Exhumation mechanisms of the Himalayan metamorphic core in the Bhagirathi Valley, NW India: Insights from an integrated structural and metamorphic analysis

Abstract

The Himalayan metamorphic core in the Bhagirathi valley (NW India) consists of low-grade rocks belonging to the Lesser Himalayan Sequence to the south, and of high-grade rocks of the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS), to the north. The contact between these two units is a 2–3 km thick high-strain zone known as the Main Central Thrust zone (MCTz). Structural studies in the GHS identify the superposition of foliation (S2) related to tight isoclinal fold (F2) on a pre-existing foliation (S1). S2 was further overprinted by D3 crenulations, and a set of conjugate fractures (D4) overprinted these ductile fabrics. Deformation in the GHS was characterized by top-to-the-SW shearing, which, in its upper structural level, was overprinted by top-to-the-NE extensional shear. Metamorphic analysis shows a moderate T/high P inverted metamorphic sequence with pre-to syn-kinematic, inclusion-rich garnet in the structurally lower part of the GHS and high T-moderate P prograde metamorphism with post-tectonic inclusion-free garnet and evidence of partial melting, in its upper structural level. We envisage that the uppermost part of the GHS and the lower part of the GHS, including the MCTz, are two distinct tectonic slices, separated by a tectono-metamorphic discontinuity. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd