Major impact of global climate change in atmospheric, hydrospheric and lithospheric context

Abstract

In this century, the rate of global climate change is rapid, and predicted to accelerate in upcoming generation, will significantly impact the Earth's ocean, biodiversity as well as atmosphere. In this chapter, we will discuss the published research on global climate change effects with respect to environmental compo-nents as well as biodiversity and wildlife. The nature is directly affected by climatic variation resulting in environmental refugees in the altered environment. The modifi-cation in growth rates and various physiological functions of plants and animals will be discussed in detail. The shifting in plant distribution patterns and animals with respect to increasing temperature also alters reproduction. Several indirect effects of temperature stress involve community change due to enhanced eutrophication and alteration in the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. The coastal areas observe sea level rise effects in terms of variation in tides, enhanced water depth, alteration in movement of water, and increment of seawater intrusion into rivers and estuaries. Elevating the level of carbon dioxide in atmosphere directly increases the amount of CO2 in water of coastal regions. The increment of CO2 has a varied impact that changes with species and environmental circumstances. The effect of global climate change on freshwater ecosystems could be in terms of water quality, water quantity, habitat as well as aquatic biological assemblages. The iden-tification of thresholds and ecological triggers might be utilized for monitoring and improving the climate change-related impacts. The adverse effect of climate change in context with migratory species, challenges throughout their route, and alternation in the pattern have been discussed. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. All rights reserved.