Lignocellulosic biomass-driven biohydrogen production: Innovations, challenges, and future prospects for a sustainable green hydrogen economy

Abstract

Hydrogen (H<inf>2</inf>) is a clean and sustainable energy carrier that can help decrease dependence on fossil fuels. When produced from renewable or low-carbon sources, it can substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions by substituting conventional fossil fuel-based energy systems. H<inf>2</inf> production, derived from renewable sources, offers a promising alternative to conventional H<inf>2</inf> generation methods. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various biological methods employed for H<inf>2</inf> production, including dark fermentation, photofermentation, and biophotolysis. Each of these methods has distinct advantages and limitations in terms of efficiency, scalability, and operational conditions. A wide range of feedstocks has been explored for H<inf>2</inf> production, including first-generation biomass, such as sugar- and starch-based crops, as well as second-generation lignocellulosic biomass, such as agricultural residues and organic waste. Factors such as pH, temperature, feedstock composition, microbial strains, and nutrient availability critically affect the H<inf>2</inf> yield and production efficiency. Additionally, pretreatment methods for complex feedstocks are crucial for enhancing H<inf>2</inf> yields by improving substrate accessibility for microbial conversion. The review also addresses the challenges of H<inf>2</inf> storage and transport, which are critical for its integration into the energy economy. Advanced technologies for H<inf>2</inf> storage, including compression, liquefaction, and chemical storage in metal hydrides and liquid organic H<inf>2</inf> carriers (LOHCs), are discussed. The efficient and safe transport of H<inf>2</inf> over long distances remains a key technical hurdle, necessitating innovations in pipeline infrastructure and storage materials. This review highlights recent advancements and ongoing research aimed at overcoming these challenges, ultimately contributing to the development of a sustainable H<inf>2</inf> economy. © 2025 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC