Harnessing the Bio Electrochemical Potential of Sediments: An Update on Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell Technologies

Abstract

As research continues to elucidate the complex interactions between microorganisms, electrodes, and sediments, sediment microbial fuel cells (MFCs) or SMFCs are poised to play a critical role in environmental remediation and bioelectricity production. SMFCs offer a novel approach to harnessing the bio-electrochemical potential of microorganisms in a unique ecosystem. This review highlights the importance of electroactive bacteria (EAB) and their role in providing a sustainable and renewable energy from sediments. These independent units can offer significant opportunities in environmental remediation and bioelectricity production. Different configurations of SMFCs such as plant-MFCs and constructed wetland (CW)-MFCs are also discussed with their performance parameters and indicators. Recent advances in material design and operation have improved their efficiency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, paving the way for their deployment in a range of applications, from monitoring water quality to powering remote sensors and devices. Additionally, the mathematical models used in bioremediation and bioelectricity production from electroactive microbes are also discussed. These models act as a roadmap to improve working potential of SMFCs with emphasis on electrode materials for both anode and the cathode. SMFCs enhance biogeochemical cycling, stimulate denitrification, and promote the degradation of pollutants, acting as a potent tool for ecosystem restoration. © 2025 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.