Scholarly Publications
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This community showcases the academic contributions of faculty and researchers at Banaras Hindu University (BHU) and provides a year-wise compilation of publications across disciplines. Institutional Repository BHU
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PublicationBook Chapter Availability and Risk Assessment of Nanoparticles in Living Systems: A Virtue or a Peril?(Elsevier Inc., 2018) Shweta; Durgesh K. Tripathi; Devendra Kumar Chauhan; Jose R. Peralta-VideaInteraction of nanoparticles with living systems on earth has been occurring since ancient times, but as the technology increases each day, application of natural and anthropogenic nanoparticles also increases, which disturbs our ecosystem. Nanoparticles have a devastating effect on the environment by affecting directly or indirectly microbes, plants, and humans. In the era of increasing industrialization, nanoparticles have many advantages, but also many inevitable disadvantages. Their applications are so vast that they have become a part of our daily lives, for example, they are used in cosmetics, drugs, agriculture, electronics, etc.; however, when they are released in the environment, they cause deleterious effects. Thus to secure the environment, governments have devised a number of risk assessment and remediation plans to placate these effects on living organisms. In spite of this, scientists are trying to alter their role by increasing the quality of products to enhance the quality and quantity of crops by either supplying nanoparticles to the plants directly or by genetically modifying them. In this chapter, we have tried to summarize the positive and negative impacts of nanoparticles on living systems: plants, humans, and microorganisms. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.PublicationBook Chapter Interaction of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles With Plants: Uptake, Accumulation, and Toxicity(Elsevier Inc., 2018) Namira Arif; Vashali Yadav; Swati Singh; Durgesh K. Tripathi; Nawal Kishore Dubey; Devendra Kumar Chauhan; Lucia GiorgettiThe expansion of industrialization to meet development needs requires specific target technology based on innovative systems, including nanotechnology and nanomaterials that exploit the physical properties of nanoparticles (NPs). Among the variety of NPs manufactured on demand by industries, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are produced for several purposes and as a consequence, when released into the environment, can constitute a potential risk for exposed living beings. In fact, NPs have unique characteristics such as high surface reactivity and nanoscaled size, which are now raising concerns regarding the stresses they can cause. Therefore it is necessary to study the interaction between CuO NPs and living organisms, with greater attention paid to plants, photosynthetic organisms at the basis of the food chain and thus indispensable for the life of all other living beings. Since copper is a plant micronutrient, the concentration of CuO NPs in soil is critical for its beneficial or toxic effects. Plants uptake CuO NPs through their roots, then, through the vascular system, CuO NPs are transported to the aboveground part of the plant. High concentrations of CuO NPs in plants have been documented; when CuO NPs are accumulated at critical concentrations in plant cells, many physiological processes can be affected and reactive oxygen species can be generated in stressed cells. As a consequence, antioxidant mechanisms become activated to help plants survive under CuO (NPs) stress. This chapter deals with the nature of CuO NPs, their toxic effects on different plant species at physiological and cellular levels, their uptake and translocation mechanism, and the tolerance mechanism generated by plants under stress conditions. The chapter also confers a critical assessment of the necessity for further research. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.PublicationReview An overview on manufactured nanoparticles in plants: Uptake, translocation, accumulation and phytotoxicity(Elsevier Masson SAS, 2017) Durgesh Kumar Tripathi; Shweta; Shweta Singh; Swati Singh; Rishikesh Pandey; Vijay Pratap Singh; Nilesh C. Sharma; Sheo Mohan Prasad; Nawal Kishore Dubey; Devendra Kumar ChauhanThe unprecedented capability to control and characterize materials on the nanometer scale has led to the rapid expansion of nanostructured materials. The expansion of nanotechnology, resulting into myriads of consumer and industrial products, causes a concern among the scientific community regarding risk associated with the release of nanomaterials in the environment. Bioavailability of excess nanomaterials ultimately threatens ecosystem and human health. Over the past few years, the field of nanotoxicology dealing with adverse effects and the probable risk associated with particulate structures <100 nm in size has emerged from the recognized understanding of toxic effects of fibrous and non-fibrous particles and their interactions with plants. The present review summarizes uptake, translocation and accumulation of nanomaterials and their recognized ways of phytotoxicity on morpho-anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular traits of plants. Besides this, the present review also examines the intrinsic detoxification mechanisms in plants in light of nanomaterial accumulation within plant cells or parts. © 2016 Elsevier Masson SASPublicationBook Chapter Plants and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) interface: Present status and future prospects(Springer Singapore, 2017) Shweta; Kanchan Vishwakarma; Shivesh Sharma; Raghvendra Pratap Narayan; Prateek Srivastava; Ambrina Sardar Khan; Nawal Kishore Dubey; Durgesh Kumar Tripathi; Devendra Kumar ChauhanThe unique characteristics of nanomaterials utilizing carbon have drawn great attention and interest since the breakthrough of fullerenes (in 1985), carbon nanotubes (CNTs, in 1991), and graphene (in 2004). This discovery has led to the promotion of developing methods in order to produce it at large industrial scales. Engineered nanomaterials are continuously finding its applications in medical sector, technical devices, environmental purposes, as well as agricultural sector. Despite its wide applications, there is also the unintended release of carbon- based nanostructures into the environment, thereby affecting or posing inimical effect toward the living systems like plants. The researchers are trying to engineer such nanoparticles in a way that it may impose some advanced and beneficial applications in living systems. One of the engineered carbon-based nanomaterials includes carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which can be further classified as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), water-soluble multiwalled carbon nanotubes, functionalized singlewalled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes etc. This chapter, therefore, focuses on all aforementioned types of carbon nanotubes, techniques utilized in synthesis, and current status of research with respect to the impact of carbon nanotubes on plant growth and development addressing relevant knowledge gap. © 2017, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.PublicationBook Chapter Global explicit profiling of water deficit-induced diminutions in agricultural crop sustainability: Key emerging trends and challenges(wiley, 2016) Shweta Singh; Durgesh Kumar Tripathi; Nawal Kishore Dubey; Devendra Kumar Chauhan'Global Water Scarcity Issues' is a phrase that confers the global status of water becoming increasingly limited at rates not seen previously in geological time and has been further aggravated by factors such as accelerating population growth and the ongoing climatic change scenarios. Their continuous escalating magnitude is now a major issue of serious global concern. Being the quintessential ingredient of life, water plays a copious role in crop growth and productivity; therefore, its scarcity would cause havoc for agricultural crops. Further, based on future speculation, droughts could also be considered as the single most critical threat to world food security. Hence, it is well documented that suboptimal water supplies would not only threaten the sustainability of agriculture crops and fetching of harvestable yields but also influence the future food demand for an ever increasing world population whose pressure is likely to further aggravate the effects of drought (Somerville and Briscoe, 2001). Drought, in conjunction with other stresses on field conditions, is highly devastating; in fact, it is considered the most severe environmental menace that has induced substantial losses in crop productivity, since both the severity and duration of the stress are critical. The present chapter, therefore, provides an overview to acquaint the reader with adverse effects of drought on plant growth, phenology, water and nutrient relations, and photosynthesis and assimilate partitioning in plants. Besides, this article also describes the complex phenomenon of drought tolerant schemes and strategies adapted by plants at multiple levels of their organization in order to curb the deleterious effect of drought. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.PublicationBook Chapter Glutathione and Phytochelatins Mediated Redox Homeostasis and Stress Signal Transduction in Plants: An Integrated Overview(Elsevier Inc., 2015) Shweta Singh; Durgesh Kumar Tripathi; Devendra Kumar Chauhan; Nawal Kishore DubeyHeavy metal toxicity is perhaps the most disastrous, yet most ignored, environmental stress factor increasing rapidly on global scale and is currently responsible for the major downfall in the average yield of crop productivity worldwide by rendering the major part of the agricultural land uninsurable. The progressive loss in agricultural productivity from heavy metal is an unfortunate consequence of imbalance in redox homeostasis. Conversely, this imbalance in redox homeostasis triggers a wide range of physiological and developmental changes responsible for the onset of stress reaction in plants to counterbalance the deleterious effect of heavy metal stress. Therefore, maintenance of redox homeostasis in plant cells is of utmost significance in terms of achieving sustainable growth, development, and productivity. Sizable progress has been made in demonstrating the mechanistic basis of redox homeostasis and detoxification of heavy metals and metalloids in plants. To curtail the toxic effects of heavy metal, plants have used an efficient and sophisticated detoxification mechanism primarily depends on chelation and subcellular compartmentalization. Chelation of heavy metals involves a principal class of the best-known metal binding chelator, namely phytochelatins (PCs), a family of Cys-rich peptides synthesized exclusively from reduced glutathione (GSH) in a transpeptidation reaction mediated by the consecutive enzyme PC synthase. Hence, availability of GSH should never be limited, especially during plant exposure to heavy metals. Taking this in to consideration, the current study provides a comprehensive introduction to the inescapable role of thiols and chelators in heavy metal stress tolerance in plant. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.