Traditional soil and water conservation by tribal farmers in Arunachal Pradesh: A case study on erosion control

Abstract

Mountainous regions require more attention to protect, restore, and develop than any other ecosystems. Prioritizing techniques and practices that improve productivity while protecting the environment is essential in this regard. A study was conducted to identify traditional agricultural practices and soil and water conservation measures among Galo tribal farmers in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Data were gathered through surveys, group discussions, interviews, and field observations from 150 farmers across three elevation zones (low, medium, and high) during 2022-23. Farmers have inherited and implemented various conservation practices, including wetland rice cultivation (Esiarik), contour farming, mulching, agroforestry, vegetative barriers, bamboo channel irrigation systems (Kombo), mixed crops, water-harvesting structures, and traditional soil conservation methods. This study documents and analyses the elevation-specific indigenous conservation practices of Galo tribal farmers. These practices are widespread across all elevation zones, indicating farmers’ strong reliance on traditional conservation methods and their economic benefits. The outcomes of this study have significant implications for regional strategies related to sustainable land management. © 2025, National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research. All rights reserved.