Recent Development in Novel Route of Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials using Bos Taurus Urine

Abstract

The properties of materials change at Nano-scale. Nanomaterials are widely used in various disciplines of science and technology. Synthesis of nanomaterial seems to be crucial for the beginners. Since the development of nanoscience and technology, various synthetic routes have been adopted. In earlier periods Top-down routes of synthesis were used. But due to certain limitations soon there was the need to develop another route of synthesis. And researchers developed the Bottom-up route of synthesis. In an earlier period chemical route of synthesis was popular and routinely used. Later on researchers turned towards the biological route of synthesis. In the biological route of synthesis various microorganisms were used. Then DNA, RNA, etc., templates were used for the biosynthesis of materials at nanoscale. In the last decade researchers from various countries have tried synthesizing nanomaterials, especially transition metal and that of silver using various plant extracts. In recent years’ great visionary, thinker and philosopher Rai Dhirendra Prasad motivated researchers to use cow urine for the synthesis of nanomaterials using Indian cow urine. Herein an effort has been made to focus on various routes of synthesis of nanomaterials and recent development in the synthesis of nanomaterials using Indian cow urine. Also physical properties and chemical compositions of cow urine are discussed. The applications of cow urine in therapeutics as described in ancient Ayurveda literature is also discussed in detail. In the last section we have discussed various biomedical and catalytic applications of the materials at nanoscale. ©The Author(s) 2025.