Kolkata’s green oasis: a comprehensive analysis of urban green spaces for ecosystem sustainability

Abstract

In the present study, the impact of urban growth on green spaces in Kolkata Metropolitan City (KMC) was evaluated using the multi-temporal satellite observations spanning the last four decades (1990–2022). The study exhibited a rapid rise in urban areas (178.38% growth; net increase 498 sq.km), leading to a significant conversion of areas into moderate to very high built-up density zones. This urbanization has markedly altered the green–blue infrastructure, notably causing a 27% decline in urban green space (UGS) resulting a net loss of 254 sq.km. Fragmentation analysis exhibited a trend of compact, infill development in urban regions, contrasting with outgrowth, which has influenced both the cluster size and quality of UGS over the decades. The multi-indices and biophysical characterization of UGS concluded a deteriorating trend in terms of quantity (− 27.9%) and quality as well with reference. However, the existing UGS are primarily scattered and having less dense. Spatial estimation of above ground biomass (AGB) of UGS using regression analysis of field-derived AGB and L-band SAR backscatter depicted a dominance of low AGB (< 30 t/ha−1) across KMC, while the certain zones with improved UGS exhibited moderate AGB levels (50–100 t/ha−1). The fuzzy AHP-based multi-criteria analysis of urban ecological quality exhibited severe ecological deterioration in the central urban areas, moderate to high in peri-urban regions, and comparatively improved ecological conditions in the peripheral rural parts of KMC. The study also identified major native tree species for plantation strategies comprising urban afforestation, rooftop gardens, and the development of green corridors in ecologically deficient hotspot zones to improve the ecological quality within the urban landscape. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.