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Appraisal on accumulation of nanoenabled agrochemicals in plants with subsequent morphophysiological implications
(Elsevier, 2024) Pradeep Kumar; Kajal Singh; Amit Kumar Singh; Nancy Singh; Sakshi Singh; Vishnu D. Rajput; Tatiana Minkina; Sunil Kumar Mishra; Kavindra Nath Tiwari
The use of agricultural goods that are nanoenabled with nanotechnology, including nanoemulsions, nanoherbicides, nanofertilizers, and nanopesticides, to enhance the efficacy of agrochemical distribution to crop plants has become a more practical option. Many experiments have shown that the use of nanoagrochemicals has the efficacy of lowering the negative effects of chemical-derived fertilizer on the natural environment, in addition to significantly boosting crop yield. Still, new evidence suggests that goods made using nanotechnology not only have the ability to boost agricultural productivity but also bring about changes to the condition of the crop. There have been reports of variations in the amount of carbohydrates, amino acids, and starch present, in addition to the necessary metals. The levels of verbi gratia, albumin, globulin, and prolamin have dramatically increased in rice that has been subjected to CeO2-engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), whereas the levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus have risen in different crops that received treatments treated with CeO2, CuO, and ZnO ENPs. On the other hand, researchers found that Mo and Ni levels dropped in both cucumbers and kidney beans after they were treated with synthetic nanoparticles made of CeO2 and ZnO, respectively. However, brief studies on the particular effects of nanoenabled agrochemical in agricultural area have been disscussed. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Organoids and Alzheimer’s Disease
(CRC Press, 2024) Payal Singh; Shashank Mishra; Pradeep Kumar
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the primary neurodegenerative condition observed in the elderly population, characterised by cognitive decline, particularly in memory function, resulting in increased reliance on others for daily activities. AD is characterised by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which are made up of hyperphosphorylated tau and AΒ peptides, respectively. Currently, there is a lack of a definitive cure or efficacious treatment for AD. This phenomenon could be explained, at least in part, by the lack of suitable study models, especially when it comes to animal experimentation. The vast physiological complexity exhibited by the human brain is not entirely captured by the existing models. with the development of stem cells with induced pluripotency. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a way around these limitations. But current two-dimensional (2D) culture models are unable to reproduce the situation precisely. The brain has a variety of brain cell types, but its arrangement lacks a three-dimensional (3D) structure. The procurement of three-dimensional cultures, or organoids, offers a new opportunity to overcome the limitations of previous methods. Human cerebral organoids, or hCOs, are a novel model that captures some of the complex features of the human brain in this particular situation. They are becoming more acknowledged for their remarkable role as a paradigm for studying the evolutionary dimensions of the molecular and cellular etiology of Alzheimer’s disease. This chapter provides a succinct overview of the study on AD, with a focus on the most recent developments brought about by the creation and application of stem cells and cerebral organoid technology. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Sachchida Nand Rai, Sandeep Singh, Santosh Kumar Singh.
Nanoparticles for crop improvement and management
(De Gruyter, 2024) Richa Das; Pradeep Kumar; Shreni Agrawal; Kajal Singh; Nancy Singh; Sakshi Singh; Jyoti Vishwakarma; Vishnu D. Rajput; Amit Kumar Singh; Tatiana M. Minkina; Indrani Bhattacharya; Sunil Kumar Mishra; Kavindra Nath Tiwari
Agriculture is the mainstay, especially for developing countries. Climate changes globally and a rapidly expanding population are posing new challenges to food security, necessitating effective crop enhancement technologies that provide excellent crop quality and quantity. Chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers are commonly used to address biotic stressors in crop production, but these have serious consequences for crop quality and health. Nanotechnology is a novel and scientific method employed in designing, manipulating, and developing beneficial nanoparticles. Materials of nanometer-scale sizes that range from 1 nm to 100 nm are produced using nanotechnology. Due to their small sizes, they have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio (as compared to bulk forms), thereby conferring unique and desirable physical traits. The nanotechnology application in agriculture is outstandingly advancing in order to improve food quality, minimize agricultural inputs, boost nutritional content, and extend shelf life. Crop improvement, crop growth, crop protection, soil enhancement, stress tolerance, and precision farming all benefit from nanotechnology. Nanomaterials provide a platform for delivering agrochemicals and other macromolecules required for plant growth improvement and stress tolerance. Smart agrochemical delivery boosts production by regulating nutrients and water requirements. Both the quality and quantity of agriculture can be improved by using nanoparticles to transform genes and supply macromolecules that encourage expression of genes. The motive of the chapter is to highlight importance of different nanoparticles in abiotic stress, detection of pathogen, seed germination, crop growth, quality enrichment, and supplementation of macronutrients and micronutrients. © 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. All rights reserved.
Projected impact of fast-tracking of antiretroviral treatment coverage on vertical transmission of HIV in India
(Public Library of Science, 2024) Pradeep Kumar; Chinmoyee Das; Subrata Biswas; Nidhi Priyam; Lalit Singh Kharayat; Damodar Sahu; Sanjay K. Rai; Sheela V. Godbole; Elangovan Arumugam; P.V.M. Lakshmi; Shanta Dutta; H. Sanayaima Devi; Arvind Pandey; Dandu Chandra Sekhar Reddy; Sanjay Mehendale; Shobini Rajan
One of the five high-level goals under Phase V of the National AIDS and STD Control Programme (NACP) of the Government of India is the elimination of vertical transmission of HIV. In this paper, we estimate the potential impact of maintaining and enhancing the antiretroviral treatment under the NACP in terms of averting new infections and vertical transmission rates vis-à-vis no intervention scenario. We used India’s HIV Estimates 2022 models to create treatment coverage scenarios of no interventions, status quo, business as usual, on-track and fast-track scenarios from 2023 to 2030. Our analysis indicates that fast-tracking scale-up of treatment services would avert almost 41000 child infections from 2023 to 2030 leading to a vertical transmission rate of around 7.70% in 2030 vis-a-vis no interventions scenario. Higher and sustained ART coverage would not only take the country closer to the elimination goals but would also prevent thousands of vertical transmissions, thus bringing a lot of benefits to HIV-positive pregnant women and their families. Supported by efforts for the prevention of new infections in the general population, India is on track for the attainment of elimination of vertical transmission of HIV by 2030. © 2024 Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Long-Term Spatiotemporal Investigation of Various Rainfall Intensities over Central India Using EO Datasets
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Nitesh Awasthi; Jayant Nath Tripathi; George P. Petropoulos; Pradeep Kumar; Abhay Kumar Singh; Kailas Kamaji Dakhore; Kripan Ghosh; Dileep Kumar Gupta; Prashant K. Srivastava; Kleomenis Kalogeropoulos; Sartajvir Singh; Dhiraj Kumar Singh
This study involved an investigation of the long-term seasonal rainfall patterns in central India at the district level during the period from 1991 to 2020, including various aspects such as the spatiotemporal seasonal trend of rainfall patterns, rainfall variability, trends of rainy days with different intensities, decadal percentage deviation in long-term rainfall patterns, and decadal percentage deviation in rainfall events along with their respective intensities. The central region of India was meticulously divided into distinct subparts, namely, Gujarat, Daman and Diu, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. The experimental outcomes represented the disparities in rainfall distribution across different districts of central India with the spatial distribution of mean rainfall ranges during winter (2.08 mm over Dadra and Nagar Haveli with an average of 24.19 mm over Odisha), premonsoon (6.65 mm over Gujarat to 132.89 mm over Odisha), monsoon (845.46 mm over Gujarat to 3188.21 mm over Goa), and post-monsoon (30.35 mm over Gujarat to 213.87 mm over Goa), respectively. Almost all the districts of central India displayed an uneven pattern in the percentage deviation of seasonal rainfall in all three decades for all seasons, which indicates the seasonal rainfall variability over the last 30 years. A noticeable variation in the percentage deviation of seasonal rainfall patterns has been observed in the following districts: Rewa, Puri, Anuppur, Ahmadabad, Navsari, Chhindwara, Devbhumi Dwarka, Amreli, Panch Mahals, Kolhapur, Kandhamal, Ratnagiri, Porbandar, Bametara, and Sabar Kantha. In addition, a larger number of rainy days of various categories occurred in the monsoon season in comparison to other seasons. A higher contribution of trace rainfall events was found in the winter season. The highest contributions of very light, light rainfall, moderate, rather high, and high events were found in the monsoon season in central India. The percentage of various categories of rainfall events has decreased over the last two decades (2001–2020) in comparison to the third decade (1991–2000), according to the mean number of rainfall events in the last 30 years. This spatiotemporal analysis provides valuable insights into the rainfall trends in central India, which represent regional disparities and the potential challenges impacted by climate patterns. This study contributes to our understanding of the changing rainfall dynamics and offers crucial information for effective water resource management in the region. © 2024 by the authors.
Lead optimization based design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of quinazoline derivatives as multi-targeting agents for Alzheimer's disease treatment
(Elsevier Masson s.r.l., 2024) Akash Verma; Digambar Kumar Waiker; Neha Singh; Abhinav Singh; Poorvi Saraf; Bhagwati Bhardwaj; Pradeep Kumar; Sairam Krishnamurthy; Saripella Srikrishna; Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
The complexity and multifaceted nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have driven us to further explore quinazoline scaffolds as multi-targeting agents for AD treatment. The lead optimization strategy was utilized in designing of new series of derivatives (AK-1 to AK-14) followed by synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation against human cholinesterase's (hChE) and β-secretase (hBACE-1) enzymes. Amongst them, compounds AK-1, AK-2, and AK-3 showed good and significant inhibitory activity against both hAChE and hBACE-1 enzymes with favorable permeation across the blood-brain barrier. The most active compound AK-2 revealed significant propidium iodide (PI) displacement from the AChE-PAS region and was non-neurotoxic against SH-SY5Y cell lines. The lead molecule (AK-2) also showed Aβ aggregation inhibition in a self- and AChE-induced Aβ aggregation, Thioflavin-T assay. Further, compound AK-2 significantly ameliorated Aβ-induced cognitive deficits in the Aβ-induced Morris water maze rat model and demonstrated a significant rescue in eye phenotype in the Aꞵ-phenotypic drosophila model of AD. Ex-vivo immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis on hippocampal rat brains showed reduced Aβ and BACE-1 protein levels. Compound AK-2 suggested good oral absorption via pharmacokinetic studies and displayed a good and stable ligand-protein interaction in in-silico molecular modeling analysis. Thus, the compound AK-2 can be regarded as a lead molecule and should be investigated further for the treatment of AD. © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS
Supercapacitor materials: From research to the real world
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2024) Ahmad Nawaz; Vikas Kumar Pandey; Pradeep Kumar
Supercapacitors are gaining prominence in the realm of energy storage devices due to their high power density, extended cycle stability, and fast charge/discharge rates. Supercapacitors are widely used in industries such as service grids, transportation, consumer electronics, wearable and flexible systems, energy harvesting, etc. Due to their remarkable high-power performance, high reliability, and extended lifetime, they are a key electrochemical device for energy storage; as a result, the worldwide supercapacitor market is rapidly developing. Supercapacitors have a straightforward basic construction, but different products for various applications require cells in various configurations. The application of supercapacitors from the perspective of the industry is the subject of this chapter. © 2024 Bentham Science Publishers. All rights reserved.
Lysosome-targeting solid state NIR emissive donor-acceptor molecules: a study on photophysical modulation through architectural distinction
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024) Ashish Kumar Kushwaha; Ankit Kumar Srivastava; Pradeep Kumar; Anjani Kumar; Saripella Srikrishna; Roop Shikha Singh
The prevalence of the D-A strategy in achieving red-shifted emission has been established through designing D-A molecules of D-A-D and A-D-A constructs. Architectural control over such D-A systems integrates solid state NIR emission with lysosome tracking and sets a multifarious goal of photophysical modulation in a comprehensive way. In particular, two compounds, CPM-1 (D-A-D) and CPM-2 (A-D-A), have been synthesized by introducing carbazole-based donors and difluoroboron acceptors. Lysosome targeting and imaging have been achieved through incorporation of a morpholine unit, which ultimately imparts viscosity sensitivity to the construct. The fluorophores exhibited significant emission in solution along with distinctive solvatochromism, viscochromism and TICT. A comparative account of these competitive photophysical properties revealed the superior charge transfer properties of the A-D-A construct (CPM-2), while the D-A-D molecule (CPM-1) was found to be a better molecular rotor with marked viscochromism. The solid state NIR emission has been found to be much more intense in CPM-1 relative to CPM-2, which further highlights the influence of structural aspects on photophysical behvaiour. Theoretical studies further established the distinctive characteristics of ground and excited states in these compounds. Owing to its excellent viscochromic behvaiour, CPM-1 has been successfully utilized in lysosome targeting in wild-type Drosophila fly gut tissues through co-localization studies. © 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Nanoparticles-based abiotic stresses management in the climate era for sustainable crop production
(De Gruyter, 2024) Shreni Agrawal; Pradeep Kumar; Richa Das; Shivangee Solanki; Vishnu D. Rajput; Amit Kumar Singh; Tatiana M. Minkina; Indrani Bhattacharya; Sunil Kumar Mishra; Kavindra Nath Tiwari
Rapid population expansion and environmental difficulties in agriculture necessitate the development of new and efficient ways to address the expanding global demand for food. Modern nanotechnology developments have received widespread application in agricultural safety and post-harvest processing. Nanostructures are necessary for plant control, seedling growth, and genetic modification. Its size, surface morphology, composition, and features were created to allow sustained delivery and specific strength in agriculture and the food business. Nanotechnology has the ability to be used for the precise and regulated administration of nutrients, insecticides, regulators, and so on. It also contributes to the elimination of chemical-based agrochemicals and their water solubility, the protection of agrochemical breakdown, maintaining soil health, and the natural control of crop pathogens. Nanoparticles can be exploited efficiently for nanoencapsulation, seed germination, genetic manipulation, and so on in order to preserve crops and increase crop productivity, food quality, and climate monitoring. Nanotechnology played a key role in the assimilation and transportation operations, biologically transforming the plants, promoting high-seed germination, and enhancing agricultural yield. In this chapter, we will highlight some of the most essential nanomaterial technologies for efficient agro-food systems. The necessity and function of nanotechnology in addressing the issues and difficulties facing agriculture and the food sector are thoroughly discussed, along with the limitations and future prospects of nanoparticles. © 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. All rights reserved.
Nano-assisted delivery tools for plant genetic engineering: a review on recent developments
(Springer, 2024) Pradeep Kumar; Vishnu D. Rajput; Amit Kumar Singh; Shreni Agrawal; Richa Das; Tatiana Minkina; Praveen Kumar Shukla; Ming Hung Wong; Ajeet Kaushik; Salim Albukhaty; Kavindra Nath Tiwari; Sunil Kumar Mishra
Conventional approaches like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, viral transduction, biolistic particle bombardment, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-facilitated delivery methods have been optimized for transporting specific genes to various plant cells. These conventional approaches in genetically modified crops are dependent on several factors like plant types, cell types, and genotype requirements, as well as numerous disadvantages such as time-consuming, untargeted distribution of genes, and high cost of cultivation. Therefore, it is suggested to develop novel techniques for the transportation of genes in crop plants using tailored nanoparticles (NPs) of manipulative and controlled high-performance features synthesized using green and chemical routes. It is observed that site-specific delivery of genes exhibits high efficacy in species-independent circumstances which leads to an increased level of productivity. Therefore, to achieve these outcomes, NPs can be utilized as gene nano-carriers for excellent delivery inside crops (i.e., cotton, tobacco, rice, wheat, okra, and maize) for desired genetic engineering modifications. As outcomes, this review provides an outline of the conventional techniques and current application of numerous nano-enabled gene delivery needed for crop gene manipulation, the benefits, and drawbacks associated with state-of-the-art techniques, which serve as a roadmap for the possible applicability of nanomaterials in plant genomic engineering as well as crop improvement in the future. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.

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