A Comprehensive Review of Empirical and Dynamic Wildfire Simulators and Machine Learning Techniques used for the Prediction of Wildfire in Australia

Abstract

Wildfires pose significant environmental threats in Australia, impacting ecosystems, human lives, and property. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of various empirical and dynamic wildfire simulators alongside machine learning (ML) techniques employed for wildfire prediction in Australia. The study examines the effectiveness of traditional empirical methods, dynamic physical models, and advanced ML algorithms in forecasting wildfire spread and behaviour. Key simulators discussed include PHOENIX Rapidfire, SPARK, AUSTRALIS, REDEYE, and IGNITE, each evaluated for their inputs, models, and outputs. Additionally, the application of ML methods such as artificial neural networks, logistic regression, decision trees, and support vector machines is explored, highlighting their predictive capabilities and limitations. The integration of these advanced techniques is essential for enhancing the accuracy of wildfire predictions, enabling better preparedness and response strategies. This review aims to inform future research and development in wildfire prediction and management, ultimately contributing to more effective fire mitigation efforts in Australia and beyond. © The Author(s) 2025.