Title:
Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

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dc.contributor.authorDana Bryazka
dc.contributor.authorMarissa B. Reitsma
dc.contributor.authorMax G. Griswold
dc.contributor.authorKalkidan Hassen Abate
dc.contributor.authorCristiana Abbafati
dc.contributor.authorMohsen Abbasi-Kangevari
dc.contributor.authorZeinab Abbasi-Kangevari
dc.contributor.authorAmir Abdoli
dc.contributor.authorMohammad Abdollahi
dc.contributor.authorAbu Yousuf Md. Abdullah
dc.contributor.authorE.S. Abhilash
dc.contributor.authorEman Abu-Gharbieh
dc.contributor.authorJuan Manuel Acuna
dc.contributor.authorGiovanni Addolorato
dc.contributor.authorOladimeji M. Adebayo
dc.contributor.authorVictor Adekanmbi
dc.contributor.authorKishor Adhikari
dc.contributor.authorSangeet Adhikari
dc.contributor.authorQorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani
dc.contributor.authorSaira Afzal
dc.contributor.authorWubetu Yimam Agegnehu
dc.contributor.authorManik Aggarwal
dc.contributor.authorBright Opoku Ahinkorah
dc.contributor.authorAraz Ramazan Ahmad
dc.contributor.authorSajjad Ahmad
dc.contributor.authorTauseef Ahmad
dc.contributor.authorAli Ahmadi
dc.contributor.authorSepideh Ahmadi
dc.contributor.authorHaroon Ahmed
dc.contributor.authorTarik Ahmed Rashid
dc.contributor.authorChisom Joyqueenet Akunna
dc.contributor.authorHanadi Al Hamad
dc.contributor.authorMd.Zakiul Alam
dc.contributor.authorDejene Tsegaye Alem
dc.contributor.authorKefyalew Addis Alene
dc.contributor.authorYousef Alimohamadi
dc.contributor.authorAtiyeh Alizadeh
dc.contributor.authorKasim Allel
dc.contributor.authorJordi Alonso
dc.contributor.authorSaba Alvand
dc.contributor.authorNelson Alvis-Guzman
dc.contributor.authorFirehiwot Amare
dc.contributor.authorEdward Kwabena Ameyaw
dc.contributor.authorSohrab Amiri
dc.contributor.authorRobert Ancuceanu
dc.contributor.authorJason A. Anderson
dc.contributor.authorCatalina Liliana Andrei
dc.contributor.authorTudorel Andrei
dc.contributor.authorJalal Arabloo
dc.contributor.authorMuhammad Arshad
dc.contributor.authorAnton A. Artamonov
dc.contributor.authorZahra Aryan
dc.contributor.authorMalke Asaad
dc.contributor.authorMulusew A. Asemahagn
dc.contributor.authorThomas Astell-Burt
dc.contributor.authorSeyyed Shamsadin Athari
dc.contributor.authorDesta Debalkie Atnafu
dc.contributor.authorPrince Atorkey
dc.contributor.authorAlok Atreya
dc.contributor.authorFloriane Ausloos
dc.contributor.authorMarcel Ausloos
dc.contributor.authorGetinet Ayano
dc.contributor.authorMartin Amogre Ayanore
dc.contributor.authorOlatunde O. Ayinde
dc.contributor.authorJose L. Ayuso-Mateos
dc.contributor.authorSina Azadnajafabad
dc.contributor.authorMelkalem Mamuye Azanaw
dc.contributor.authorMohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy
dc.contributor.authorAmirhossein Azari Jafari
dc.contributor.authorAhmed Y. Azzam
dc.contributor.authorAshish D. Badiye
dc.contributor.authorNasser Bagheri
dc.contributor.authorSara Bagherieh
dc.contributor.authorMohan Bairwa
dc.contributor.authorShankar M. Bakkannavar
dc.contributor.authorRavleen Kaur Bakshi
dc.contributor.authorAwraris Hailu Balchut Bilchut
dc.contributor.authorT.W. Bärnighausen
dc.contributor.authorFabio Barra
dc.contributor.authorAmadou Barrow
dc.contributor.authorPritish Baskaran
dc.contributor.authorLuis Belo
dc.contributor.authorDerrick A. Bennett
dc.contributor.authorIsabela M. Bensenor
dc.contributor.authorAkshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
dc.contributor.authorNeeraj Bhala
dc.contributor.authorAshish Bhalla
dc.contributor.authorNikha Bhardwaj
dc.contributor.authorPankaj Bhardwaj
dc.contributor.authorSonu Bhaskar
dc.contributor.authorKrittika Bhattacharyya
dc.contributor.authorVijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja
dc.contributor.authorBagas Suryo Bintoro
dc.contributor.authorElena A. Elena Blokhina
dc.contributor.authorBelay Boda Abule Bodicha
dc.contributor.authorArchith Boloor
dc.contributor.authorCristina Bosetti
dc.contributor.authorDejana Braithwaite
dc.contributor.authorHermann Brenner
dc.contributor.authorNikolay Ivanovich Briko
dc.contributor.authorAndre R. Brunoni
dc.contributor.authorZahid A. Butt
dc.contributor.authorChao Cao
dc.contributor.authorYin Cao
dc.contributor.authorRosario Cárdenas
dc.contributor.authorAndre F. Carvalho
dc.contributor.authorMárcia Carvalho
dc.contributor.authorJoao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
dc.contributor.authorGiulio Castelpietra
dc.contributor.authorLuis F.S. Castro-De-Araujo
dc.contributor.authorMaria Sofia Cattaruzza
dc.contributor.authorPromit Ananyo Chakraborty
dc.contributor.authorJaykaran Charan
dc.contributor.authorVijay Kumar Chattu
dc.contributor.authorAkhilanand Chaurasia
dc.contributor.authorNicolas Cherbuin
dc.contributor.authorDinh-Toi Chu
dc.contributor.authorNandita Chudal
dc.contributor.authorSheng-Chia Chung
dc.contributor.authorChuchu Churko
dc.contributor.authorLiliana G. Ciobanu
dc.contributor.authorMassimo Cirillo
dc.contributor.authorRafael M. Claro
dc.contributor.authorSimona Costanzo
dc.contributor.authorRichard G. Cowden
dc.contributor.authorMichael H. Criqui
dc.contributor.authorNatália Cruz-Martins
dc.contributor.authorGarland T. Culbreth
dc.contributor.authorBerihun Assefa Dachew
dc.contributor.authorOmid Dadras
dc.contributor.authorXiaochen Dai
dc.contributor.authorGiovanni Damiani
dc.contributor.authorLalit Dandona
dc.contributor.authorRakhi Dandona
dc.contributor.authorBeniam Darge Daniel
dc.contributor.authorAnna Danielewicz
dc.contributor.authorJiregna Darega Gela
dc.contributor.authorKairat Davletov
dc.contributor.authorJacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araujo
dc.contributor.authorAntonio Reis De Sá
dc.contributor.authorSisay Abebe Debela
dc.contributor.authorAzizallah Dehghan
dc.contributor.authorAndreas K. Demetriades
dc.contributor.authorMeseret Derbew Molla
dc.contributor.authorRupak Desai
dc.contributor.authorAbebaw Alemayehu Desta
dc.contributor.authorDiana Dias da Silva
dc.contributor.authorDaniel Diaz
dc.contributor.authorLankamo Ena Digesa
dc.contributor.authorMengistie Diress
dc.contributor.authorMilad Dodangeh
dc.contributor.authorDeepa Dongarwar
dc.contributor.authorFariba Dorostkar
dc.contributor.authorHaneil Larson Dsouza
dc.contributor.authorBereket Duko
dc.contributor.authorBruce B. Duncan
dc.contributor.authorKristina Edvardsson
dc.contributor.authorMichael Ekholuenetale
dc.contributor.authorFrank J. Elgar
dc.contributor.authorMuhammed Elhadi
dc.contributor.authorMohamed A. Elmonem
dc.contributor.authorAman Yesuf Endries
dc.contributor.authorSharareh Eskandarieh
dc.contributor.authorAzin Etemadimanesh
dc.contributor.authorAdeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
dc.contributor.authorIldar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev
dc.contributor.authorFatemeh Farahmand
dc.contributor.authorCarla Sofia E. Sá Farinha
dc.contributor.authorAndre Faro
dc.contributor.authorFarshad Farzadfar
dc.contributor.authorAli Fatehizadeh
dc.contributor.authorNelsensius Klau Fauk
dc.contributor.authorValery L. Feigin
dc.contributor.authorRachel Feldman
dc.contributor.authorXiaoqi Feng
dc.contributor.authorZinabu Fentaw
dc.contributor.authorSimone Ferrero
dc.contributor.authorLorenzo Ferro Desideri
dc.contributor.authorIrina Filip
dc.contributor.authorFlorian Fischer
dc.contributor.authorJoel Msafiri Francis
dc.contributor.authorRichard Charles Franklin
dc.contributor.authorPeter Andras Gaal
dc.contributor.authorMohamed M. Gad
dc.contributor.authorSilvano Gallus
dc.contributor.authorFabio Galvano
dc.contributor.authorBalasankar Ganesan
dc.contributor.authorTushar Garg
dc.contributor.authorMesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot
dc.contributor.authorTeferi Gebru Gebremeskel
dc.contributor.authorMathewos Alemu Gebremichael
dc.contributor.authorTadele Regasa Gemechu
dc.contributor.authorLemma Getacher
dc.contributor.authorMotuma Erena Getachew
dc.contributor.authorAbera Getachew Obsa
dc.contributor.authorAsmare Getie
dc.contributor.authorAmir Ghaderi
dc.contributor.authorMansour Ghafourifard
dc.contributor.authorAlireza Ghajar
dc.contributor.authorSeyyed-Hadi Ghamari
dc.contributor.authorLilian A. Ghandour
dc.contributor.authorMohammad Ghasemi Nour
dc.contributor.authorAhmad Ghashghaee
dc.contributor.authorSherief Ghozy
dc.contributor.authorFranklin N. Glozah
dc.contributor.authorEkaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova
dc.contributor.authorJustyna Godos
dc.contributor.authorAmit Goel
dc.contributor.authorSalime Goharinezhad
dc.contributor.authorMahaveer Golechha
dc.contributor.authorPouya Goleij
dc.contributor.authorMohamad Golitaleb
dc.contributor.authorFelix Greaves
dc.contributor.authorMichal Grivna
dc.contributor.authorGiuseppe Grosso
dc.contributor.authorTemesgen Worku Gudayu
dc.contributor.authorBhawna Gupta
dc.contributor.authorRajeev Gupta
dc.contributor.authorSapna Gupta
dc.contributor.authorVeer Bala Gupta
dc.contributor.authorVivek Kumar Gupta
dc.contributor.authorNima Hafezi-Nejad
dc.contributor.authorArvin Haj-Mirzaian
dc.contributor.authorBrian J. Hall
dc.contributor.authorRabih Halwani
dc.contributor.authorTiilahun Beyene Handiso
dc.contributor.authorGraeme J. Hankey
dc.contributor.authorSanam Hariri
dc.contributor.authorJosep Maria Haro
dc.contributor.authorAhmed I. Hasaballah
dc.contributor.authorHossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
dc.contributor.authorSimon I. Hay
dc.contributor.authorKhezar Hayat
dc.contributor.authorGolnaz Heidari
dc.contributor.authorMohammad Heidari
dc.contributor.authorDelia Hendrie
dc.contributor.authorClaudiu Herteliu
dc.contributor.authorDemisu Zenbaba Heyi
dc.contributor.authorKamal Hezam
dc.contributor.authorMbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa
dc.contributor.authorRamesh Holla
dc.contributor.authorMd. Mahbub Hossain
dc.contributor.authorSahadat Hossain
dc.contributor.authorSeyed Kianoosh Hosseini
dc.contributor.authorMehdi Hosseinzadeh
dc.contributor.authorMihaela Hostiuc
dc.contributor.authorSorin Hostiuc
dc.contributor.authorGuoqing Hu
dc.contributor.authorJunjie Huang
dc.contributor.authorSalman Hussain
dc.contributor.authorSegun Emmanuel Ibitoye
dc.contributor.authorIrena M. Ilic
dc.contributor.authorMilena D. Ilic
dc.contributor.authorMustapha Immurana
dc.contributor.authorLalu Muhammad Irham
dc.contributor.authorM. Mofizul Islam
dc.contributor.authorRakibul M. Islam
dc.contributor.authorSheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
dc.contributor.authorHiroyasu Iso
dc.contributor.authorRamaiah Itumalla
dc.contributor.authorMasao Iwagami
dc.contributor.authorRoxana Jabbarinejad
dc.contributor.authorLouis Jacob
dc.contributor.authorMihajlo Jakovljevic
dc.contributor.authorZahra Jamalpoor
dc.contributor.authorElham Jamshidi
dc.contributor.authorSathish Kumar Jayapal
dc.contributor.authorUmesh Umesh Jayarajah
dc.contributor.authorRanil Jayawardena
dc.contributor.authorRime Jebai
dc.contributor.authorSeyed Ali Jeddi
dc.contributor.authorAlelign Tasew Jema
dc.contributor.authorRavi Prakash Jha
dc.contributor.authorHar Ashish Jindal
dc.contributor.authorJost B. Jonas
dc.contributor.authorTamas Joo
dc.contributor.authorNitin Joseph
dc.contributor.authorFarahnaz Joukar
dc.contributor.authorJacek Jerzy Jozwiak
dc.contributor.authorMikk Jürisson
dc.contributor.authorAli Kabir
dc.contributor.authorRobel Hussen Kabthymer
dc.contributor.authorBhushan Dattatray Kamble
dc.contributor.authorHimal Kandel
dc.contributor.authorGirum Gebremeskel Kanno
dc.contributor.authorNeeti Kapoor
dc.contributor.authorIbraheem M. Karaye
dc.contributor.authorSalah Eddin Karimi
dc.contributor.authorBekalu Getnet Kassa
dc.contributor.authorRimple Jeet Kaur
dc.contributor.authorGbenga A. Kayode
dc.contributor.authorMohammad Keykhaei
dc.contributor.authorHimanshu Khajuria
dc.contributor.authorRovshan Khalilov
dc.contributor.authorImteyaz A. Khan
dc.contributor.authorMoien A.B. Khan
dc.contributor.authorHanna Kim
dc.contributor.authorJihee Kim
dc.contributor.authorMin Seo Kim
dc.contributor.authorRuth W. Kimokoti
dc.contributor.authorMika Kivimäki
dc.contributor.authorVitalii Klymchuk
dc.contributor.authorAnn Kristin Skrindo Knudsen
dc.contributor.authorAli-Asghar Kolahi
dc.contributor.authorVladimir Andreevich Korshunov
dc.contributor.authorAi Koyanagi
dc.contributor.authorKewal Krishan
dc.contributor.authorYuvaraj Krishnamoorthy
dc.contributor.authorG. Anil Kumar
dc.contributor.authorNarinder Kumar
dc.contributor.authorNithin Kumar
dc.contributor.authorBen Lacey
dc.contributor.authorTea Lallukka
dc.contributor.authorSavita Lasrado
dc.contributor.authorJerrald Lau
dc.contributor.authorSang-Woong Lee
dc.contributor.authorWei-Chen Lee
dc.contributor.authorYo Han Lee
dc.contributor.authorLee-Ling Lim
dc.contributor.authorStephen S. Lim
dc.contributor.authorStany W. Lobo
dc.contributor.authorPlaton D. Lopukhov
dc.contributor.authorStefan Lorkowski
dc.contributor.authorRafael Lozano
dc.contributor.authorGiancarlo Lucchetti
dc.contributor.authorFarzan Madadizadeh
dc.contributor.authorÁurea M. Madureira-Carvalho
dc.contributor.authorSoleiman Mahjoub
dc.contributor.authorAta Mahmoodpoor
dc.contributor.authorRashidul Alam Mahumud
dc.contributor.authorAlaa Makki
dc.contributor.authorMohammad-Reza Malekpour
dc.contributor.authorNarayana Manjunatha
dc.contributor.authorBorhan Mansouri
dc.contributor.authorMohammad Ali Mansournia
dc.contributor.authorJose Martinez-Raga
dc.contributor.authorFrancisco A. Martinez-Villa
dc.contributor.authorRichard Matzopoulos
dc.contributor.authorPallab K. Maulik
dc.contributor.authorMahsa Mayeli
dc.contributor.authorJohn J. McGrath
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dc.contributor.authorEntezar Mehrabi Nasab
dc.contributor.authorRitesh G. Menezes
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dc.contributor.authorAlexios-Fotios A. Mentis
dc.contributor.authorAtte Meretoja
dc.contributor.authorBedasa Taye Merga
dc.contributor.authorTomislav Mestrovic
dc.contributor.authorJunmei Miao Jonasson
dc.contributor.authorBartosz Miazgowski
dc.contributor.authorAna Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira De Sá
dc.contributor.authorTed R. Miller
dc.contributor.authorG.K. Mini
dc.contributor.authorAndreea Mirica
dc.contributor.authorAntonio Mirijello
dc.contributor.authorSeyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni
dc.contributor.authorErkin M. Mirrakhimov
dc.contributor.authorSanjeev Misra
dc.contributor.authorBabak Moazen
dc.contributor.authorMaryam Mobarakabadi
dc.contributor.authorMarcello Moccia
dc.contributor.authorYousef Mohammad
dc.contributor.authorEsmaeil Mohammadi
dc.contributor.authorAbdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani
dc.contributor.authorTeroj Abdulrahman Mohammed
dc.contributor.authorNagabhishek Moka
dc.contributor.authorAli H. Mokdad
dc.contributor.authorSara Momtazmanesh
dc.contributor.authorYousef Moradi
dc.contributor.authorEbrahim Mostafavi
dc.contributor.authorSumaira Mubarik
dc.contributor.authorErin C. Mullany
dc.contributor.authorBeemnet Tekabe Mulugeta
dc.contributor.authorEfrén Murillo-Zamora
dc.contributor.authorChristopher J.L. Murray
dc.contributor.authorJulius C. Mwita
dc.contributor.authorMohsen Naghavi
dc.contributor.authorMukhammad David Naimzada
dc.contributor.authorVinay Nangia
dc.contributor.authorBiswa Prakash Nayak
dc.contributor.authorIonut Negoi
dc.contributor.authorRuxandra Irina Negoi
dc.contributor.authorSeyed Aria Nejadghaderi
dc.contributor.authorSamata Nepal
dc.contributor.authorSudan Prasad Prasad Neupane
dc.contributor.authorSandhya Neupane Kandel
dc.contributor.authorYeshambel T. Nigatu
dc.contributor.authorAli Nowroozi
dc.contributor.authorKhan M. Nuruzzaman
dc.contributor.authorChimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam
dc.contributor.authorKehinde O. Obamiro
dc.contributor.authorFelix Akpojene Ogbo
dc.contributor.authorAyodipupo Sikiru Oguntade
dc.contributor.authorHassan Okati-Aliabad
dc.contributor.authorBabayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde
dc.contributor.authorGláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira
dc.contributor.authorAhmed Omar Bali
dc.contributor.authorEmad Omer
dc.contributor.authorDoris V. Ortega-Altamirano
dc.contributor.authorAdrian Otoiu
dc.contributor.authorStanislav S. Otstavnov
dc.contributor.authorBilcha Oumer
dc.contributor.authorP.A. Mahesh
dc.contributor.authorAlicia Padron-Monedero
dc.contributor.authorRaffaele Palladino
dc.contributor.authorAdrian Pana
dc.contributor.authorSonghomitra Panda-Jonas
dc.contributor.authorAnamika Pandey
dc.contributor.authorAshok Pandey
dc.contributor.authorShahina Pardhan
dc.contributor.authorTarang Parekh
dc.contributor.authorEun-Kee Park
dc.contributor.authorCharles D.H. Parry
dc.contributor.authorFatemeh Pashazadeh Kan
dc.contributor.authorJay Patel
dc.contributor.authorSiddhartha Pati
dc.contributor.authorGeorge C. Patton
dc.contributor.authorUttam Paudel
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dc.contributor.authorAmy E. Peden
dc.contributor.authorIonela-Roxana Petcu
dc.contributor.authorMichael R. Phillips
dc.contributor.authorMarina Pinheiro
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dc.contributor.authorAkila Prashant
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dc.contributor.authorAmir Radfar
dc.contributor.authorAlireza Rafiei
dc.contributor.authorPankaja Raghav Raghav
dc.contributor.authorVafa Rahimi-Movaghar
dc.contributor.authorAzizur Rahman
dc.contributor.authorMd.Mosfequr Rahman
dc.contributor.authorMosiur Rahman
dc.contributor.authorAmir Masoud Rahmani
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dc.contributor.authorChhabi Lal Ranabhat
dc.contributor.authorPriyanga Ranasinghe
dc.contributor.authorChythra R. Rao
dc.contributor.authorDrona Prakash Rasali
dc.contributor.authorMohammad-Mahdi Rashidi
dc.contributor.authorZubair Ahmed Ratan
dc.contributor.authorDavid Laith Rawaf
dc.contributor.authorSalman Rawaf
dc.contributor.authorLal Rawal
dc.contributor.authorAndre M.N. Renzaho
dc.contributor.authorNegar Rezaei
dc.contributor.authorSaeid Rezaei
dc.contributor.authorMohsen Rezaeian
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dc.contributor.authorSurjit Singh
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dc.contributor.authorAbate Dargie Wubetu
dc.contributor.authorSuowen Xu
dc.contributor.authorKazumasa Yamagishi
dc.contributor.authorLin Yang
dc.contributor.authorGesila Endashaw E. Yesera
dc.contributor.authorArzu Yigit
dc.contributor.authorVahit Yiğit
dc.contributor.authorAyenew Engida Yimaw
dc.contributor.authorDong Keon Yon
dc.contributor.authorNaohiro Yonemoto
dc.contributor.authorChuanhua Yu
dc.contributor.authorSiddhesh Zadey
dc.contributor.authorMazyar Zahir
dc.contributor.authorIman Zare
dc.contributor.authorMikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
dc.contributor.authorAnasthasia Zastrozhina
dc.contributor.authorZhi-Jiang Zhang
dc.contributor.authorChenwen Zhong
dc.contributor.authorMohammad Zmaili
dc.contributor.authorYves Miel H. Zuniga
dc.contributor.authorEmmanuela Gakidou
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-07T11:00:03Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.description.abstractBackground: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose–response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15–95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15–39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0–0) and 0·603 (0·400–1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0–0) and 1·75 (0·698–4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0–0·403) to 1·87 (0·500–3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0–0·900) and 6·94 (3·40–8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3–65·4) were aged 15–39 years and 76·9% (73·0–81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00847-9
dc.identifier.issn1406736
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00847-9
dc.identifier.urihttps://dl.bhu.ac.in/bhuir/handle/123456789/41020
dc.publisherElsevier B.V.
dc.titlePopulation-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020
dc.typePublication
dspace.entity.typeArticle

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