Agroforestry and ecosystem services

Abstract

Agroforestry system (AFs) comprises tree–crop and livestock management that has been considered as an integrated system of sustainable landscape. It is more diverse and provides uncountable ecosystem services (ES) to sustain life on the earth. The greater adaptability and multifunctional role of AFs are discussed by policymakers, stakeholders, and scientists worldwide. Traditional AFs and their development in due course of time maximize ES. AFs provide tangible and intangible services which maintain ecosystem health and productivity. Adopting climate-resilient AFs ensures soil-food and income security, fulfilling the SDGs (sustainable development goals). Timber and NTFPs (non-timber forest products) production, soil health and quality enhancement, water regulation and quality, carbon (C) footprint, climate change mitigation, and food and income security are the key ES AFs provide. AFs also contribute toward ecological stability along with better environmental health and sustainability. A better technological advancement with effective policy is needed to strengthen AFs in major ecological regions. Moreover, current and future research trends must be oriented to enhance ES through greater crop diversification. Thus, AFs must be transformed into sustainable landscapes at local and global soil–food–climate security. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.