Unlocking the industrial potential of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: A varietal comparison of morphology, microstructure, and metabolomic profiles

Abstract

To address the lack of publications on the metabolic profiling of W. somnifera varieties for industrial and pharmaceutical uses, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemistry in three ashwagandha varieties- Red (R), Wild (W), and Pratap (P)- with a focus on their distinctive traits and potential commercial applications. Our research involved studies on germination, morphological assessments, and tissue culture experiments to understand growth potential and physical traits. Additionally, microscopic examinations of leaf structures and advanced techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry were used to analyse their biochemical and metabolite profiles. R exhibited a 101.5 % increase in total biomass in the field, while W showed the most vigorous in-vitro growth. The P variety had a high density of glandular trichomes, crucial for secondary metabolite production. Raman analysis revealed Withaferin A was most abundant in R, and phenylalanine was highest in P. HRMS results indicated comparable levels of terpenes in W and P, with P having higher fatty acids and steroids, known for skincare benefits. Peptides and amines were similarly high in R and W, supporting their therapeutic uses. These comprehensive plans revealed notable differences in the chemical profiles of the three varieties, emphasizing their potential for various industrial applications. This study not only adds to the understanding of the phytochemical diversity within W. somnifera but also further enables the improvement of the efficiency of cultivation and processing techniques for better medicinal and commercial outcomes. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd