
(CRC Press, 2023) Vikas Kumar Patel; Anshul Verma; Pradeepika Verma
The government of India has launched a web portal to register and schedule appointments for COVID-19 vaccination. This paper illustrates an android app model through which people can get notified about available slots according to their filters (age-group, dose type, vaccine name, centers). The proposed app checks for available slots for every given time in the background. Users can schedule their appointment and also enable/disable notifications at any time in the app. The project is developed in android studio. The data source is API Setu, and for client side, Java, XML, and SQLite are used. Software Development Life Cycle model and testing methods are used during the development process. ER diagram, message sequence chart, and flow chart have been shown for database, some important functions, and development process, respectively. The project developed is highly efficient, lightweight, and user-friendly. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Anshul Verma, Pradeepika Verma, Kiran Kumar Pattanaik and Lalit Garg; individual chapters, the contributors.
A Critique: Advancement and Applications of Surgical Sutures in Medical Implants
(CRC Press, 2024) Shovan Ghosh; Vivek Dave; Prashansa Sharma; Pranay Wal
Surgical sutures are thread-like structures that play a crucial role in injury management by holding tissue at the site of application. This became an important aspect in the promotion of any wound healing properties. In this chapter, we cover those areas along with their different classifications based on construction, degradation behavior, surface texture, size, coating, use, etc. The site of application, the risk factor, the mechanical requirement, and the depth of injury all influence the choice of suture, and choosing the right sutures always maximizes wound healing. The use of modified electrospinning in surgical sutures is important in the incorporation of bioactive molecules in sutures, which improves healing and can also deliver drugs. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Prashansa Sharma, Devsuni Singh, Suman Pant and Vivek Dave; individual chapters, the contributors.
A deeper insight into the symbiotic mechanism of Rhizobium spp. from the perspective of secondary metabolism
(Springer Singapore, 2019) Prachi Singh; Rahul Singh Rajput; Ratul Moni Ram; Harikesh Bahadur Singh
Rhizobia are group of organism, known globally for their nitrogen-fixing ability. In addition to nitrogen fixation, they significantly contribute to plant growth promotion and disease control. Rhizobial aptness for plant growth promotion and antagonism against a wide range of pathogens is due to its ability to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites such as HCN, siderophore, antibiotics, rhizobitoxin, lytic enzymes, IAA, phosphate solubilization and induced systemic resistance. Rhizobial inoculants, ascribed with multiple roles of nitrogen fixation, growth promotion and disease suppression, have strengthened crop productivity. This compilation urges the need to recognize and exploit the potential multifaceted secondary metabolites of rhizobia for biological control and growth promotion. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.
A derivative for semipreinvex functions and its applications in semipreinvex programming
(Springer International Publishing, 2011) Y.X. Zhao; S.Y. Wang; L. Coladas Uria; S.K. Mishra
A directional derivative concept is introduced to develop Fritz–John and Kuhn–Tucker conditions for the optimization of general semipreinvex functions. The relationship between the optimization problem and the corresponding semiprevariational inequality problem is also shown. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.
A diagnosis of the determinants of dividend payout policy in India: A factor analytical approach
(IGI Global, 2014) Raj Kumar; Pawan Kumar Jha
Dividend decision involves the portion of a firm's net earnings that are paid out to the shareholders, and the remaining is ploughed back in the company for its growth purpose. Despite comprehensive theoretical and empirical explanations, dividend policy and its determinants are a puzzle to be fixed in corporate finance. This chapter is an attempt to assess the dynamics and determinants of dividend-payout policy using a factor analytical tool and a multiple regression analysis as a supportive tool. The authors take into account the sample of ten automobile companies based on Market Capitalization listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) for a period of 10 years from 2002-2003 to 2012-2013. The results of the factor analysis show that six factors, current ratio, cash flow, retained earnings per share, earnings per share, equity dividend, and corporate dividend tax, are identified as the most critical factors determining dividend payout in Indian automobile companies. However, regression results depict only three factors (i.e. cash flow, equity dividend, and corporate dividend tax) have been found statistically significant in determining dividend payout policy. © 2014, IGI Global. All rights reserved.
A diagnosis of the determinants of dividend payout policy in India: A factor analytical approach
(IGI Global, 2015) Raj Kumar; Pawan Kumar Jha
Dividend decision involves the portion of a firm's net earnings that are paid out to the shareholders, and the remaining is ploughed back in the company for its growth purpose. Despite comprehensive theoretical and empirical explanations, dividend policy and its determinants are a puzzle to be fixed in corporate finance. This chapter is an attempt to assess the dynamics and determinants of dividend-payout policy using a factor analytical tool and a multiple regression analysis as a supportive tool. The authors take into account the sample of ten automobile companies based on Market Capitalization listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) for a period of 10 years from 2002-2003 to 2012-2013. The results of the factor analysis show that six factors, current ratio, cash flow, retained earnings per share, earnings per share, equity dividend, and corporate dividend tax, are identified as the most critical factors determining dividend payout in Indian automobile companies. However, regression results depict only three factors (i.e. cash flow, equity dividend, and corporate dividend tax) have been found statistically significant in determining dividend payout policy. © 2015, IGI Global.
A general approach to forest stand classification
(Elsevier, 2025) Megha Paul; Prashant Kumar Srivastava; Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava; Pavan Kumar
The mapping of forests, evaluation of habitat quality, research into the dynamics of forests, and development of sustainable management techniques are only a few uses for forest typologies. The forest plots vertical and horizontal structures serve as the primary categorization standards in quantitative typologies designed for forestry applications. Forest typologies in which the univariate or bivariate distribution of tree diameters or heights is combined with species composition data to calculate coefficients that assess the dissimilarity of forest stands. One of the most important steps in planning forest management is classifying forest stands, but it takes time and is subject to subjectivity. The increasing availability of LiDAR data and multispectral photos presents an opportunity to enhance stand categorization using remotely sensed data. Using OBIA, forest stands have been automatically classified using ASTER images and low-density LiDAR data. In order to segment forests, OBIA was used in conjunction with VNIR ASTER bands to extract mean height, canopy cover, and the canopy model from LiDAR data. In order to compare the segmentation results, it was necessary to evaluate the internal heterogeneity of the segments. Multispectral information combined with OBIA and low-density LiDAR data are useful tools for stand classification. When it comes to distinguishing between broad-leaved, conifer, and mixed stands, multispectral pictures offer a limited predictive relevance for species distinction. However, the performance of ASTER data could be improved with higher spatial resolution VNIR images, especially submetric VNIR orthophotos. LiDAR data, however, has a lot of possibilities for depicting forest structure. The fast developing technology of drones and the increasing demand for high-resolution datasets from government agencies are factors that contribute to this perspective. © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved..