Microbial-derived metal nanoparticles: Applications and perspective

Abstract

Microbial-derived metal nanoparticles (MtNPs) have garnered significant attention as a novel class of nanomaterials with diverse applications across various domains. These nanoparticles, synthesized through the reduction of metal ions by a plethora of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses, have sparked significant interest due to their unique physicochemical properties and versatile applications. The unique synthesis mechanisms employed by microorganisms enable precise control over the size, shape, and composition of the resulting nanoparticles, offering advantages over conventional chemical synthesis methods. MtNPs exhibit exceptional catalytic, optical, and antimicrobial properties, making them promising candidates for applications in catalysis, sensing, imaging, and drug delivery. They also exhibit remarkable efficacy in environmental remediation, offering sustainable solutions for pollution control, wastewater treatment, and soil restoration. In agriculture, MtNPs offer avenues for enhancing crop yield, nutrient uptake, and pest management, thereby contributing to food security and sustainable agriculture practices. Additionally, their biocompatibility and low toxicity make them suitable for biomedical applications, including cancer therapy, wound healing, and diagnostic imaging. Furthermore, the sustainable and eco-friendly synthesis routes employed in their production align with the growing emphasis on green nanotechnology. Nevertheless, the burgeoning field of MtNPs holds great promise for addressing pressing societal and environmental challenges while fostering innovation in nanotechnology, but challenges such as scalability, reproducibility, and standardization remain, necessitating further research and development efforts. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.