Co-inoculation of Dactylaria brochopaga and Monacrosporium eudermatum affects disease dynamics and biochemical responses in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to enhance bio-protection against Meloidogyne incognita

Abstract

The nematode trapping ability of nematophagous fungi Dactylaria brochopaga and Monacrosporium eudermatum to colonize tomato root and parasitize and kill root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was evaluated, along with the capability of the fungi to induce the accumulation of defence-related biomolecules in tomato plants under the greenhouse and field conditions. Co-inoculation of D. brochopaga Dp-5 and M. eudermatum Mv-1 significantly reduced root-knot disease in tomato (89.63%) and increased the accumulation of total chlorophyll (125.34, 140.53 and 152.67 mg g -1 fresh wt.), total phenolic compounds (TPC) (37.40, 48.32 and 59.63 μg of gallic acid equivalent), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity (58.45, 69.05 and 74.57 mM cinnamic acid h -1 g -1 fresh wt.) after 10, 20 and 30 days of inoculation, respectively, in the greenhouse. However, in the field experiments, the total chlorophyll content in leaves of M. incognita infected tomato plants co-inoculated with D. brochopaga Dp-5 and M. eudermatum Mv-1 (152.70 mg g -1 fresh wt.) was higher than the plants treated with D. brochopaga Dp-5 or M. eudermatum Mv-1 individually (130.87 and 144.73 mg g -1 fresh wt., respectively) and M. incognita treated plants (19.47 mg g -1 fresh wt.). TPC and PAL activity were found to be higher in tomato leaves co-inoculated with D. brochopaga Dp-5 and M. eudermatum Mv-1 (62.90 μg of gallic acid equivalent and 79.33 mM cinnamic acid h -1 g -1 fresh wt., respectively) than the plants treated with D. brochopaga Dp-5 or M. eudermatum Mv-1 individually, whereas in M. incognita inoculated and control plants, the induction of these two compounds was found to be very low after 30 days of inoculation. The results of this study showed that these fungi reduced root-knot disease and enhanced accumulation of defence related biomolecules in tomato plants and has potential to serve as a biocontrol agents against root-knot nematodes. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.