Biomonitoring tools and bioprogramming: An overview

Abstract

Anthropogenic activities such as rapid industrialization, urbanization, deforestation, and several agricultural practices have immensely increased toxic chemical load in the environment. This toxic pollutant causes adverse effects to flora, fauna, and their environment. Monitoring of several types of pollutants via plants and animals is an economic, convenient, and credible method compared with traditional physicochemical ways, which has gained a lot of significance in the last few years. These living organisms are referred to as bioindicators, biomonitors, and biomarkers, because they give information about intensity and concentration of the contaminants, which helps in estimation of stresses at different sectors of the environment. The present chapter investigates the different biomonitoring tools and discusses the various biomonitoring programs around the globe. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.