Three-way combination of post-emergence herbicides under DSR and TPR: deciphering weeds, energy budgeting, productivity and economic output in Northern Indo-Gangetic plains

Abstract

The herbicide formulations were used as post-emergence in direct-seeded rice (DSR) and transplanted rice (TPR) against manual weeding and weedy check during kharif season of 2017–18 and 2018–19 at Varanasi, focusing on different weed species, energy budgeting, productivity and economic outcomes. The results showed that TPR significantly reduced the density and biomass of weeds with a lower weed index (WI) and higher weed control efficiency (WCE), yield, profitability and energy use over DSR. Significantly lower density (45–60%) and dry biomass of weed, with lower WI and the highest WCE, yield, returns and energy efficiency over other herbicides were computed with the use of BMC-II (270 g/ha) at 30 days after sowing. © (2025), (Indian Academy of Sciences). All rights reserved.