Speed breeding 3.0: mainstreaming light-driven plant breeding for sustainable genetic gains

Abstract

Advances in photobiological tools are revolutionizing plant breeding by enabling precise control of light parameters, addressing yield stagnation, and mitigating climate challenges. Full-spectrum light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and optimized light protocols have significantly reduced breeding cycles. This review highlights light-driven strategies that are accessible and practical for plant breeders worldwide including the role of light spectrum, intensity, and photoperiod in acceleration of plant growth in both short- and long-day crops. Speed breeding 3.0, with tailored rapid generation advancement (RGA) protocols designed for diverse crop populations, has the potential to significantly sustain genetic gains in a more efficient and targeted manner. These innovative approaches hold the potential to transform global agriculture and secure food systems in the face of rising populations and environmental uncertainties. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd